Parental Bonding Research Articles

School Bullying and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: The Role of Parental Bonding.

Much research on school bullying and victimization have outlined several individual, family, and school parameters that function as risk factors for developing further psychosocial and psychopathological problems. Bullying and victimization are interrelated with symptoms of psychological trauma, as well as emotional/ behavioural reactions, which can destabilize psychosocial and scholastic pathways for children and adolescents. The current study explored the various dimensions of psychological trauma (depressive symptoms, somatization, dissociation, avoidance behaviours) associated with school bullying/victimization in relation to parental bonding among 433 students (8–16 years old) from representative large cities in Greece. The following scales were employed: (a) Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire, (b) Child Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms (CROPS), and (c) Parental Bonding Inventory instrument (PBI). Pathways analysis extracted a series of models which showed that maternal and paternal overprotection (anxious-controlling/aggressive) had positive association with post-traumatic stress symptoms. Specifically, the quality of parental bonding was related with children's bullying/victimization experiences and post-traumatic symptomology. Conversely, results indicated that maternal and paternal care can reduce the manifestation of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Implications for interventions are discussed.

Investigation of the Relationships Between Paranormal Beliefs, Parental Bonding, and Adult Attachment of University Students

Paranormal beliefs are of interest for the college students especially studying psychology and philosophy. In addition, attitudes such as parental bonding and adult attachment affect levels of paranormal beliefs. Exploring the relationships among these principal themes is of great importance in illuminating possible effects of students’ attachments and bonding toward the development of paranormal beliefs. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among students’ parental attachment, relationship attitude, and paranormal beliefs; 239 university students responded to the items in three separate questionnaires, the Paranormal Belief Scale, parental bonding, and adult attachment survey. The research findings showed that a significant relationship exists between paranormal beliefs and attachment attitudes in the favor of females. In terms of the relationship between paranormal beliefs and adult attachment, the results also revealed that they have akin relationships between adult attachment and parental bonding. Although adult relationships affect paranormal beliefs, no significant correlation was found among three areas possible because the effect of parental bonding is limited in the long term.

Types of Solidarity between Parents and Children and Life Satisfaction of Old Adults: Focusing on comparison between urban and rural area

본 연구는 노인의 부모자녀 결속 관계 유형과 그 집단의 특성을 파악하고, 하위 집단별 유형이 삶의 만족에 미치는 영향을 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위해 서울대학교 SSK 고령사회 연구단에서 실시한 ‘노인의 건강한 노화및 웰다잉에 관한 연구’의 자료를 활용하였다. 총 2,072명의 자료를 도시와 농촌 지역의 노인 집단으로 구분후 부모자녀 결속의 유형 분석을 위한 잠재프로파일분석(Latent Profile Analysis)과, 각 하위 집단의 유형 계층이 노인의 삶의 만족 수준에 미치는 영향을 검증하기 위해 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 도시 노인과 농촌 노인의 부모자녀 결속 유형은 각각 3가지, 2가지 유형으로 유형화되었다. 각 부모자녀 결속 유형이 노인의 삶의 만족에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 도시에 거주하는 노인의 경우에만 부모 자녀 결속 유형이 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 농촌 거주 노인의 경우 부모 자녀의 결속 유형은 통계적 으로 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 다만, 자녀와의 결속 관계보다는 지역사회 사회응집력과 같은 이웃 및 지역 공동체의 접촉 및 친밀감과 관련한 요인이 삶의 만족에 영향을 미쳤다. 이를 통하여 비혈연 중심의 관계 형성의 영향을 예측할 수 있다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 노인의 삶의 안녕과 만족 향상을 위한 실천적 개입방안 및 정책적 함의를 논의하였다.The purpose of this study is to examine the solidarity types between parents-children and to verify whether the types of solidarity relationships are directly related to life satisfaction of older adults. To achieve this, 2,072 Korean elderlies from proportional stratified sample were participated, and the data was divided into urban and rural area where respondents live in. The Latent Profile Analysis(LPA), multiple regression analysis were mainly used for data analysis. The results of the study were as follows: The major findings are following. Patterns of parental bond among urban and rural elderly were classified into three(urban) and two(rural) patterns. For the effect of each parental bonding pattern on life satisfaction, positive effect of parental bond was found only in urban dwellers. In other words, for older people in rural areas, parental bond did not significantly affected on life satisfaction. However, elderly in rural area showed non-familial factor based relationship, such as social capital(community trust, social cohesion, and social support), was influenced their life satisfaction rather than relationship with children. Finding from the study highlight political and practical implications for improving life satisfaction for the elderly.

The Effect of Parenting on Teenagers’ Decision to Drop out of School

Previous research has indicated the gravity of both parenting and parental bond on a child’s successful upbringing. In this, four main styles of parenting have been identified, known as authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and neglectful. While recent research addressed the role of parenting on academic success; additional factors include self-esteem, behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation; whereas the main types of parental bond include affectionate constraint, affectionless control, optimal parenting and neglectful parenting. The current study takes the aforementioned research one step further by examining if self-esteem, strength of goal orientation, parental bond and their parent’s child rearing method has an effect on a teenagers’ decision to drop out of school. Results indicated that the permissive parenting style and affectionate constraint were the best predictors of student’s decision to remain in education. Additionally, participants who had decided to drop out of school displayed lower levels of self-esteem, behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation.

Mechanism of material removal during nanofinishing of aluminium in aqueous KOH: A reactive molecular dynamics simulation study

In this work, the atomic mechanism of tribo-chemical wear of aluminium at the interface of SiAl in aqueous KOH environment was investigated using a reactive molecular dynamics simulation (R-MDS) for achieving nano-finished surface using the principle of chemically assisted mechanical finishing (CMAF) through chemo mechanical magnetorheological finishing (CMMRF) process. Three attributes of material removal mechanisms were detected in the finishing process. The first is caused by the destruction of parent bonds on the aluminium substrate surface and is assisted by the oxidation. The second is caused by the mechanical stress assisted chemical reaction to bridge new bonds between abrasive and workpiece. The third is caused by rupture of AlAl bonds, as the newly formed bonds are relatively strong. This work shows that the removal of Al atoms from the substrate is a result of both chemical reaction and mechanical effects, and contributes to the understanding of tribo-chemical wear behaviour of CMMRF process. The finished surface shows free of any other contamination which is suitable to employ such surfaces for the micro-electronics fabrication. Experimental results also support the mechanism of CAMF for generating the surface finish of the order of few nanometers.

Emotion Regulation and Parental Bonding in Families of Adolescents With Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms.

Parental bonding and emotional regulation, while important to explain difficulties that may arise in child development, have mainly been studied at an individual level. The present study aims to examine alexithymia and parental bonding in families of adolescents with psychiatric disorders through different generations. The sample included a total of 102 adolescent patients with psychiatric disorders and their parents. In order to take a family level approach, a Latent Class Analysis was used to identify the latent relationships among alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale), perceived parental bonding (Parental Bonding Instrument) and the presence of adolescent internalizing or externalizing psychiatric symptoms (Youth Self-Report). Families of internalizing and externalizing adolescents present different and specific patterns of emotional regulation and parenting. High levels of adolescent alexithymia, along with a neglectful parenting style perceived by the adolescent and the father as well, characterized the families of patients with internalizing symptoms. On the other hand, in the families with externalizing adolescents, it was mainly the mother to remember an affectionless control parental style. These results suggest the existence of an intergenerational transmission of specific parental bonding, which may influence the emotional regulation and therefore the manifestation of psychiatric symptoms.

Factores sociodemográficos asociados a los lazos parentales en estudiantes de Lima Norte

Objetivo: determinar la relación entre los lazos parentales y las variables sociodemográficas en los estudiantes de un centro pre-universitario. Materiales y métodos: estudio de alcance correlacional y diseño no experimental de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 187 estudiantes de un centro pre-universitario de Lima norte. Las variables principales fueron: lazos parentales y factores sociodemográficos. Se realizó el análisis de datos a través del software estadístico STATA 14. Resultados se encontró relación entre la dimensión de sobreprotección padre y cuidador primario (p=0.00), al igual que sobreprotección madre (p=0.008) y cuidador primario. Asimismo, la dimensión sobreprotección madre se relacionó con el lugar de nacimiento (p=0.001). Se obtuvieron valores altos en la dimensión de sobreprotección de la madre (93.0%) y el padre (82.3%). Conclusión: los padres biológicos son percibidos como más sobreprotectores que otros cuidadores primarios. Esta relación podría disminuir la autonomía, la capacidad de decisión y adaptación, efectos característicos de la sobreprotección. La relación entre la sobreprotección de la madre y el lugar de nacimiento puede estar relacionada a factores psicosociales y culturales que deben ser más estudiados en próximos estudios. Se sugiere promover la intervención psicológica sistemática para padres e hijos en el ámbito comunitario y educativo.

“Por que meu filho reprova?” Estudo sobre o vínculo parental e a reprovação escolar

Investigou-se a relação entre o vínculo parental de adolescentes com e sem histórico de reprovação escolar a partir de um delineamento correlacional e comparativo, de caráter quantitativo e transversal. Participaram 140 adolescentes matriculados em escolas municipais de São Leopoldo/RS, que responderam um Questionário de Dados Sociodemográficos, Teste Matrizes Progressivas de Raven e Parental Bonding Instrument. Os resultados indicaram que o número de reprovações da mãe esteve positivamente associado ao número de reprovações do filho, assim como as dimensões cuidado do pai e da mãe ao potencial intelectual do filho. As dimensões cuidado e proteção do pai e mãe relacionaram-se negativamente com o número de reprovações do filho. Também houve diferença entre os grupos na dimensão cuidado do pai. Tais resultados destacam a importância da participação dos pais no processo de ensino-aprendizagem dos filhos.

Sibling-Controlled Study of Parental Bonding, Coping, and Urgent Health-Care Use in Families With Children With Nonepileptic Seizures.

Pediatric psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) is a functional somatic symptom condition with significant health-care service burden. While both family and individual factors play an important role in the development and maintenance of PNES, little is known about what predicts urgent health-care use in families with children who have PNES. The aim of the current study was to explore whether child coping and parental bonding styles influence the decision to seek urgent medical care in these families. Data were analyzed from youth of age 8-18 years, 47 with PNES, and their 25 sibling controls. Parents provided the number of youth emergency room visits and hospitalizations in the preceding year. Youth completed a questionnaire about their coping styles and a measure about their mothers' and fathers' bonding styles. Using a mixed model with family as a random effect, we regressed urgent health-care use on participant type (youth with PNES or sibling), parental bonding style, and youth coping style, controlling for number of child prescription medications. Higher urgent health-care use was associated with having PNES, coping via monitoring, and perceiving one's father to be rejecting and overprotective. Lower urgent health-care use was associated with coping via venting and with perceiving one's mother to be caring and overprotective. This study provides preliminary empirical support for family-based clinical efforts to reduce child urgent health-care use by enhancing effective child coping skills and improving parental response to child impairment and distress in families with youth with PNES.

Child and Parental Perspectives on Communication and Decision Making in Pediatric CKD: A Focus Group Study

Effective communication and shared decision making improve quality of care and patient outcomes but can be particularly challenging in pediatric chronic disease because children depend on their parents and clinicians to manage complex health care and developmental needs. We aimed to describe the perspectives of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their parents with regard to communication and decision making. Qualitative study. Children with CKD (n=34) and parents (n=62) from 6 centers across 6 cities in Australia, Canada, and the United States participated in 16 focus groups. Transcripts were analyzed thematically. We identified 4 themes: (1) disempowered by knowledge imbalance (unprepared and ill-informed, suspicion of censorship, and inadequacy as technicians), (2) recognizing own expertise (intuition and instinct unique to parental bond, emerging wisdom and confidence, identifying opportunities for control and inclusion, and empowering participation in children), (3) striving to assert own priorities (negotiating broader life impacts, choosing to defer decisional burden, overprotected and overruled, and struggling to voice own preferences), and (4) managing child's involvement (respecting child's expertise, attributing "risky" behaviors to rebellion, and protecting children from illness burden). Only English-speaking participants were recruited, which may limit the transferability of the findings. We collected data from child andparent perspectives; however, clinician perspectives may provide further understanding of the difficulties of communication and decision making in pediatrics. Parents value partnership with clinicians and consider long-term and quality-of-life implications of their child's illness. Children with CKD want more involvement in treatment decision making but are limited by vulnerability, fear, and uncertainty. There is a need to support the child to better enable him or her to become a partner in decision making and prepare him or her for adulthood. Collaborative and informed decision making that addresses the priorities and concerns of both children and parents is needed.

Étude du lien parental dans l’enfance chez les enfants et adolescents avec anorexie mentale

IntroductionAnorexia nervosa constitutes a severe and complex eating disorder occurring principally in adolescence. It is one of the most deadly psychiatric disorders. Considering the multifactorial nature of anorexia nervosa, the important place of the family and the growing interest in the theory of attachment in eating disorders, parental bonding is questioned in anorexia nervosa. The main study goal is to analyze parental bonding in a population of children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa. The secondary objective is to study differences according to the age group. MethodWe realized an observational pilot study in Bordeaux over a period from June 2015 to April 2017. Twenty five young girls with anorexia nervosa, aged 10 to 17 years, hospitalized in the department of child and adolescent psychiatry and department of eating disorders have been included and divided into two groups: peripubertal for children under 14 and pubertal for children aged 14 to 17 years. We met them individually to complete a series of questionnaires including the Parental Bonding Instrument (for assessing attachment), the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview for Children and Adolescent (for detecting the presence of comorbidity) and a structured questionnaire for collecting general information on anorexia nervosa. ResultsResults revealed high parental care, high maternal and paternal overprotection with predominantly “optimal” parenting style followed by “affectionate constraint” style. Significant differences were observed in anorexia nervosa patients with maternal (P=0.011) and paternal (P=0.085) overprotection in pubes compared to peripubertal. In correlation analysis, there was a positive correlation between maternal protection and age of diagnosis and a negative correlation between parental care and duration of illness. Furthermore, the maternal overprotection tended to be correlated significantly and positively with the age of the diagnosis and the paternal overprotection with the body mass index. ConclusionOur study shows a rating by the parents of warm and understanding parents, an over-protective mother and a father encouraging autonomy. There is maternal and paternal overprotection in pubertal anorexia nervosa compared with peripubertals. Our results suggest the importance of analyzing parenting style in addition to Parental Bonding Instruments results and of supporting the importance of the development of family therapy in the anorexia nervosa.

Investigations into the mechanism of material removal and surface modification at atomic scale on stainless steel using molecular dynamics simulation

A molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) has been carried out to investigate the material removal phenomenon of chemo-mechanical magnetorheological finishing (CMMRF) process. To understand the role of chemical assisted mechanical abrasion in CMMRF process, material removal phenomenon is subdivided into three different stages. In the first stage, new atomic bonds viz. Fe–O–Si is created on the surface of the workpiece (stainless steel). The second stage deals with the rupture of parent bonds like Fe–Fe on the workpiece. In the final stage, removal of material from the surface in the form of dislodged debris (cluster of atoms) takes place. Effects of process parameters like abrasive particles, depth of penetration and initial surface condition on finishing force, potential energy (towards secondary phenomenon such as chemical instability of the finished surface) and material removal at atomic scale have been investigated. It was observed that the type of abrasive particle is one of the important parameters to produce atomically smooth surface. Experiments were also conducted as per the MDS to generate defect-free and sub-nanometre-level finished surface (Ra value better than 0.2 nm). The experimental results reasonably agree well with the simulation results.

The Relationship between Parental Bonding and Obesity and Overweightness

The Relationship between Parental Bonding and Obesity and Overweightness

Suporte aos pais que vivenciam a perda do filho neonato: revisão de literatura

Objetivos: investigar y discutir publicaciones acerca del soporte relacionado al duelo de padres que vivencian la pérdida del hijo neonato. Material y método: revisión crítica de literatura con búsqueda en las bases de datos CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO y Scopus, de artículos publicados entre enero del 2010 y julio del 2017, utilizando análisis temática para el tratamiento de los datos recolectados. Resultados: se diseñaron tres categorías temáticas: 1) apoyo y soporte a los padres que vivencian la experiencia de la pérdida del hijo neonato; 2) sentimientos de los padres ante situaciones de muerte y duelo, y 3) participación de los padres en el proceso de tratamiento y pronóstico del hijo. Se destacaron algunas necesidades: mejor preparo de los profesionales, comunicación adecuada; formación de memoria del neonato, vínculo de los padres en el proceso de muerte. Conclusiones: se evidencia la diversidad cultural en la experiencia de duelo, la que se debe considerar en el cuidado al enlutado; la continuidad del vínculo con familiares luego del proceso de muerte/morir del neonato puede ser fuente de prevención de trastornos durante el duelo. Reflexionar sobre directrices, políticas y formación curricular ampliada puede traer diferencial al equipo de salud en la asistencia al duelo y, por ende, a la salud mental.

Parental Social Bonds and Adolescents’ Convictions

ABSTRACTSocial control theory suggests that adolescents are more likely to deviate when their parental bonds are weak or broken. However, are strong bonds to unconventional parents also a protective factor, or do they increase the risk of delinquency? There is almost no empirical evidence on this puzzle. Combining Danish survey and register data (N = 2,677), this study uses fixed effects linear regressions and finds that parental convictions do not moderate the effect of strong parental social bonds. Rather, the main result shows that indirect supervision (mother knowing the adolescent’s friends) reduces the risk of child conviction, irrespective of maternal conviction.

The Association Among Parental Bonding, Depression, Social Aggression, and Criminal Assault: Are There Gender Differences Between Male and Female Youth Offenders?

This research examined similarities and differences in gender regarding social aggression, criminal assault, depression, and familial factors. The participants were 251 youth offenders (158 males) who were arrested and incarcerated in a juvenile facility. The measures consisted of self-reported acts of social aggression, simple and aggravated assault, subtypes of depression, and self-reports on parental care and control. Our data demonstrate the importance of including gender, types of aggression/assault, subtypes of depression, and familial factors when examining their association. For example, less parental care predicted more social aggression for both males and females. However, neither did parental care predict aggravated assault for either gender, nor did parental care predict general depression or anhedonia. Parental control had different impact depending on gender. More parental control increased rates of social aggression and simple assault for females but not for males. Symptoms of general depression predicted committing simple assault for both males and females, but not anhedonia. However, general depressive symptoms and anhedonia were associated with committing aggravated assault for both genders. Policy implications were discussed.

The parental bonds of adolescent girls and next-generation maternal–infant bonding: findings from the Victorian Intergenerational Health Cohort Study

The purpose of this study was toexamine the extent to which adolescent bonding problems with parents predict next-generation maternal-infant bonding problems at 2 and 12months postpartum. Data were from a two-generation prospective cohort study of 1026 offspring (3 perinatal waves) born to participants of a two-decade (10-wave) study of 1943 adolescents. Dyads in this analysis were 395 mothers (29-36 years) of 606 offspring (305 female). At 16 years, we assessed adolescents' perceptions of their mother's and father's care and control, separately and in combination. Subsequently, when participants were adult mothers of infants 2 and 12months postpartum, we assessed impaired maternal-infant bonding, infant-directed rejection-anger, and caregiving anxiety. Adolescent-parent bonding problems were strongly predictive of women's subsequent bonding problems with infants. In particular, impaired postpartum maternal bonding was predicted by adolescent reports of low paternal care (12months: OR=3.1, 95% CI 1.1-8.6) and high maternal control (12months: OR=3.7, 95% CI 1.4-9.7). In combination, high maternal control and low paternal control also predicted impaired postpartum bonding (2months: OR=5.0, 95% CI 1.3-20; 12months: OR=12, 2.6-56), caregiving anxiety (2months: OR=4, 95% CI 1.5-11; 12months: OR=8.8, 95% CI 1.8-43), and rejection/anger (12months: OR=4.1, 95% CI 1.0-16). Further combinations of care and overprotection that significantly predicted postpartum bonding problems are presented. Our results indicate that adolescent girls who experiencehigh maternal control and low paternal care are athigher risk for subsequent maternal-infant bonding problems. The strength of associations suggests that interventions should begin well before pregnancy.

Parental Bonding in Adolescents With and Without Chronic Pain.

Parental responses influence children's pain; however, the specific role of parental bonding in pediatric pain has not been examined. Depressive symptomology is frequently reported in children with chronic pain (CP) and may play a role in the relationship between parental bonding and pain. This study examined the connections between maternal/paternal bonding (perceived care and control) and symptoms of pain and depression in adolescents with CP and in healthy adolescents. Participants included 116 adolescents (aged 12-17) with CP (n = 55) and without (n = 61). Adolescents completed the Parental Bonding Instrument separately for their mother and father, as well as measures of depression and pain. Significant associations between parental bonding and adolescent pain and depression emerged in the pain group, but not in the healthy group. There were no differences in the impact of maternal versus paternal bonding on adolescent pain and depression. Mediation analyses revealed adolescent depression was a mediator of the relationship between maternal care and adolescent pain, and paternal control and adolescent pain in the group with CP. This study highlights the importance of considering parental bonding and adolescent depression in pediatric CP, suggesting that high paternal control and low maternal care contribute to increased pain in adolescents through heightened adolescent depressive symptoms. The findings emphasize the need for family-based treatment for CP that addresses parent behaviors and adolescent mental health.

Parental Bonding and Academic Burnout on Addiction Potential Among Students

Background: The risk of drug abuse during youth and adolescence depends on the individual’s family structure. Parents’ interaction methods and parenting styles are an important part of the social context. Since the interaction between parents and children has a great influence on students’ addiction, this study was conducted to assess the relationship between parental bonding and academic burnout with addiction potential among students studying in Semnan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This study was a cross sectional descriptive analytical study conducted on 245 students studying in Semnan University of Medical Sciences (2014 - 2015) using the valid Pierson’s questionnaire about parental bonding, school burnout, and addiction potential. The scores of addiction potential, school-burnout, and parental child bonding were obtained. The correlation and multiple regression models were then investigated. Results: The scores of addiction potential and academic burnout were 79.03 ± 13.26 and 32.02 ± 15.84, respectively. In fact, in the reduced multiple regression model only male gender (b = 6.718, P < 0.001), higher grade point average (b = 3.556, P = 0.020), higher school-burnout (b = 6.460, P < 0.001), higher care by parents (father’s care, b = 6.503, P < 0.001, mother’s care (b = 6.336, P = 0.001), and less control by the father (b = -4.058, P = 0.007) were associated with increased susceptibility of students to addiction. Conclusions: Numerous factors, such as male gender, higher grade point average, greater school burnout and care by both parents and less control by the father were associated with increased susceptibility of students to addiction and they provided the conditions for addiction among students.

Percepção do pai acerca da paternidade no alojamento conjunto

Objetivo: compreender a percepção do pai acerca da paternidade no alojamento conjunto durante a internação de sua mulher e filho. Método: pesquisa descritivo-exploratória de abordagem qualitativa na maternidade de um hospital privado de Porto Alegre. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com dez pais acompanhantes em alojamento conjunto entre setembro e outubro de 2012 Resultados: na análise das informações emergiram duas categorias centrais que compuseram o corpus de discussão: “Percebendo o significado de ser pai” e “O pai como agente cuidador”. No contexto investigado, as percepções dos pais acerca da paternidade denotaram que estes por vezes não são identificados como potenciais agentes de cuidado, embora se sintam preparados para isto. Considerações finais: o estudo mostrou a necessidade de efetivação das políticas de humanização no puerpério, especialmente no que tange à inclusão do pai no alojamento conjunto, propiciando melhorias no vínculo e desenvolvimento de ações de saúde integrais à tríade mãe-pai-filho.