Parental Attitude Research Instrument Research Articles

Psychiatric Difficulties in Children with Celiac Disease and the Relationship between Adherence to Treatment and Parental Attitudes.

Our knowledge of the factors related to parenting styles affecting adherence to diet in children with celiac diseases (CDs) and the association between psychiatric difficulties and diet compliance is largely based on limited data. Therefore, our work aims to examine primarily coexisting psychiatric difficulties in children with CD and raising attitudes of their parents and secondarily the relationship among adherence to treatment, psychiatric difficulties, and parental attitudes. Children aged 4-12 years (n = 42) who have been followed up with the diagnosis of CD in a Paediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic were compared with those of healthy controls (n = 31). One of the parents was asked to fill out the socio-demographic information form, Diet Compliance Form (only the patient group), "Parental Attitude Research Instrument" (PARI) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-parent form (SDQ). The scores from "emotional problems," "peer relationship problems," and "total difficulties" areas were statistically significantly higher in the disease group than healthy controls. The average score of SDQ subscales and none of the PARI subscales differed between dietary compliance +/- groups. Significant positive correlations were detected between disease duration and PARI-overprotection/extreme motherhood (r = .421, P = .017) and PARI-strict/hard discipline (r = .368, P = .038) subscales. Clarifying the factors related to parenting that may affect patients' adherence to a gluten-free diet will contribute positively to the course of the disease and the quality of life of patients and their families.

Evaluation of quality of life and parental attitudes in patients who underwent atrial septal defect closure in childhood.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate quality of life and parental attitudes in children who underwent an atrial septal defect closure procedure with a transcatheter or surgical method in childhood and whether they continued their lives with similar activities to their healthy peers by comparing the two groups. Patient forms to define sociodemographic and clinical features, the Questionnaire for Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents (KINDL) to measure the quality of life of children, and the Parent-Child Relationship Test (Parental Attitude Research Instrument) to measure parental attitudes were used. The groups were similar in terms of age and sex. The mean quality of life scale scores were high in all groups, and there was no statistically significant difference between the scores. Parents of the patients who underwent closure received higher scores from the demographic attitudes and recognition of quality subdimension compared to the parents of the healthy group. The quality of life of children with atrial septal defect closure was found to be similar to their healthy peers. Additionally, the effects of surgical or percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect on quality of life are similar. Children with atrial septal defect closure perceive their health status as well as their healthy peers, and this perception does not cause any difference in the attitudes and behaviours of families.

Evaluation of Behavioral Characteristics After Hearing in Children with Cochlear Implants

Objective: Cochlear implantation (CI) is an electronic device that converts mechanical sound energy into electrical signals and transmits it directly to the cochlea, allowing sound perception. These implants were applied to patients with severe sensorineural hearing loss who did not or had little benefit from the conventional hearing devices. This study aimed to investigate behavioral problems, find related factors, and determine the relationship between behavioral problems and parents' attitudes in children with CI. Materials and Methods: The investigation involved the participation of fifty individuals, comprising 26 males and 24 females, between 4 and 18 years, with a mean age average of 4±1.56 without any neurological and developmental problems. Inclusion criteria required a minimum of one year post-CI follow-up and a corresponding minimum duration of one year utilizing CI. Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) assessed behavioral aspects. Categories of Auditory Performance II (CAP) and The Speech Intelligibility Rating Scale (SIR) scales were employed to evaluate auditory performance and speech intelligibility. Parental attitudes were gauged using the Parent Attitude Research Instrument (PARI). The selection of fifty patients was accomplished through a simple random sampling technique, with no considerations for gender or social status differences during case selection. Results: The patients who applied the CI bilaterally were more successful than the one-sided. The success rate of patients who had comorbidities was statistically significant. Aggressive behavior was less in patients operated on before age 4. There are no differences between the relations of friend circle, art, and sports-interested patients. For CAP II and SIR, there is a moderate statistical significance between the duration of use and CAP. CAP scores were analyzed high in patients who used the device for over six years. There is a moderate statistical significance between CAP and SIR correlation. Our research found a statistically significant decrease in all behavioral scales when comparing preoperative and postoperative scores. Although there was only a non-significant decrease in the delinquent behaviors score, a decrease was still observed. There were significant changes in males but no significant difference based on gender in our study. Conclusion: The findings imply that implementing cochlear implants in younger children might yield even greater advantages. Our research adds to the expanding collection of evidence endorsing CI as a viable therapeutic choice for youngsters with hearing impairments, underscoring the necessity for continued investigations within this domain.

Overprotection as a Factor of Anxiety in Adolescents

The article aims to identify adolescent anxiety as a personal trait, one of the most dangerous consequences of an overprotective parenting style in modern conditions. The methodological basis of the study involves a set of diagnostic methods (diagnosis of parental attitudes, diagnosis of personality motivation for success, parental attitude research instrument) using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, correlation and regression analysis, and other methods of mathematical statistics. The empirical research has found that excessive care, especially in mother-dominant families, leads to pronounced overprotective. The authors of this article found a direct correlation between this parenting style and the levels of anxiety and motivation in adolescents (an inverse correlation between anxiety level and motivation for success was found). High personal anxiety was recorded in 33% of adolescents, which indicated a negative experience of suffering anxiety. The practical value of this article is due to an integrated approach to the tasks of correctional psychology, which should consider both the personal predisposition to anxiety in adolescents and their early experiences of anxiety. At the same time, educational work with parents and psychological methods to reduce adolescent anxiety are equally important. The involvement of wartime contexts in the perception of the issue raised makes this article original.

Воспитательные установки родителей и их представления о конфликтах с детьми младшего подросткового возраста

<p>The purpose of the study was to identify the relationship between the educational attitudes of parents and their perception of the conflict of relationships with younger adolescents. The study involved 72 parents of younger adolescents, in an equal ratio of fathers and mothers. For the study of educational attitudes, the questionnaire “Parental Attitude Research Instrument” (PARI) by E.S. Schaefer & R.Q. Bell (adapted by T.V. Neshcheret) was used. The peculiarities of parents’ ideas about conflicts with adolescent children were revealed using a developed questionnaire concerning certain private issues of the course of conflicts in the families of respondents with their children. It was found that the emotional distance of parents with simultaneous concentration on the child is combined with the frequent occurrence of conflicts with younger adolescents. Parents who are the first to contact a child after a conflict, unlike parents who expect initiative from a teenager, suppress the child less and have better emotional contact with him. Most parents focus on the destructive impact of conflicts on their relationships with their children. Those parents who analyze conflict situations with children and find more constructive impact of the conflict on their relationships, maintain a balance of suppressing the child and giving him freedom, concern for his safety and trust in the child, and also try to exercise rigor in a dosed manner, control irritability and maintain emotional involvement in relationships with children. These data confirm the assumption that there is a connection between the attitude of parents to the child and the frequency of conflicts with him, an assessment of the impact of conflicts on the nature of child-parent relations.</p>

Mother and adult daughter: The connection between their psychological well-being and the mother’s parental attitudes

In psychology, attention to the study of human well-being has increased. The question is how psychological well-being transmitted from mother to daughter, if it is. Aim: to study the relation between the psychological well-being and parental attitudes of mothers with the psychological well-being of adult daughters. Hypothesis: psychological well-being is transmitted from mother to daughter both directly and through the mother’s parental attitudes, with the specificity in periods of adulthood. The sample of 111 dyad mother — daughters from Russia included two groups. The first group consisted of daughters 20–25 years (M=22) and mothers 39–50 years (M=45), the second — daughters 26–40 years (M=33) and mothers 51– 65 years (M=56). Methods: Psychological Well-being Scale (Ryff), Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener), Fordyce Emotions Questionnaire, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Parental Attitude Research Instrument (Schaefer, Bell). Correlation and factor analysis was conducted. Results: in general, the psychological well-being is transmitted from mother to adult daughter directly and through the mother’s parental attitudes towards equality, independence, and acceptance. However, the mother with high components of “life goal” and “positive relationships with others” has a more pronounced authoritarian control over the early-adult daughter. In daughters, this leads to a decrease of the psychological well-being, but to an increase in happiness. The psychological well-being of middle-adult daughter is correlated with that of the mother, both directly and through the mother’s attitudes towards acceptance and independence. The high psychological well-being of the late-adult mother serves as a buffer when faced with her daughter’s separation, allowing finding new aspirations.

An evaluation of parental attitudes and attachment in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: A case-control study

Enuresis is a common childhood disorder associated with the lack of bladder control that would be expected based on the child's age or developmental stage. Enuresis affects the lives of both children and their parents due to the burden it entails in daily life. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the dimensions of attachment between children with enuresis and their mothers, as well as the relationship with parental attitudes. This study included 70 children were diagnosed with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) based on the guidelines of the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS) along with 70 children with not enuresis and any psychiatric disorders. We asked the mothers of all participants to complete the Parental Attitude Research Instrument, and the children to complete The Experiences in Close Relationships Scale Revised - Middle Childhood. Both groups in our study were well balanced in terms of gender, age, and sociodemographic data. Children with enuresis were found to score higher on the anxiety and avoidance dimensions of the attachment scale with statistical significance (p<0.01). Also, on the scale completed by the mothers of children with enuresis, the subtests indicating overprotective parenting and strict discipline presented significant differences (p<0.01). Data obtained in our study demonstrate that enuresis can have a negative effect on the mother-child attachment and parental attitudes. The use of harsh language or punishment by the mother in response to the failure of the child to achieve nocturnal dryness may affect the attachment between the mother and the child, and cause the child to experience negative emotions such as shame, anxiety, embarrassment, frustration, and loneliness. We think that it would be useful to evaluate the mother-child attachment and the crisis experienced by the family after each wetting incidence in combination with parental attitudes and behaviors in the treatment of enuresis cases.

Psychological status of mothers of children with cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.

We aimed to investigate depression, burnout, attitude, and burden of caregivers of children with cystic fibrosis (CF), and especially caregivers of children with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) due to limited number of studies on this topic, and to compare them according to their children's clinical status. Clinical features and demographic data of children and their families were asked from caregivers in four pediatric pulmonology centers. Beck Depression Inventory, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale, and Parental Attitude Research Instrument were administered to caregivers in both groups. Results were compared between the two groups. In total, 131 children with CF and 39 with PCD and their caregivers were involved in the study. All primary caregivers were mothers in both groups. Depression, burnout, and burden scores of mothers of children with CF were significantly higher than mothers of children with PCD (p = 0.017, p = 0.024, p = 0.038, respectively). Burnout was higher in both CF and PCD groups with low family income (p = 0.022, p = 0.034). Number of hospital visits in the previous 6 months was correlated with burnout in both CF and PCD groups (r = 0.207, p = 0.034; r = 0.352, p = 0.044). Although mothers with children with CF have higher levels of depression, burnout, burden, and negative attitudes towardchildren than mothers with children with PCD, these are also significantly high in mothers with children with PCD. Psychological problems of mothers of children with CF and PCD may increase with frequent hospital visits, hospitalizations, low family income, number of children, and chronic disease in another child.

Anxiety-Promoting Parenting Behaviors in Adolescents with Social Anxiety: Controlled with a Non-Clinical Sample.

: The majority of research on parenting behaviors in social phobia has been conducted with mother-child dyads, but there is still a gap in current knowledge about the role of fathers' parenting behaviors and adolescence period. This study focuses on the role of parent gender, parental attitudes, and familial factors in an adolescent population. Our study sample consisted of adolescents diagnosed with social phobia (n = 60), healthy non-clinical adolescents (n = 30), and the parents of adolescents with social phobia (n = 46) and non-clinical adolescents (n = 30). A Sociodemographic Information Form, Family Interview Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, and The Parent Attitude Research Instrument were administered to all groups. The parents of adolescents with social phobia have reported a higher overprotective mothering attitude when compared to parents of healthy adolescents (P mother < .001 and P father = .009). The mothers' overprotective parenting style and the fathers' avoidance levels were found as predictive factors for adolescents' social phobia in logistic regression analysis (respectively; exp(β) = 0.868 and P = .002; exp(β) = 0.927 and P = .017). Our results indicate the necessity of considering both the parents in the research. We suggest that controlled prospective future studies on different ages, diagnostic groups, and cultures, which will take the gender of both parents and patients into account, may reveal important data on the relation between parenting behaviors and social anxiety.

Parental attitudes in perception of fathers of deaf children

The paper is of an empirical character. The main objective of the study was to diagnose declared attitudes of fathers towards deaf children. The study made use of the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) by E. Schaefer and L. Bell. The base group comprised 50 fathers of deaf children (FDC). Additionally, a group of 58 randomly selected fathers having only hearing children were examined (control group – FHC). The analysis of results of this study takes into account first general attitudes of the fathers, i.e. proper emotional contact, the attitude of excessive distance and excessive concentration or protection, as well as attitudes towards family and educational roles; thereafter, the subscale scores were averaged to diagnose the intensity of each particular attitude. As a result of the study, it was established that the presence of a deaf child in the family affects the shaping of specific parental attitudes. The age and education of fathers of deaf children were the variables that also affected the shaping of parental attitudes. In summary, the conclusions for pedagogical practice will be discussed.

Identifying clinical and psychological correlates of persistent negative symptoms in early-onset psychotic disorders.

Persistent negative symptoms (PNS) contribute to impairment in psychosis. The characteristics of PNS seen in youth remained under-investigated. We aimed to demonstrate clinical, treatment-related, and psychosocial characteristics of PNS in early-onset schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (EOSD). 132 patients with EOSD were assessed with Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, Brief Negative Symptom Scale, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, and Simpson-Angus Scale. Parenting skills and resilience were evaluated using Parental Attitude Research Instrument and Child and Youth Resilience Measure-12. Longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and prodromal phase were found in primary and secondary PNS groups, compared to the non-PNS group. The primary PNS group was characterized by earlier age-onset, lower smoking rates, and more common clozapine use. Resilience and egalitarian/democratic parenting were negatively correlated with symptoms related to motivation/pleasure and blunted expression. More blunted expression-related symptoms and longer DUP in the first episode significantly predicted primary/secondary PNS at follow-up. Using the data from total negative symptom scores and DUP, Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses significantly differentiated primary/secondary PNS groups from the non-PNS counterparts. PNS associated with blunted expression and low motivation/pleasure in the first episode could persist into clinical follow-up. Effective pharmacological treatment and psychosocial interventions are needed in youth.

Родительская позиция в семьях, воспитывающих дошкольников с расстройствами аутистического спектра

The article presents the results of a study of the parental position in families raising children with autism spectrum disorders. The experimental program for the study of the parental position includes valid and reliable questionnaires aimed at identifying family anxiety (Family Anxiety Analysis), parental attitudes (Parent Attitude Research Instrument), family relationships (Analysis of Family Relationships), attitudes towards the child’s illness (Tool for Diagnosing of Attitudes Towards a Child’s Illness). The study sample consists of 40 parents: 20 subjects raising preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders and 20 subjects raising normally developing children. The results of the study allow us to speak about the low productivity of the parental position in families with preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. This expressed in hyperprotection and an indulgent parenting style, in a tendency to establish symbiotic relationships and an ambivalent emotional attitude, etc. Most parents with children with autism spectrum disorders need specially organized work to correct the parental position.

Сравнение родительских установок до и после пандемии COVID-19

The goal of this study was to investigate changes in parental attitudes and family variables during the COVID-19 pandemic. Survey methodology was employed to collect the data; the questionnaires included a family information form prepared by the researchers and the “Parental Attitude Research Instrument” (PARI), used to examine changes in parental attitudes related to the pandemic. The initial data, collected immediately before the outbreak of COVID-19, were compared with data gathered in May 2020, by which time the pandemic had already spread throughout Turkey. The research sample included 119 mothers with preschool children aged 5—6 years enrolled in four public schools. Our findings indicated that changes in family life and parental attitudes occurred during the pandemic. While scores measuring the two PARI subscales of dependency and egalitarianism and democratic attitudes increased, the scores for rejection of the homemaking role and strictness and authoritarianism decreased. According to the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) results, there was a statistically significant difference between the time measurements (taken before and during the pandemic) with respect to the combined dependent variables of egalitarianism and democratic attitudes and strictness and authoritarianism, even after controlling for the demographic variables.

Family Functioning and Quality of Life among Children with Specific Learning Disorder and Healthy Controls: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: The study aimed to compare the quality of life, family functionality, and parental attitudes with Specific learning disorder (SLD) with controls. We also aimed to evaluate the correlation between SLD symptoms and quality of life. Method: This is a cross-sectional, case-control study. The Learning Disorder Symptom Checklist (LDSC) was filled out by children’s parents to measure SLD symptoms. Family functioning was assessed using the Family Assessment Device (FAD) and Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI). The children’s quality of life was evaluated by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Results: Within the study period, 38 children with SLD and 35 healthy control children were enrolled. All of the children with SLD reported significantly reduced all PedsQL domains. PARI-overprotective (p&lt;0.001), mariatal conflict (p=0.011), strict dicipline (p&lt;0.001) and FAD-problem-solving (p=0.022) subscores were significantly elevated in the SLD group. There were statistically negative correlations between LDCS academic success, reading skills, writing skills, working habit, orientation skills, tactile perception, queue skill, motor skills, social-emotional behaviors, activity level, attention skills scores and all domains of PedsQL-child. Conclusion: Evaluating family attitudes and problem-solving skills of the family in the treatment of children with SLD and targeting those areas in treatment may provide additional benefit.

Психологические факторы родительского выгорания отцов и матерей

The study of parental burnout of fathers as well as mothers is relevant, since it may be the source of family trouble in general. The purpose of the study is to identify the factors of parental burnout of fathers and mothers. It is assumed that there are multidirectional correlations between the intensity of parental burnout components and parental sets, the attitude of spouses to the family role, and the consistency of the family functions of fathers and mothers. The study was carried out on a sample of parents of full families in Saratov, raising biological children (N = 61, 40 women (aged M = 32), 21 men (M = 33.9)). The applied methods include the questionnaires "Parental Burnout" (I. N. Efimova); "Role Expectations and Claims in Marriage" (N. A. Volkova), "Parental Attitude Research Instrument " (E. S. Schaefer and R. K. Bell, adapted by T. V. Nescheret and T. V. Arkhireeva), the questionnaire on marital satisfaction (V. V. Stolin, T. L. Romanova, G. P. Butenko). The largest number of correlations between the parameters of parental burnout and parental sets, the attitude of spouses to the family role and family functions have been revealed in the sample of mothers. It has been found out that in both samples the level of "emotional exhaustion" is interrelated with the parental predisposition to excessive strictness towards the child. However, the emotional exhaustion of mothers is more mediated by their dependence on the family and low self-assessment as a parent, whereas fathers’ burnout is due to the focus on the child and the desire to accelerate their development. The level of "depersonalization" in the sample of mothers correlates with the level of their concentration on the child, the consistency of family functions ("emotional and psychotherapeutic", "social activity", "physical attractiveness of the partner"), and marital satisfaction. In the sample of fathers, it correlates with the scales related to the sphere of marital relations (physical attractiveness of the partner, the degree of the father’s involvement in family affairs and marital satisfaction). The degree of the "parental achievements reduction" in the sample of mothers is associated with the balance of "intimacyseparateness" or its lack in the family system; in the sample of fathers it is connected with the availability or lack of verbal contact with the child and the father's acceptance of the child’s natural development. The applied aspect of the problem under study consists of the possibility of using the results in the practice of advisory services.

Patients with disorders of sex development undergoing surgical treatment: A psychosocial evaluation in adolescence

The surgical outcomes of disorders on sex development (DSD) are comparatively well studied in the literature, whereas studies investigating its impacts on mental health are scarce. In this study, we aimed to evaluate psychiatric diagnoses, sex roles, quality of life, and adolescents who were surgically treated because of DSD as well as parental attitudes in their parents. The study group consisted of 19 patients diagnosed with DSD and the control group consisted of 20 age- and gender-matched healthy peers. The Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia was performed by a child and adolescent psychiatrist to assess the psychiatric diagnoses. To evaluate quality of life (QoL) and sex roles, The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), and the Bem Sex Role Inventory were used, respectively. Mothers completed the PedsQL-Parent Form and the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI). Of 19 children in the patient group, 14 (73.7%) had a past or current history of at least one psychiatric disorder. The most common psychiatric disorder was major depression. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of sex roles. A statistically significant difference was found between the study and control groups in four factor scores of the PARI. While there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the children's QoL scores, parent-proxy reports of psychosocial health scores and total QoL scores of the study group were significantly lower than the controls. This finding shows that parents perceived the QoL of their children with DSD as worse than their healthy peers, probably due to their concerns for the future. In conclusion, it is important to identify and treat the psychiatric disorders concomitant in patients with DSD.

Psychological Assessment in Children With Epilepsy and Their Mothers

Objective: Epilepsy is a chronic disease with high morbidity. Our study aims to investigate the scores of anxiety and depression in children with epilepsy and their mothers and the role of parental attitudes in these children. Material and Methods: The study included 35 children with epilepsy and their mothers. Control group consisted of 35 healthy children of similar age and sex to the study group and their mothers. Parenting Style Inventory (PSI), Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale - Parent version (RCADS-P) scales were used in the patient and control groups. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between mother anxiety and depression scores in terms of BDI and BAI scales. There were no significant differences between the total and subscale scores of the anxiety and depression in the children of study and control groups in terms of RCADS-P. Strictness/supervision subscale of PSI average was statistically significantly higher in the patient group but the Psychological Autonomy subscale average was found lower. The mean scores of Excessive Maternity and Obsession and Discipline subscale of PARI were significantly higher in the patient group. Conclusion: Mothers of children with epilepsy may be overprotective or authoritarian. Overprotective or authoritative parental attitudes in children can lead to loss of self-esteem. Therefore, besides the treatment of children with epilepsy, attention should be paid to improving the wrong attitudes of their parents.

Influence of maternal attitudes and parenting style on children`s dental caries experience.

To evaluate the effect parental attitudes have on the dental caries experience of children. The cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey, from March to September 2019, and comprised mothers of children who came to the Department of Paediatric Dentistry for treatment of children. Multi-variable poisson regression model was run to predict prevalence of dental caries. Mothers' attitudes in family were measured using the parental attitude research instrument scores. Data was analysed using Stata 15. There were 258 mothers of as many children aged 6-15 years. Among the children, 150(58%) were boys and 108(42%) were girls. 'Rejection of traditional housewife role' and 'level of discipline' had a statistically negative correlation (p<0.05), while 'level of marital conflict' had a statistically positive correlation with the prevalence of caries. Healthy family environment and empowering parental style had a positive effect on the oral health of children.

The effects of maternal anxiety and attitudes on the adherence to inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma.

Long-term inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use in children with asthma causes serious concerns in parents, leading to treatment non-adherence. This study aimed to investigate the effect of maternal anxiety and attitudes on adherence to ICS therapy in children with asthma. The patient group included the children with mild to moderate persistent asthma, aged 6-11 years. Healthy children in a similar age range were included as a control group. The patient group was divided into two categories (treatment adherent and non-adherent) according to the regularity of ICS use. All patients were assessed with Childhood-Asthma Control Test (C-ACT), and their mothers were assessed using Parent Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) and Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI). A total of 156 children (age: 7.4 ± 1.4 years, F/M: 71/85) with persistent asthma and 60 healthy children (age: 7.5 ± 1.3 years, F/M:25/35) were included in the study. The rate of adherence in children with asthma was 52.6%. Mothers of non-adherent patients had significantly higher BAI scores than those of the adherent patients and controls (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The number of mothers who indicated that they did not have enough information about asthma and treatment was also higher in the non-adherent group. PARI subtest scores were not different between the adherent and non-adherent groups. In our study, it was found that mothers' anxiety levels and their knowledge about asthma and medications were associated with treatment adherence in children with asthma. Psychological and educational support to the families of children with asthma would improve their treatment adherence and efficacy.

ANNELERİN ÇOCUK YETİŞTİRME TUTUMLARININ ÇOCUKLARIN TÜKETİM DAVRANIŞINA YANSIMASI

When the quality of the mother-child relationship is strong and the mother has a positive attitude, their children can develop and socialize.In particular, the mother's attitudes shape can also be effective in the socialization of the child or the display of materialist consumption behavior. The subject of this study is to determine the effects of mothers' child-rearing attitudes on children's consumption behavior in terms of materialist and social consumption. The research was carried out by making with mothers who live in the district of Bandırma in Balıkesir and have children in preschool age. Socio-demographic data collection form, Parental Attitude Research Instrument, Social Consumption Scale and Materialism Scale were used in the study. As a result of the analysis; oppressive and educational maternity attitude has a positive effect on social consumption aimed at teaching the right purchase decision and conscious consumption. Refusing motherhood attitudes have a negative effect on social consumption. In addition, it was observed that oppressive and rejecting motherhood attitudes had a positive effect on materialist consumption.