Parenting Stress Inventory Research Articles

A Psychological Analysis of the Korean Mothers of Cleft Lip and Palate Patients

The purpose of this study is to examine the psychological states and the stress levels of the Korean mothers who have cleft lip and palate child patients. The authors explored whether psychological assessments of the mothers with child patients could play a role in screening for psychiatric counseling. Thirty-six mothers of child patients admitted to receive cleft lip and palate surgery at Seoul National University Children's Hospital were recruited as subjects of this study. The 3 questionnaires included in the study were the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Parenting Stress Inventory. We compared these results with those of general population according to the domestic studies. The statistical significances of these results were analyzed using Mann-Whitney method. The average score from the Beck Depression Inventory was 8.89 with standard deviation of 6.08. The average score from the Beck Anxiety Inventory was 9.69 with standard deviation of 6.89. In the Parenting Stress Inventory, the average score was 55.06 and standard deviation was 16.45. However, there were no statistically significant differences between mothers whose children have underwent surgery versus no surgery and mothers whose children had visible versus invisible anomalies. The reliable psychological analysis of depression, anxiety, and stress levels of the mothers of child patients allowed the authors to assess the psychological states of the mothers of child patients. Such assessment can play a vital role in the screening of candidates who need psychiatric treatment or consultation.

Psychosocial Functioning in Children with and without Orofacial Clefts and Their Parents

To determine whether psychosocial functioning in children with orofacial clefts and their parents differs from that in unaffected controls. The study used a nonrandomized, case-control design. Outcomes were evaluated in 93 cases with orofacial clefts and 124 controls, aged 5 to 9 years, who were part of the Massachusetts Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention registry. Measures included the Child Behavior Checklist, the PedsQL 4.0, the Social Competence Scale, and the Parenting Stress Inventory. Group differences were negligible for all measures, and findings changed little with the application of inverse probability weighting to adjust for response bias. Stratified analyses revealed differences according to both sex and age, with worse outcomes observed in male cases and cases aged 7 to 9 years. In contrast to previous studies, we found minimal differences in psychosocial functioning among children with orofacial clefts and their parents compared with unaffected controls. This may reflect ascertainment factors, and psychosocial differences may be less apparent in population-based versus clinic-based samples. Alternatively, social-emotional deficits may become apparent in older school-aged children, making the preschool and early elementary school years an optimal time for preventive interventions.

The development and initial validation of the Immigrant Parental Stress Inventory (IPSI) in a sample of Korean immigrant parents

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Immigrant Parental Stress Inventory (IPSI), with which social service professionals working with immigrant families can easily assess stress experienced by immigrant parents within their two distinctively different language and cultural contexts. Method The IPSI was theoretically developed, refined through expert interviews and a pilot test, and empirically validated with a sample of 366 Korean immigrant parents. Results The exploratory factor analysis revealed that the IPSI has two subscales: Immigrant Life Stress and Parent–Child Acculturative Gap Stress. The total IPSI and its two subscales showed good reliability. In addition, construct validity was supported through a series of discriminant analyses and correlation analyses. Conclusion The IPSI was shown to be a psychometrically sound instrument that is capable of measuring immigrant parental stress. Social service professionals and researchers studying or working with immigrant families could use the IPSI to examine immigrant parental stress. Implications for practice and recommendations for future research were suggested based on the findings of this study.

Stress parental no período pós-parto: Adaptação do Parental Stress Inventory para a população portuguesa

Neste estudo apresentam-se os resultados da adaptação para a população portuguesa do Stress Parental Inventory (PSI; D.J. Terry, 1991). No geral, os resultados indicam que a versão portuguesa do PSI (ou Inventário de Stress Parental no Pós-Parto) é uma medida fidedigna e válida para avaliar o nível de stress parental dos progenitores no período pós-parto. A escala apresenta um nível de consistência interna elevado (α=0,862). Verificou-se também que as notas maternas e paternas se correlacionam positivamente entre si e com medidas de ansiedade e de depressão, e negativamente com medidas de ajustamento conjugal e de envolvimento paterno.

Le stress parental chez les mères d’enfants d’âge préscolaire : validation et normes québécoises pour l’Inventaire de Stress Parental

The authors examine the metrological qualities of a French version of the Parenting Stress Index (Abidin, 1983; Loyd and Abidin, 1985) based on a sampling of 122 Québec mothers with a preschool child. Results show that the Parental Stress Inventory presents internal consistency indices that are equivalent to those obtained in the U.S. sampling. However, the samplings differ on seven out of 13 subscales, as well as concerning the scores obtained for the child's realm and the overall stress, Québec mothers show higher scores. The factorial analysis of the subscales supports the existence of a hierarchical structure composed of a general factor of parental stress and two specific factors: the realm of the child and the realm of the parent. The score relative to the realm of the parent varies according to the socioeconomic level and the marital status of the mother. The mother's age is negatively correlated with the score of the child's realm. The child's aggressiveness/hyperactivity level, as perceived by the teacher in a class situation, is positively correlated with the score of the subscale Difficulty to accept the child's characteristics and the subscale Distraction and hyperactivity of the child. The authors present benchmarks that were developed in order to take into account the noted differences between the Québec and U.S. samplings.

Communicating a Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy: Caregiver Satisfaction and Stress

As part of the implementation of a population-based registry of children with cerebral palsy, caregiver satisfaction with the process by which diagnosis was originally communicated by a professional was assessed. Satisfaction with various aspects of the diagnosis process was assessed using a five-point Likert scale and related to child, family, and situational characteristics. Measures were then correlated with current caregiver stress as measured objectively by the Parenting Stress Inventory. During the registration process, 59 consecutive caregivers (55 mothers) were questioned. Overall, 62% (35/59) were satisfied with the disclosure process, with satisfaction ranging from 69% (41/59-hopefulness) to 92% (54/59-honesty) for professional qualities, and from 61% (36/59-sufficient information provided) to 78% (46/59-understandable) for disclosure content. Satisfaction was related to the quantity and content of information given at the disclosure session. Parenting Stress Inventory scores, both total and for parental distress, correlated significantly with both the severity of the child's cerebral palsy and caregiver satisfaction with varying elements of the disclosure process. Overall caregiver satisfaction with the process by which a diagnosis of cerebral palsy is given appears to be good. Together with the severity of a child's intrinsic cerebral palsy, it appears to relate to later parental adjustment to a setting of chronic disability, suggesting a portal through which improvements in information delivery may result in better familial adaptation to disability.

Paediatric eczema and psychosocial morbidity: how does eczema interact with parents’ illness beliefs?

Thus far there has been relatively little work on children's illness representations regarding eczema and how these relate to parental conceptualizations of their child's psychosocial health. This is important because the challenge of raising a child with a serious illness can affect many facets of a parent's everyday life and the behaviour of parents can be closely related to the health of the child. Two hundred and thirty-two children with eczema, asthma, eczema and asthma, and healthy controls between 7 and 12 years of age and their parents were recruited. Children were administered the Children's Illness Perception Questionnaire. Questionnaires completed by the parents were The Personality Inventory for Children and The Parental Stress Inventory. Parents of children with eczema did not judge their children to have poorer psychosocial health than controls, but parents of children with eczema could not be distinguished between in terms of whether their child was significantly affected by their eczema or not. This work could have important implications for the quality of life of the child and for the parent-child relationship and these implications are considered.

Reported Stress of Parents of Burned Children Differs on the Spanish and English Versions of the Parenting Stress Inventory

The Parenting Stress Inventory (PSI) is a 101-item self-report questionnaire measuring stress in children and their parents. For several years, we have been administering the English and Spanish versions of the PSI to parents of children with >40% total body surface area burn at discharge, 6 months, 1 year, and every year at followup at clinic. The aim of the present study was to evaluate differences between Spanish- and English-speaking families with respect to stress and to further examine potential psychometric differences between the instruments that may contribute to these differences. In the present study, we found the instruments to be equivalent but have significant differences between the two versions, suggesting cultural differences in how coping and stress are manifested in these groups. Spanish-speaking parents noted significantly more distress than the English-speaking parents. Both groups indicated most severe problems on the Child domains of the PSI, suggesting that parents perceived their interactions and relationship as it pertain to their child to be most troubled.

Multisite Study of Infants with Single-Suture Craniosynostosis: Preliminary Report of Presurgery Development

To evaluate the cognitive and language development of untreated infants with a single suture craniosynostosis at time of diagnosis. The study presents time 1 assessments on the first 100 infants with a single suture craniosynostosis (sagittal, metopic, unilateral coronal, and lambdoid) referred to the Infant Learning Project, a prospective, multisite, longitudinal study evaluating neurocognitive development. Infants were assessed with the mental (Mental Development Index [MDI]) and motor scales (Psychomotor Developmental Index [PDI]) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Preschool Language Scale receptive (PLS-AC) and expressive (PLS-EC) language scales. Mothers completed the Parenting Stress Inventory, a brief measure of intelligence (maternal IQ [MAT-IQ]), and provided information regarding family socioeconomic status (SES). As a group, infants scored significantly lower than the normative data on the MDI (91.9), PDI (83.5), PLS-AC (90.4), and PLS-EC (95.8), and the distribution of scores differed significantly from the expected distribution. MAT-IQ and SES were significantly correlated (.47, p < .01) with mothers of higher IQ coming from higher SES groups. Both MAT-IQ and SES were significantly negatively correlated with life stress events; however, neither MAT-IQ nor SES was correlated with any of the infant development scores. There may be a greater developmental risk for infants with a single suture craniosynostosis than previously believed. However, control group data will be necessary to confirm findings.

Factors associated with functional disability in adolescents with chronic pain

Traditionally paediatric chronic pain research has focused on pain characteristics to the neglect of functioning. The primary objective of this study was to investigate patterns and associates of reported functional disability in 121 adolescents (83 female, mean age 14.67) with chronic pain. The adolescents and their parents completed questionnaire measures assessing adolescent functional disability, anxiety, depression and family coping. The adolescents also reported on pain intensity and coping strategies, and the adults completed a parental stress inventory.

Reported Stress of Parents of Burned Children Differs on the Spanish and English Versions of the Parenting Stress Inventory (PSI)

Reported Stress of Parents of Burned Children Differs on the Spanish and English Versions of the Parenting Stress Inventory (PSI) Get access M. Rose, PsyD, M. Rose, PsyD 1Shriners Hospitals for Children and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. Blakeney, PhD, P. Blakeney, PhD 1Shriners Hospitals for Children and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C. E. Holzer, III, PhD, C. E. Holzer, III, PhD 1Shriners Hospitals for Children and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D. N. Herndon, MD, FACS D. N. Herndon, MD, FACS 1Shriners Hospitals for Children and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, Volume 23, Issue suppl_2, March-April 2002, Page S166, https://doi.org/10.1097/00004630-200203002-00245 Published: 01 March 2002

Crisis Child Care: Implications for Family Interventions

BACKGROUND: Crisis child care programs provide caregiving respite on an emergency basis and counseling and referral services to stressed parents who are at risk for maltreating their children. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to describe the sociodemographic and stress characteristics of rural parents who accessed crisis child care services and to determine if the utilization of these services would reduce the reported incidence of child maltreatment. STUDY DESIGN: Parents completed a basic sociodemographic questionnaire and the Parenting Stress Inventory (PSI). Child maltreatment reporting statistics were used to determine if there was a significant decrease in the reported incidence of child maltreatment. RESULTS: The demographic data painted a portrait of economic disadvantage. The data indicated that parents perceived external stressors, those outside of the parent-child relationship, as the major contributor to their current life crisis. Comparison of child maltreatment rates between rural communities that did and did not receive crisis child care preventive interventions indicated that the programs were effective in preventing child maltreatment. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study provide support for the ecological model of child maltreatment which posits that availability of social support for families who experience high stress or crisis can decrease the incidence of child maltreatment.

Childhood sexual abuse history and role reversal in parenting

Objective: This study explored the main and interactive effects of sexual abuse history and relationship satisfaction on self-reported parenting, controlling for histories of physical abuse and parental alcoholism. Method: The community sample consisted of 90 mothers of 5- to 8-year-old children. The sample was limited to those mothers currently in an intimate relationship, 19 of whom reported a history of childhood sexual abuse. Participants completed the Child Behavior Checklist, the Parenting Stress Inventory, the Family Cohesion Index, and questions assessing parent-child role reversal, history of abuse and parental alcoholism, and current relationship satisfaction. Results: Results of analyses and multivariate analyses of covariance suggested that sexual abuse survivors with an unsatisfactory intimate relationship were more likely than either sexual abuse survivors with a satisfactory relationship or nonabused women to endorse items on a questionnaire of role reversal (defined as emotional overdependence upon one’s child). Role reversal was not significantly predicted by histories of physical abuse or parental alcoholism or child’s gender. While parenting stress was inversely predicted by the significant main effect of relationship satisfaction, neither parenting stress nor child behavior problems were predicted by the main effect of sexual abuse history or by the interaction between sexual abuse history and relationship satisfaction. Conclusions: These results suggest the unique relevance of sexual abuse history and relationship satisfaction in the prediction of a specific type of parent-child role reversal—namely, a mother’s emotional overdependence upon her child.

Sources of stress for mothers and fathers of deaf and hard of hearing infants.

Hearing mothers and fathers of 20 deaf or hard-of-hearing (D/HH) and 20 hearing 9-month-old infants completed the Parenting Stress Inventory (PSI) and a questionnaire tapping the Stress of Life Events (SLE). Their overall scores on the PSI were quite similar but subscale scores show that mothers were more likely than fathers to perceive their infants as 'distractible' and to report more negative spousal relationships. Mothers whose infants are D/HH report greater life stress compared to mothers of hearing infants, especially in relation to finances and to work. These results are discussed from the perspective of effective intervention.