Parental Questionnaire Research Articles

Patients' and Parents' Concerns over Orthodontic Treatment during the COVID - 19 Pandemic.

We aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the concern of adolescents in orthodontic treatment, and to determine whether personality traits and parental perception were predictors of adolescent patients' concerns. The sample consisted of 229 adolescent patients (57.2% female) and 223 parents (65.1% female). Questionnaires included items about the importance of infection control and concern about treatment duration and results. Their latent structure was determined using exploratory factor analysis. The Big Five Inventory was used for assessing personality traits. Predictors of patients' and parental orthodontic concern and awareness of the importance of infection control measures were tested by the hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Two factors were revealed for the patient questionnaire, Treatment concern (TC) and Awareness of the importance of measures (AM), and four factors for the parent questionnaire, Parents' treatment concern (PTC), Parents' awareness of the importance of measures (PAM), Parents' concern about the pandemic (PCP) and Parents' concern about their child with regards to the pandemic (PCC). Adolescents' personality traits were not predictors of either TC or AM. PTC was a predictor of TC (p<0.001), accounting for 28% of the variance. PAM and the patient's following of the news were predictors of AM (p≤0.022), accounting for 24% and 2% of the variance, respectively. Parental concern and awareness of measures had an important role in attitudes of adolescent orthodontic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, while personality traits did not. The clinician should put additional emphasis on communication with the parent.

Validation of Parental Attitudes Toward Preschoolers’ Career Education Measures in China

The present study aims to translate the questionnaires of Parents’ Attitudes toward Early Childhood Career Development (PAECCD) and Parents’ Attitudes toward Vocational Education Implementation in Preschool Curriculum (PAVEIPC) into Chinese versions (PAECCD-C and PAVEIPC-C) and examines their reliability and validity through two studies. In Study 1, exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) were conducted to evaluate their factor structure among 232 Chinese preschoolers’ parents. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to confirm their factor structures among other 355 Chinese preschoolers’ parents, supporting the superiority of the initial theoretical model. Multigroup CFA comparisons indicated the measurement invariance for fathers and mothers. The PAECCD-C and PAVEIPC-C had excellent reliability values from .82 to .92. This study added to the existing research literature by supporting the applicability of PAECCD and PAVEIPC among Chinese preschoolers’ parents.

Performance of Malayalam Speaking Children Fitted with Hearing Aids on PEACH Scale

Abstract: Parental questionnaires impart a better understanding of hearing technology utilization by children with Hearing loss(HL). They provide insights into the functional abilities and accomplishments of children equipped with Hearing Aids (HA). The present study aimed to translate and adapt the PEACH questionnaire into Malayalam language and evaluating its effectiveness in discriminating the functional hearing abilities of Malayalam speaking children with HL fitted with HAs at various stages of life. The Malayalam PEACH questionnaire was aPdministered to parents/caregivers of 40 Malayalamspeaking children aged 3 to 6, divided into two groups based on whether they received HA before or after the age of 2. Results revealed that children fitted with HA before 2 years of age demonstrated superior performance in quiet, noisy, and overall situations compared to those fitted after 2 years of age highlighting the importance of early identification of HL in children. Additionally, the questionnaire exhibited high reliability upon retesting across all of the three hearing situations (quiet,noise and overall). Therefore, the Malayalam PEACH questionnaire emerges as a dependable and effective tool for evaluating and monitoring the functional hearing abilities and communication skills of children fitted with HA or Cochlear Implants (CI) in their everyday lives

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTAL BEHAVIOR AND UPBRINGING OF UPPER ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

Introduction: The roles of father and mother strive for equality in educational activities. However, they are different in terms of parental behaviors that are discussed in this study as well as in terms of circumstances of intrusive behavior and professional education, where differences in their inductive reasoning were determined.Objective: Examine the relationship between parental behavior and the upbringing of children in upper grades of elementary school.Method: The research was conducted in Kamen-Šineelementary School, Split, the Republic of Croatia. 102 respondents-parents participated in the research, 16.7% of whom were fathers and 82.4% were mothers, while one person did not declare the type of gender (male of female). The instrument used for thepurposes of the research was the Parental Behavior Questionnaire URP29.Results: The research showed that there was a statistically significant difference in intrusiveness between fathers and mothers. Mothers showed significantly more intrusive behavior compared to fathers, but on the other hand, no statistically significant difference in punishment was found due to parents' gender. No statistically significant difference was found in warmth, autonomy and parental knowledge with respect to the level of education, while a statistically significant difference was found in inductive reasoning with respect to the level of education. Parents with a secondary education level showed significantly more inductive reasoning compared to parents with a higher educationlevel. No statistically significant difference was found between the other groups.Conclusion: Mothers have more control over their behavior and the imposition of it, while fathers are more flexible in raising their children. Parents with secondary education level provide their children with greater support and the possibility of choice. Parental education that is full of care and love will enable the healthy development of children.Keywords: connection, parental behavior, upbringing of children, elementary school

The early educational environment at five years of age in a European cohort of children born very preterm: challenges and opportunities for research

BackgroundEarly childhood education offers opportunities for stimulation in multiple developmental domains and its positive impact on long-term outcomes and wellbeing for children is well documented. Few studies have explored early education in children born very preterm (VPT; <32 weeks of gestation) who are at higher risk of neurodevelopmental disorders and poor educational outcomes than their term-born peers. The purpose of the study is to describe and compare the educational environment of children born VPT in European countries at 5 years of age according to the degree of perinatal risk.MethodsData originated from the population-based Screening to Improve Health In very Preterm infants (SHIPS) cohort of children born VPT in 2011/2012 in 19 regions from 11 European countries. Perinatal data were collected from medical records and the 5-year follow-up was conducted using parental questionnaires. Outcomes at 5 years were participation in early education (any, type, intensity of participation) and receipt of special educational support, which were harmonized across countries.ResultsOut of 6,759 eligible children, 3,687 (54.6%) were followed up at 5 years (mean gestational age 29.3 weeks). At 5 years, almost all children (98.6%) were in an educational program, but type (preschool/primary), attendance (full-time/part-time) and use and type of school support/services differed by country. In some countries, children with high perinatal risk were more likely to be in full-time education than those with low risk (e.g. Estonia: 97.9% vs. 87.1%), while the inverse pattern was observed elsewhere (e.g. Poland: 78.5% vs. 92.8%). Overall, 22.8% of children received special educational support (country range: 12.4–34.4%) with more support received by children with higher perinatal risk. Large variations between countries remained after adjustment for socio-demographic characteristics.ConclusionsThere are marked variations in approaches to early education for children born VPT in Europe, raising opportunities to explore its impact on their neurodevelopment and well-being.

Создание опросника прагматической компетентности детей 5-8 лет

&lt;p&gt;The work aims to test a new questionnaire for parents and educators to assess the pragmatic competence of children from 5 to 8 years old. Parents of 753 children and teachers of 903 children from preschool institutions took part in the testing, filling out the proposed questionnaire online. Subsequently, after the initial analysis, 674 parent questionnaires remained in the work, of which 287 questionnaires were from parents of five-year-old children (130 of them boys), 213 from parents of six-year-old children (108 boys), 131 from parents of seven-year-old children (60 boys) and 43 from parents of eight-year-old children (21 boys). And also 903 questionnaires of preschool teachers (at this stage we did not include a survey of school teachers): 487 children of 5 years old (214 boys), 409 children of 6 years old (206 boys) and 7 children of 7 years old (4 boys). Statistical analysis of the material included: 1) checking for normality of the distribution of answers; 2) analysis for consistency of the entire questionnaire, its scales and individual questions; 3) exploratory factor analysis; 4) confirmatory factor analysis; 5) identifying gender differences for each of the questions using the Mann-Whitney test. The study showed that the pragmatic competence of children includes: 1) understanding of the literal and figurative meaning of statements; 2) mastery of non-verbal means of communication; 3) communication skills: politeness, openness to communication, adequate response to the expectations of the interlocutor; 4) development of verbal creativity in various genres, including fantasy. The results of the analysis showed that girls&amp;rsquo; pragmatic competence at the age of 5-8 years was better developed than boys, however, in general, in normatively developing children by the age of 5, the main aspects of pragmatic competence have already been developed, and in the future may deteriorate, but understanding the figurative meaning of statements continues to develop at school. This questionnaire requires some refinement and testing for test-retest and external validity.&lt;/p&gt;

Comparing the Effectiveness of Schema-Based Parenting Training with Compassion-Based Parenting Training on Mothers' Parenting Self-efficacy, Self-concept, and Parental Acceptance of Children with Internalizing Problems

Background: Children and adolescents constitute a major segment of the world's population, and their health is particularly important in any society. In recent years, attention has been paid to the issues and challenges faced by children under the title of morbid psychology of children, as one of the major topics in psychiatry and psychology. Objectives: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of schema-based parenting training with compassion-based parenting training on mothers' parenting self-efficacy, self-concept, and parental acceptance of children with internalizing problems. Methods: The current research was conducted as a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test and follow-up study. The statistical population included all primary school-aged children in Tehran and their mothers in 2020. Forty-five children with internalizing problems and their mothers, who referred to counseling centers in Tehran and met the entry criteria, were selected through available sampling. They were then randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 people in each group) and one control group (15 people). The study utilized Achenbach's Child Behavior Inventory (1991), the Children's Self-Concept Scale (1969), Rohner's Parental Rejection-Acceptance Questionnaire (Mother's Form) (1996), and Dumka's Parental Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (2007) to collect data. Data were analyzed using repeated measures tests and SPSS-24 software. Results: The results showed that both parenting education approaches had an effect on improving parental self-efficacy, self-concept, and parental acceptance. However, there was no significant difference between the two treatment methods. Conclusions: Therefore, according to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that both the schema-based parenting method and the compassion-based parenting training method can be used to reduce the internalized problems of children.

Effect of resilience training on stress, hope and psychological toughness of mothers living with mentally and physically disabled children.

Welfare and rehabilitation centers prioritize the welfare of children over the mental and physical well-being of mothers. The present study aimed to determine the impact of resilience training on stress, hope, and psychological toughness of mothers living with mentally and physically disabled children. This intervention study was conducted in the Hamadan (Iran) Welfare and Rehabilitation Center in 2023. To this end, 70 parents of children with mental and physical disabilities were randomly selected and then randomly assigned to two control and intervention groups. In the intervention group, 9 resilience training sessions were conducted, each lasting 60min. These meetings were held weekly at the welfare and rehabilitation center. The resilience training included three components: (1) exploring the concept of resilience within families and the attributes of individuals with high resilience, (2) examining internal and external factors that influence resilience, and (3) studying the strategies for enhancing family resilience. No intervention was performed in the control group. Data collection was done using parental stress, hope, and psychological toughness questionnaire. The mothers of both groups completed the above questionnaires both before and one month after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using chi-square (χ2), Kruskal-Wallis, and t-test with SPSS software (version 23) at a significance level of 0.05. Before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in parental stress between the two groups (p = 0.370). However, after the intervention, the difference between the two groups became statistically significant (p = 0.001). Similarly, there was no significant difference in parents' hope before the intervention (p = 0.452), but a significant difference was observed after the intervention (p = 0.001). Besides, parental psychological toughness was not significant before the intervention (p = 0.179) but became significant after the intervention (p = 0.000). Based on the results, resilience training reduced parental stress and increased hope and resilience in mothers of the test group. Therefore, resilience training is recommended to lower parental stress and increase the hope and psychological toughness of mothers of mentally and physically disabled children.

Early audiovisual language discrimination: Monolingual and bilingual infants’ differences in language switch detection

Successful language learning in bilinguals requires the differentiation of two language systems. The capacity to discriminate rhythmically close languages has been reported in 4-month-olds using auditory-only stimuli. This research offers a novel perspective on early language discrimination using audiovisual material. Monolingual and bilingual infants were first habituated to a face talking in the participants’ native language (or the more frequent language in bilingual contexts) and then tested on two successive language switches by the same speaker, with a close and a distant language. Code-switching exposure was indexed from parental questionnaires. Results revealed that while monolinguals could detect both the close- and distant-language switch, bilinguals only reacted to the distant language, regardless of home code-switching experience. In the temporal dimension, the analyses showed that language switch detection required at least 10 s, suggesting that the audiovisual presentation (here the same speaker switching languages) slowed down or even hindered the language switch detection. These results suggest that the detection of a multimodal close-language switch is a challenging task, especially for bilingual infants exposed to phonologically and rhythmically close languages. The current research sets the ground for further studies exploring the role of indexical cues and selective attention processes on language switch detection.

A remote parent-led early intervention protocol to promote motor development in infants with congenital heart disease: a feasibility pilot study of a randomized clinical trial

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the feasibility of a parent-led, home-based early intervention for motor development in infants with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), part of a larger multicenter, single-blind randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05907109). Parents, supported by remote specialists weekly, engaged in multidomain stimulation activities five days a week, for six months. Feasibility was assessed via parental questionnaires, adherence rates, and infant motor development assessments. Despite high dropout and mortality rates, results showed 80% adherence, 91% parental satisfaction, 75% availability, and 60% self-efficacy. No significant motor skill differences were noted between the intervention (IG; n = 19) and control groups (CG; n = 11) at six months, but the higher baseline risk in IG suggests promotion of motor skills in the intervention group. Future studies in Brazil might extend the study duration to address high dropout and mortality rates.

Adolescent Food Parenting Questionnaire: Evaluation Of Turkish Psychometric Properties of Parent And Adolescent Versions

Purpose: This study aimed to adapt the "Adolescent Food Parenting Questionnaire: Parent and Adolescent Version" into Turkish and conduct validity and reliability studies. Material and Methods: The research was carried out in methodological type and was carried out with 337 adolescents aged 12-16 years and their parents between June 2022 and September 2022. Data were collected with the Child and Parent Information Form and Adolescent Food Parent Questionnaire. Content validity, construct validity, internal consistency reliability, and item analysis was used to determine the questionnaire's psychometric properties. Results: Both parent and adolescent versions of the Adolescent Food Parenting Questionnaire contain 16 items. The results of the exploratory factor analysis determined that the five-factor structure explained 50.45% of the total Variance for the parent version and 63.31% of the total Variance for the adolescent version. In addition, item factor loads for the parent version ranged from 0.32 to 0.71, while item factor loads for the adolescent version ranged from 0.37 to 0.75. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, the goodness of fit values of the parent version were χ2/sd=2.030, RMSEA=0.055, GFI=0.94, CFI=0.95, IFI=0.95, RFI=0.87, NFI=0.90, TLI =0.93, and the adolescent version were χ2/sd=1.672, RMSEA = 0.045, GFI = 0.95, CFI = 0.96, IFI = 0.96, RFI = 0.88, NFI = 0.91, and TLI = 0.95. The Cronbach alpha value for the entire parent version was 0.86, and the Cronbach alpha values for all sub-dimensions were determined to vary between 0.60 and 0.84. The adolescent version's overall cronbach alpha was determined to be 0.88, and the adolescent version's sub-dimension Cronbach alpha values were discovered to vary between 0.63 and 0.841. Conclusion: As a result of the research, it was determined that the "Adolescent Food Parenting Questionnaire: Parent and Adolescent Version" is a valid and reliable measurement tool to be used specifically for Turkish society.

A clinical evaluation and acceptability study of the innovative SurePulse VS wireless heart rate monitor across the neonatal journey.

The SurePulse vital signs (VS) device is an innovative wireless heart rate monitor designed for neonatal patients. This study evaluates the application of SurePulse VS technology in clinical practice. Data were collected about the quantitative metrics of the device itself when deployed on real infants and qualitative feedback from perinatal professionals and parents regarding their experiences using this novel technology. This study recruited 101 infants and achieved target completion rates of 101 healthcare professional (HCP) and 51 parent questionnaires over the seven-month study period. The SurePulse device was deployed across a range of gestational ages (34-39 weeks) and birth weights (1.8-3.5 kg). Device deployment was performed across a range of clinical environments, with 51% of deployments at delivery and 47% within the neonatal unit. The data show clinically acceptable timings from device deployment to heart rate signal acquisition [median 20 s (IQR 15-76 s)]. HCP feedback rated SurePulse monitoring as "Always" or "Mostly" reliable in 80% of cases. Parental feedback reported that having the SurePulse device was reassuring, convenient and beneficial to them. These positive comments were reflected across device deployment in the delivery room and within the neonatal unit. The study findings show that the SurePulse device has potential to be a significant advancement in the way neonatal patients are monitored in a variety of post-delivery circumstances. This study has demonstrated that the SurePulse device has utility throughout the neonatal journey, enabling accurate heart rate monitoring in a manner that promotes parent-infant contact and bonding.

Early childhood physical activity parenting and sport club participation as predictors of perceived motor competence – a three-year longitudinal study

ABSTRACT Background & purpose Enhancing perceived motor competence (PMC) is an important factor in increasing the physical activity and motor competence of children. Longitudinal research is needed to identify the factors that support children’s positive and realistic PMC development. To address this research gap, we examined physical activity parenting (PAP) and sports club participation (SCP) as predictors of children’s PMC. Methods We assessed PMC using a modified pictorial scale of perceived movement skill competence (PMSC) for young children at the following two time points: in early childhood education and care (ECEC) (T1; N = 259; Mage = 6.27 ± .67; 50.2% boys) and approximately three years later in primary school (T2; N = 259; Mage = 9.45 ± .79 years). PAP and SCP (the type and number of sports) were examined using a parental questionnaire (N = 259; Mage = 36.2 ± 5.64). The children’s actual motor competence (AMC) was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development – Third Edition (TGMD-3). Linear regression analyses were performed to examine how the number of sports in which a child participates (SCPsum) predicted PMC. Then, we analysed how participation in a specific type of sport (locomotor and ball sports) predicted PMC in terms of locomotor skills, ball skills and total skills. The analyses were adjusted for the T2–T1 time difference and AMC. Results PAP was a significant predictor of PMC three years later for ECEC-aged girls but not for boys. Moreover, participation in a ball sport at T1 predicted higher scores for girls’ PMC at T2. In addition, the girls who participated in more than one ball sport exhibited lower PMC at T2. For boys, higher AMC, higher BMI and less access to electronic devices at T1 predicted higher PMC at T2. Conclusion The results suggest that PAP in ECEC age is important for girls’ PMC development over time. The role of SCP was ambiguous in girls. Participation especially in ball sports may have different influences on PMC in girls depending on the frequency of participation. Therefore, parents, sport instructors and coaches should adapt their child rearing and pedagogical practices by considering child PMC development in addition to promoting physical activity and skills.

Abnormal amygdala volume moderates parenting and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents with anxiety disorder

Anxiety disorders (AD) usually onset in childhood or adolescence and are related to brain development and early experiences during this period. As the hub of the fear circuit, the amygdala plays a crucial role in the development of emotional processing, and abnormalities in its structure and function are associated with anxiety disorders. We aim to uncover the amygdala volume's moderation between parenting and anxiety severity in children and adolescents with AD. 129 children and adolescents with anxiety and 135 age- and sex-matched Health controls (HC) using the publicly available Healthy Brain Network (HBN) dataset were included. Anxiety severity was measured using the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders Self-report (SCARED-SR) and parenting was measured using the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire Self-Report (APQ-SR). We investigated age-related differences in amygdala volume in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Further, we examined the role of amygdala volume in moderating the association between parental involvement, particularly the maternal involvement, and anxiety symptoms in this population. We found larger bilateral amygdala in the AD group compared with the HC among the age range of 7–12. And increases in amygdala volume tended to negatively moderate the linear relationships between maternal involvement and anxiety symptoms in the AD group. These findings provide new evidence of abnormal brain alteration in children and adolescents with anxiety and may reflect proactive adaptations of adolescent brain development.

Parenting Style and Resilience among Homosexual in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the relationship of parenting styles and resilience in homosexuals (gay) in Indonesia. The research method used is quantitative with correlational design. A total of 454 homosexuals (gay) in Indonesia are used as participants using incidental sampling techniques. The measurement of this study used the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) scale with fathers’ authoritarian parenting style (α = .868), fathers’ authoritative parenting style (α = .766), fathers’ permissive parenting style (α = .768), mothers’ authoritarian parenting style (α = .868), mothers’ authoritative parenting style (α = .843), mothers’ permissive parenting style (α = .746), and the Resilience Quotient Scale (RQ) (α = .873). Data analysis was conducted using Karl Pearson's product-moment correlation test. The results of this study indicated that there is no relationship between fathers’ authoritarian parenting style and resilience (r = .065 and sig. = .084). Likewise, for the fathers’ authoritative parenting style, it showed no relationship with resilience (r = .003 and the sig. = .472). Similarly, there was no significant relationship found between fathers’ permissive parenting style and resilience (r = -.034 and sig. = .235). The results also revealed that there is no relationship between mothers’ authoritarian parenting style and resilience (r = .008) and sig. = .435). Likewise, no significant relationship was found between mothers’ authoritative parenting style and resilience (r = .005 and sig. = .457). Furthermore, the study found no relationship between mothers’ permissive parenting style and resilience (r = .015 and sig. = .379).

Exploring the Effect of Parenting Style on Self-esteem and Emotional Regulation among Young Adults

The research extensively explores the correlation between various parenting styles—namely authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful—and their impact on the self-esteem and emotional regulation of young adults. Employing a comprehensive methodology, including the Parental Authority Questionnaire, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the study analyzes responses from a sample of 200 individuals aged 18-25.

Insights into Rett Syndrome girls' receptive vocabulary through eye movements and parental perception

ObjectiveThis study evaluated the receptive vocabulary of girls diagnosed with Rett Syndrome (RS) by employing eye-tracking technology and examined how these objective measures compared with parents' perceptions of their daughters' language abilities. MethodFourteen girls with RS and eleven typically developing peers participated. Instruments included the Kerr Scale, a parental questionnaire on communication skills, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - PPVT-4, and eye-tracking equipment. The PPVT-4's initial 12 cards, each displaying four images, were presented on screen for 5 s for the child's initial inspection. Subsequently, the same card was shown for 5 s with instructions to identify the picture matching the word, repeated three times in a randomized order. ResultsEye-tracking assessments revealed that girls with RS with less severe symptoms, performed below typically developing peers with aged 3–4 years. The number of eye fixations emerged as a reliable metric for assessing their performance. A positive correlation was found between parental reports of their daughters' vocabulary knowledge and their ability to identify the correct stimulus, suggesting comprehension and active engagement in the testing process. ConclusionThis study presents a pioneering approach by combining parental perceptions with eye-tracking measures to assess receptive vocabulary in girls diagnosed with Rett Syndrome. Despite showing lower performance levels compared to significantly younger peers, the findings suggest that these individuals use less effectively eye contact as a mode of communication.

Long-Term Outcome of Surgically Repaired and Non-repaired Double Aortic Arch in Children.

Introduction A double aortic arch (DAA) is a rare congenital vascular anomaly that encircles the trachea and esophagus, resulting in compression of both structures and causing variable symptoms of wheezing, stridor, increased work of breathing, or dysphagia. DAA usually presents in infancy but can be incidentally found later in life. The standard management of DAA is surgical repair. However, observation and follow-up have been recommended in asymptomatic or mild cases. The long-term outcome of surgical repair versus observation is not well-reported. We described the long-term clinical outcome of patients with DAA who were surgically repaired versus non-repaired at our institution. Methods Electronic medical records were searched for the patients diagnosed with DAA before the age of 18 years. Data from clinical, radiological, and bronchoscopic findings, pulmonary function test(PFT), and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) were extracted. A structured phone questionnaire of patients' parents regarding past and current symptoms was also conducted. Results A total of 12 patients (eight males four females) with DAA were identified. Median age was 8.5 (1.5-17) years. The age at diagnosis was 60 (1-192) months. Post diagnosis follow-up period was 20 (2-156) months. Five patients were surgically repaired, and seven patients were not repaired. The median age of surgery was five (1-15) years in repaired patients. The phone questionnaire was completed in only 10 patients (five repaired and five non-repaired). Respiratory symptoms in infancy were reported in all repaired and non-repaired patients and were resolved in all five repaired patients and in four of the five non-repaired patients. One non-repaired patient complained of intermittent dyspnea on exertion. Gastrointestinal symptoms were present in infancy in three repaired and three non-repaired patientsand were improved in two repaired and one non-repaired patient. PFT was performed in five patients (one repaired, four non-repaired) and showed normal forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC in all patients. Low peak expiratory flow (PEF) was seen in the repaired patient and in three of the non-repaired patients. CPET was conducted in four non-repaired patients and showed maximal oxygen consumption (VO2-max) of 66% predicted (58-88), maximal ventilation (VE-max) of 75% predicted (70-104), and ventilatory reserve of 55% predicted (48-104). Conclusion Long-term clinical outcome is favorable in both repaired and non-repaired patients with DAA even though both groups reported respiratory symptoms during infancy. Therefore, clinical observation is a legitimate option in certain DAA patients.

Evaluation of the Effect of Parental Participation on Chinese Adolescent Behavioral Development Through the Mediating Effect of Peers: A Moderated Mediation Model.

With the rapid changes in the social environment, adolescents are facing increasing academic pressure and challenges to their physical and mental development in the socialization process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence mechanisms of parental participation on adolescent behavioral development (learning persistence, expressive language ability and knowledge absorption ability), revealing the mediation role of adolescent positive and negative peer interactions between parental participation and behavioral development, and whether differences in parents and children's educational expectations moderate this process. This study was measured using the Parental Participation Questionnaire, Peer Interaction Questionnaire, Behavioral Development Scale, and Educational Expectancy Gap from the China Education Panel Survey. A total of 7730 seventh-grade students and their parents were invited to participate, to establish a moderated mediation model, and the significance of the mediation effect was tested using the bias-corrected percentile Bootstrap method. (1) High frequent parental participation has a significant positive effect on adolescent behavioral development, including behavioral participation, emotional participation, and educational participation all exerting varying degrees of positive influence, as well as positively influencing adolescents' peer interactions. (2) Positive and negative peer interactions play the mediation role of 12.3% and 2.5% respectively in the process of parental participation affecting adolescent behavioral development. (3) Comparing "educational expectation gap - equal", the "educational expectation gap - high" negatively moderates the effect of parental participation on adolescent behavioral development and positive peer interaction (inhibitory effect), the "educational expectation gap - low" positively moderates the effect of parental participation on negative peer interaction (facilitation effect), which meant that the "educational expectation gap - equal" between parents and children is a more desirable state. These findings provide empirical support and effective operational suggestions to further promote positive adolescent behavioral development. Particularly for developing countries, it is recognized that positive parental participation and peer interaction, as well as equal educational expectation of parents and children, are protective factors for adolescent development.

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire.

There are no validated instruments in Spain for measuring parental feeding styles. The aim was to validate the Parental Feeding Styles Questionnaires (PFSQ) in a Spanish sample. A total of 523 mothers of 523 school-children participated. The children had a mean age of 4.4 years (SD = 1.3), with 51% being boys (M = 4.3 years, SD = 1.4) and 49% girls (M = 4.5 years, = SD 1.3). The PFSQ and the Comprehensive General Parenting Styles Questionnaire (CGPQ) were used. A model of four correlated factors was identified: Prompting/encouraging eating, emotional feeding, instrumental feeding, and control over eating. Cronbach's alpha for the subscales ranged from 0.64 to 0.86, and McDonald's Omega coefficient ranged from 0.66 to 0.86. Emotional feeding and prompting/encouraging eating had values above 0.70, control over eating had a value of 0.68 and instrumental feeding had an alpha coefficient of 0.64 and omega coefficient of 0.66. The factor structure was similar to the original and to other adapted versions. The Spanish sample used more control over eating and prompting/encouraging to eat. The adapted PFSQ is a suitable instrument for assessing the feeding styles of Spanish parents.