Parenting Style Research Articles

Consanguinity and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Depressed Patients: New Risk Factors and Risk Prediction Models.

The aim of the study was to identify the risk factors associated with nonsuicidal self-injurious (NSSI) behavior in patients with depressive disorders and develop predictive models utilizing these influencing factors as predictors, followed by validation of the constructed models for their efficacy. Patients with depression disorders admitted to Wuhan Mental Health Center from 2020 to 2021 were included using retrospective analysis. Patients who exhibited one or more items on the NSSI behavior rating questionnaire were categorized into the NSSI group, while those without any such behaviors were assigned to the non-NSSI group. Patients in both groups were categorized separately based on gender, age, personality traits, and interpersonal relationships. The above data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Prediction models were constructed, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were produced and model accuracy was calculated. A total of 237 patients were included in this study, with 122 patients assigned to the NSSI group and 115 patients assigned to the non-NSSI group. By comparing the baseline data of the patients in the 2 groups, the results revealed statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of age, grades at school, early childhood parenting style, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECRS) (P＜.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed for the remaining indicators (P＞.05). The results of the multiple logistic regression model showed that grades at school, early childhood parenting style, HAMD, HAMA, and ECRS scores were risk factors. The ROC model was constructed using school performance, childhood parenting style, HAMD, HAMA, and ECRS scores as predictors. The findings indicated that the ECRS score was the best predictor of NSSI, and it had a sensitivity of 91.8% and specificity of 70.5% for an area of 0.967. ECRS was utilized as a predictor to evaluate the NSSI inclination of depressed patients with commendable sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, early childhood parenting style, HAMD, HAMA, and ECRS scores were identified as risk factors for NSSI. For individuals at high risk who exhibit these aforementioned risk factors, clinical diagnosis and treatment should be approached with caution.

Relationship between Parenting Style and High School Students’ Anxious Thoughts: A Case Study in Iran

Parenting styles are variables that affect their children’s anxious thoughts. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between parenting styles with anxious thoughts of the students in selected high schools of Mashhad, Iran. A quantitative methodology in form of a correlational design was employed in this research, which comprised two main variables including parenting styles and Iranian teenagers’ anxious thoughts. To address the research objective, 180 teenagers who were students at some schools in Mashhad, Iran, and their parents, completed the study questionnaires which included Baumarind parenting styles Scale (1971) and the Anxious Thoughts Inventory (AnTI) designed by Wells (1994). The analysis of the data obtained from implementing the questionnaires was performed through SPSS25 software in two sections: descriptive and inferential (Pearson Correlation Coefficient and regression analysis, i.e. ANOVA). The results showed that there was a significant relationship between anxious thoughts and the three parenting styles. Also, the relationship between the authoritarian parenting style and the symptoms of anxious thoughts (r = -0.731) is significant in a negative way. On the other hand, it is observed that there is a positive correlation between authoritarian parenting style and anxious thoughts (r = 0.511). Finally, it is seen that there is a positive correlation between permissive parenting style and anxious thoughts (0.461), (p</01). It can be concluded that parenting styles can strongly predict anxious thoughts and determine 0.544 of variances of the anxious thoughts.

Exploring upbringing styles of highly resilient students in South Africa: A mixed methods study

Parents play a critical role in supporting the development of resilience in childhood and early adolescence. Most South Africans lack basic resources, so research into and commitment to resilience is of great importance. This study investigated the styles of parenting experienced by highly resilient South African students. Participants were 136 South African university students aged 18 to 23 (female = 44.9%, black = 66.9%). They completed the Child and Youth Resilience Measure. Further, six of the highest scoring students participated in in-depth semi-structured interviews on their retrospective parenting experiences. Quantitative analysis showed females had a higher mean resilience score than males. Qualitatively, thematic analysis identified the following parenting styles: loving caregiving, and behavioural control. Loving caregiving was expressed through accounts of encouragement, acceptance, and attentive regard. Behavioural control was demonstrated by verbal interactions of discipline, corporal punishment, and curfews. This implies a connection between specific parenting practices and high resilience in students, providing valuable insights for developing programs to boost children's resilience.

Effect Of Parenting Styles on Children’s Prosocial Behavior

The aim of the review is to analyze the correlation between parenting styles and children’s prosocial behavior development. Due to the observation of the lack of prosocial behavior in some children’s lives, often with insufficient socialization, social difficulties, and other phenomena that affect future development, we want to figure out the best parenting style for children to grow up. Recently, under the increasingly severe challenge of children’s psychological problems, it is important to review the impact of parenting styles on children's prosocial behavior. Through three databases, we selected literature related to parenting styles and children's prosocial behavior during the late 20 years for study, reference, and analysis. The result showed that authoritative parenting encourages the prosocial behavior of children, while authoritarian parenting hinders the advancement of children's prosocial behavior. After a series of analyses, we concluded that authoritative parenting is currently the most recommended parenting style for the development of well-rounded personalities and prosocial behavior in children. For children and adolescents who lack prosocial behavior, acquired education is helpful in improving their behavior and cognition. The findings indicated that parenting styles is essential for the growth of children’s prosocial behavior.

The Effects of Parent-child Attachment Style and Parenting Style on Children's Emotional Competence

Emotional competence refers to an individual's ability to recognize, understand, and regulate emotions. It has a significant impact on an individual's adaptability, overall well-being, social connectivity, and career success. The emotional competence of children is largely influenced by the environment in which children are raised, family dynamics and parental upbringing. The present study aims to explore the effects of parent-child attachment style and parenting style on children's emotional competence. Through a systematic review of studies involving different age groups and experimental methods, the results consistently show that children's emotional competence is positively correlated with secure parent-child attachment and authoritative parenting style. The practical significance of the present study is to promote a greater awareness of children's emotional competence within families and society. By enhancing parental understanding of the impact of parent-child attachment relationship and parenting style on children's emotional competence, this research aims to facilitate the adoption of more effective and reasonable family education methods.

A Review of the Impact of Parenting Styles on Adolescents' Self-Esteem

Negative parenting styles, which include excessive criticism, blame, negative evaluations, and punishment, have a negative impact on the self-esteem of adolescents. This approach can lead to adolescents doubting and negating their own worth and abilities, thus reducing their self-esteem. Research shows that adolescents who are frequently exposed to negative parenting styles are more likely to experience low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems. They may feel insecure and dissatisfied with their abilities and worth. Additionally, negative parenting styles can lead to strained relationships between adolescents and their parents, affecting the development of the parent-child relationship. The self-esteem issues caused by long-term exposure to negative parenting styles may persist into adulthood and have lasting effects on their lives and interpersonal relationships. Therefore, it is emphasized that parents and educators should avoid using negative parenting styles. Instead, they should adopt positive parenting styles, which involve giving children ample attention, encouragement, and support, and creating a positive family atmosphere. This can help adolescents develop positive self-awareness and self-esteem, promoting their healthy development. Additionally, providing psychological support and establishing good channels of family communication are important measures to help adolescents overcome the negative impacts of negative parenting styles.

The Impact of Environmental Factors on Adolescents’ Involvement in School Bullying

This article analyzes the environmental factors contributing to adolescents’ school bullying involvement. Compared with internal factors such as psychosocial factors, environmental factors are more likely to be manipulated, so the study of environmental factors of school bullying is of profound practical significance for the prevention and control of school bullying. Through systematic analysis and conclusion of relevant literature on environmental factors that cause school bullying in Google Scholar, these environmental factors are frequently influencing aspects of bullying, such as social context: (immigration issues, poor academic achievements, low socioeconomic status, community, and inferiority), school: (physical, emotional, and social environment), peer influence: (normative social influence and group think), family: (family economic conditions, parental conflict and the quality of the family environment and family-of-origin parenting styles). Those environmental factors that have potential negative effects on the physical and mental health of adolescents are revealed so as to offer insight into finding feasible ways to reduce campus violence.

A Review on Attachment Style and Gender Double Standard

Attachment relationships have a profound effect on individuals’ cognition and psychological well-being. The presence of parental gender double standards leads to differences in children’s coping strategies and self-perceptions. This paper will discuss the definition of the three main attachment styles in children and adults, then explain the scope of gender double standard. In addition, the reasons why and how parental double gender standard would lead the children to form anxious or avoidant attachment styles will be studied in this paper. In addition, this paper will discuss why and how societal gender double standard will solidify the insecure attachment style for females. Due to there are many factors that can affect the testing, for the study of this paper the author reviewed existing experiments and analysis to study the correlation between parental gender double standard and attachment style. This study also points out some additional testing possibilities for future further studies.

Investigation of the Impact of Positive and Negative Parenting on Pre-school and School-aged Children’s Emotion Regulation

Parenting plays a crucial role in child development. Emotion Regulation (ER) is considered as an important ability during development since it is tightly associated with children’s future social competence and also their external and internal behaviors. This research investigation explores the profound impact of positive and negative parenting on pre-school and school age children's ER. The essay finds positive parenting, characterized by warmth, support, and consistent discipline, emerges as a crucial factor in nurturing healthier emotion regulation in pre-school children. These children exhibit greater emotional awareness and competence, fostering overall well-being and improved social interactions. Conversely, negative parenting, marked by harsh discipline and emotional neglect, obstructs emotional growth, leading to emotional dysregulation and behavioral challenges. Additionally, this paper delves into the nuances of the influence exerted by fathers and mothers on children's emotion regulation. While both parental figures play vital roles in a child's emotional development, their impact can vary due to unique parenting styles and interactions. In conclusion, this research underscores the pivotal role of positive parenting practices in cultivating robust emotion regulation skills in pre-school children. It emphasizes the necessity for parents to establish nurturing and supportive environments conducive to emotional growth and the importance of recognizing the distinct roles of fathers and mothers in shaping children's emotional development. Ultimately, comprehending the dynamics of parenting and their implications on children's emotional regulation is vital for creating a positive and nurturing environment that promotes children's well-being and emotional resilience.

Obesity-related parenting practices, styles, and family functioning: A natural experiment comparing pandemic and nonpandemic data.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in substantial changes to family life. This study examined associations between pandemic conditions and mothers' and fathers' food, physical activity, and media parenting practices and whether these associations were moderated by parenting styles and family functioning. Two independent samples of Canadian parents (nonpandemic n = 270; pandemic n = 357) self-reported their obesity-related parenting practices, styles, and family functioning. Covariate-adjusted regression models compared parenting practices between the samples. Interactions tested the moderating effects of family functioning and parenting styles on mothers' and fathers' parenting practices separately. Compared to nonpandemic mothers, pandemic mothers reported more frequent family meals, more screen time negotiation, and lower modeling of healthy screen time. Both pandemic mothers and fathers reported lower physical activity facilitation than nonpandemic parents. Parenting styles moderated some of these associations; for example, pandemic authoritative parents used less physical activity monitoring (mothers) and screen time negotiation (fathers) as opposed to uninvolved and permissive parents who reported higher use of these practices. The association between pandemic and parenting practices was also moderated by family functioning, especially among fathers. Among high-functioning families, pandemic fathers reported greater engagement in food monitoring, emotional feeding, coercive feeding, healthy screen time modeling, and emotional compensation with screens than nonpandemic fathers and low-functioning family fathers. Pandemic conditions may have negatively affected obesity-related parenting practices, but most associations were moderated by the familial context. The extent to which this will have long-lasting effects on adolescents' health needs to be further explored. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

또래 및 교사와의 관계 예측요인으로서 팬덤활동, 스마트폰 의존, 부모양육태도

Objectives This study examined differences in fandom activities, smartphone dependency, perceived parenting styles(autonomy support and structure provision), and peer and teacher relationships between first-year middle school students in 2018 (pre-COVID-19) and those in 2021 (the second year of the pandemic). This study also examined the effects of fandom activities, smartphone dependency, and perceived parenting styles on peer and teacher relationships, the indicators of school adjustment, among first-year middle school students in 2018 and those in 2021.
 Methods Data from the first year of the 7th-grade panel (N=2,590) and the fourth year of the 4th-grade panel (N=2,275) of the 2018 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey of the Korea Youth Policy Institute were used, and independent sample t-tests and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted.
 Results First, compared to first-year middle school students in 2018, those in 2021 exhibited significantly lower levels of fandom activities, parental autonomy support, parental structure provision, and peer relationships, along with higher smartphone dependence. Students’ relationships with teachers did not differ between the two periods. Second, autonomy support, structure provision, and fandom activities positively predicted peer relationships among first-year middle school students in both 2018 and 2021. Conversely, smartphone dependence had a negative effect on peer relationships in both years. Notably, the relative influence of structure provision on peer relationships was greater in 2021 compared to 2018. Third, autonomy support and structure provision positively predicted the relationship with teachers among students in both 2018 and 2021, while smartphone dependency had a negative effect in both periods. Fandom activities had a significant but small positive effect on students’ relationships with teachers only in 2018.
 Conclusions Implications are presented to support students transitioning to middle school in building positive relationships with peers and teachers in a rapidly changing environment.

The Impact of Perceived Dysfunctional Parenting Styles on Level of Emotional Intelligence of Young Adults

The present study focused on young adults' perception of their parents' parenting styles, as they perceived them in the sixteen years of their lives, and their impact on their level of emotional intelligence. It was hypothesized that there would be a relationship between different parenting styles and the young adults' emotional intelligence level. The study sample was randomly drawn from various University of Sindh and Jamshoro departments. The total sample was 120 participants (male 30, female = 90) with a mean age of (M= 21.7, SD = 1.7). Two questionnaires were used to collect the data for the study. Parker et al. (1997) developed measures of parenting style Scale (MOPS) and Emotional Intelligence Scale developed by Schutte et al. (1998). Data was analyzed with the help of IBM SPSS (version 28). Results indicated that overall dysfunctional parenting styles (mother and father) are unrelated to the young adults' emotional intelligence level except for one subscale of the mother version, i.e., over control, which is significantly related to emotional intelligence. No significant gender difference was found on the parenting style scale (mother and father versions) or emotional intelligence scale. The results of the current study give valuable insight into cultural sophistication in understanding parenting styles and their impact on positive behaviors in youth. Findings can also be helpful for mental health professionals to understand risk factors contributing to the mental health problems of young adults, develop interventions, and facilitate positive parenting practices.

The Role of Parents in Forming Children's Character in Sruwen Village and Duren Village

The objectives of this research are 1) To analyze how parents' roles are used in shaping children's character in Duren Village and Sruwen Village; 2) To find out how parents' roles differ in shaping children's character in Duren Village and Sruwen Village; 3) To find out how the role of parents is constructed for children in Duren Village and Sruwen Village and its relevance in facing today's millennial generation. The results of the research are: 1) The role of parents in Duren Village is an authoritative parenting style, namely parents who apply a democratic parenting style have clear rules and expectations, and the role of parents in Sruwen Village is an authoritarian parenting style where parents are the responsible party. . center, namely the center of everything. the words/words and wishes of parents are used as benchmarks that must be obeyed by children; 2) The role of parents in Duren Village in shaping children's character through behavior that is very effective in directing children, while the role of parents in Sruwen Village in caring for their children is more concerned with the wishes of parents, children are supervised quite closely, parents always maintain their distance from each other. their children rather than considering their children's wishes; 3) The construction of a democratic parental role in Duren Village will give birth to an assertive personality which is the ideal type so that there are not many weak people. Meanwhile, the construction of the role of authoritarian and permissive parents in Sruwen Village can make children feel unloved, alienated, even hated by their parents, will become individuals who are not independent, easily offended, have a negative view of other people, feel inferior and lack self-confidence. and feel free to act.

The Relationship Between Family Education and Students' Academic Performance

Using the China Education Tracking Survey 2014 data (CEPS 2014) and the Logit regression model, the relationship between family education and students' academic performance was analyzed, and different parenting styles should be adopted for different students. Research has found that there is no significant relationship between parental control over students' computer usage time and their academic performance; Similarly, whether parents have strict control over students' social interactions is not significantly related to whether students' academic performance is good.

Therapeutic Group Therapy for Temper Tantrum in Toddler

Temper tantrums in children Toddlers often cause parents frustration so a solution is needed to overcome this. This study aims to determine the effect of therapeutic group therapy on the incidence of temper tantrums in toddler-aged children. The research design used in this research is a quasi-experimental research design with a pretest–posttest approach using a control group. This research was conducted in October 2023 in Pakisaji, Malang Regency. This research involved 9 children (aged 2-3 years) in the Pakisaji sub-district area as the treatment group and 9 other children as the control group. The treatment group was given 6 sessions of therapeutic group therapy over a period of 3 weeks. The results of the analysis using the paired sample test showed that in the treatment group there was a significant difference in the value of children's temper tantrums before and after being given treatment, namely with a value of p=0.039 (<0.05). Meanwhile, in the control group, the p value = 0.085 (> 0.05) was obtained, which indicated that there was no significant difference. The results of the analysis of differences in the incidence of temper tantrums before and after treatment between the treatment group and the control group were carried out using an independent sample t test and the results obtained were p=0.387 (>0.05). These results show that there is no significant difference in the incidence of pre and post temper tantrums between the treatment and control groups. The conclusion of this study proves that there is no significant influence from the application of Therapeutic Group Therapy on the incidence of temper tantrums in toddler. because there are many factors that can influence it including the parenting style of parents.

The Relationship Between Parenting Styles And Student Learning Discipline At MDTA Nurul Amal, Sungai Aur District, West Pasaman Regency

The inspiration behind this study stems from the insufficient level of discipline observed in students' learning. The primary objective is to assess the implementation of democratic parenting patterns among the parents of students, evaluate the extent of students' learning discipline, and investigate the correlation between parents' parenting styles and students' learning discipline at MDTA Nurul Amal Muara Tapus, Sungai Aur District, West Pasaman Regency. Employing a quantitative approach with a correlational research design, the study encompasses a population of 47 individuals from classes III and IV enrolled as students at MDTA Nurul Amal. A sample representing 80% of the population is selected using the Stratified Random Sampling technique. Data is collected through the administration of questionnaires, and for analysis, the percentage and product-moment formulas are employed. The findings indicate a low level of democratic parenting among the parents of students, a low level of students' learning discipline, and a significant correlation between parents' democratic parenting style and students' learning discipline of santri at MDTA Nurul Amal Muara Tapus, Sungai Aur District, West Pasaman Regency. The researcher's suggestions in this study to parents are expected to increase the application of democratic parenting patterns to support children in carrying out high learning disciplineKeywords: Parenting style, Democratic, Discipline

The Influence of Parenting Styles of Working and Non-Working Mothers on Children’s Independence

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of parenting styles of working and non-working mothers on children's independence. This study is a quantitative study using SPPS version 27. The population consists of two categories, namely working mothers and non-working mothers in Lette Village, Marsio District, South Sulawesi. The sample in this study was 135. The analysis used was multiple linear analysis. The results showed that the parenting of working mothers had a positive and significant effect on children's independence as evidenced by the results of the T-test of 4.87> 1.97 and a p-value of 0.00 <0.05. Parenting patterns of non-working mothers do not have a positive and significant partial effect on children's independence from the results of the T-count -7.88 < 1.97 T-table and p-value 0.00 < 0.05. Parenting of working mothers and parenting of non-working mothers simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on the dependent variable of child independence with the results of F-count 53.84> F-table 3.07 and 0.00 <0.05. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that there is a positive and significant effect simultaneously on the parenting style of working and non-working mothers on children's independence.

PARENTING STYLES AS CORRELATES OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA

The study investigated parenting styles as a correlates of teenage pregnancy among adolescents in public secondary schools in Enugu State. Four research questions guided the study and four null hypotheses were tested at a .05 level of significance. The correlation research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised 9,974 senior secondary school two (SS II) female adolescent students, in the 292 public secondary schools in Enugu State. A sample of 996 female adolescent students was drawn for the study through a multi-stage sampling technique. Structured questionnaires titled Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PSQ) and Teenage Pregnancy Questionnaire (TPQ) were used for data collection. The instrument was face and construct validated by three experts; while the construct validation was ascertained using the Varimax Rotation Method. Internal consistency coefficients of 0.89, 0.91, 0.90, and 0.86; 0.92, and 0.89; were obtained for PSQ and TPQ respectively, using Cronbach Alpha statistical method. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient, simple linear regression, and multiple linear regression statistics were utilized for data analysis. The p-value was used to determine the significant difference at a .05 level of significance for all hypotheses. The findings of the study revealed that there was a low positive significant relationship between authoritative parenting style and teenage pregnancy. The result also showed that there was a high positive significant relationship between authoritarian parenting style and teenage pregnancy. It was equally found that there was a highly positive significant relationship between permissive parenting style and teenage pregnancy. Finally, the result indicated that there was a very high positive significant relationship between neglectful parenting style and teenage pregnancy. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that the school management and parents should ensure that the home and school environment are well protected to shield the children from exposure to negative influences, by being concerned about the well-being of the girl child through education about sex, sexuality and the danger inherent. Social welfare agencies (public and private) should re-double their efforts in educating, counselling, and rehabilitation of victims of teenage pregnancy.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/lit/0758/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

PECULIARITIES OF THE RELATIONSHIPS OF FAMILY UPBRINGING STYLES AND PARENTAL ATTITUDES WITH CHILDREN’S FEAR AND ANXIETY

The article presents the results of a study comparing family upbringing strategies with parents’ attitudes towards children, comparing the parenting styles of fathers and mothers, comparing groups of children with different levels of parental control during Russia’s large-scale war in Ukraine. It is noted that during Russia’s large-scale war in Ukraine, the focus of scientific research has been somewhat shifted to vectors related to the peculiarities of experiencing traumatic events by different segments of the population. However, the focus of our research is on changes in the family system in times of adversity. The purpose of our study was to identify the peculiarities of the relationship between family upbringing styles and parental attitudes and the fears and anxiety of primary school children during the war.
 Comparison of the groups of mothers and fathers under study made it possible to see differences in family upbringing strategies. It was found that a higher level of fear and anxiety is observed in children whose parents have a high level of parental control. It has been found that an increase in the level of control and the degree of parental demands that characterize authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles contribute to the growth of child anxiety. 
 Based on the study, the following conclusions were made: the overall childhood anxiety of primary school students is inversely related to the family upbringing strategy, so the increase in the level of control and the degree of parental demands (which subjectively increase during the war), which characterize the authoritarian and authoritative styles of upbringing, contribute to the growth of childhood anxiety.
 Comparing groups of children with different levels of control revealed differences in the level of fear and anxiety. Given that the parents studied showed oppositely high rates of authoritarian, authoritative (mothers) and indifferent (fathers) parenting styles, it is argued that the difference in parenting styles is one of the leading psychological factors of anxiety in primary school children during war. 
 This was also confirmed by the results of factor analysis, which revealed one factor – control and negative attitude to the child’s failures (high demands), and another factor – cooperation and emotional acceptance as a prevention of anxiety.

Parental psychological maltreatment, negative cognitive style and psychological distress among Pakistani adolescents

ABSTRACT Negative perceptions within parent–child relationship has become a focus of research in recent psychological literature. Keeping this in view, the current paper aims to study how parental psychological maltreatment and negative cognitive style connect with psychological distress among Pakistani adolescents? Three hundred and seventy adolescents including 200 boys and 170 girls took part in the study. The mean age was 16.11 (SD = 1.54). Participants from different educational institutes filled in Psychological Maltreatment Experience Scale, Adolescent Cognitive Style Questionnaire – Short Form (Adapted version) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale. Findings of the study indicated that both parental psychological maltreatment and negative cognitive styles have strong association with psychological distress. The results emphasize the role of negative cognition in parent–child relationship and importance of reducing the hostile effects of parental maltreatment on youth’s mental health.