Parental Attitude Research Instrument Research Articles

Idade das mães e estilo educacional na interacção com os filhos(as) que sofrem de perturbação neurótica

There are stages in a mother’s age, during the fertility period, that are favourable to a stable and balanced motherhood in the psychological level — the children’s education. Study hypothesis — Older mothers can be psychologically less capable of educating their children. Participants: 189 mothers distributed for four age periods: 20-29; 30-35; 36-40; over 40 years old. Methodological instrument: Parent Attitude Research Instrument (PARI). The study revealed that as mothers get older they adopt overprotective educational styles on their children and more demanding attitudes towards the tasks performed by other family members. Conclusion: as mothers get older (over 35 years old) and while the children are young, the educational style is guided by their emotions — overprotection — and self sacrificed attitudes. This educational style can result in neurotic disorders during the children’s childhood and adolescence.

Association Between Parenting Styles and Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

We aimed to study characteristics of child and mother reported parenting styles of children with Attention Deficit Hyperacitivity Disorder (ADHD) and association of parenting styles of mothers with demographic and clinical variables like ADHD symptoms, sex, age, ADHD subtype, and comorbidity. 58 children with ADHD and 30 healthy children were included in this study. All children were assessed by The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children- Present and Lifetime Version. ADHD symptom severity was assessed by The Conners Parent Rating Scale and The Conners Teacher Rating Scale. The Parenting Style Inventory (PSI) and The Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) were used to assess parenting styles of mothers. ADHD group had lower scores on two subscales of PSI (acceptance/involvement and strictness/supervision) and democratic attitude and equality subscale of PARI and higher scores on strict discipline subscale of PARI compared to control group. In ADHD group, higher symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder were associated with higher mother's strict discipline scores and lower child reported mother's acceptance/involvement scores. Our findings supported the idea that there may be an association between parenting attitudes and ADHD symptoms in families having a child with ADHD. These results indicated the importance of integrated approach to ADHD diagnosis and treatment and evaluating the child with ADHD in the context of family environment.

Mind Conduct disorders in children with poor oral hygiene habits and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with excessive tooth decay.

IntroductionDental caries and poor oral hygiene are among the major childhood public health problems. Although dental research frequently refers to the link between these conditions and behavioural issues, little attention has been paid to understanding the reason for oral health problems from a psychiatric point of view. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between poor oral health and hygiene and parental attitudes towards child rearing, parents’ and children’s oral hygiene behaviours, and childhood psychiatric disorders.Material and methodsThis study included 323 children aged 3–15 years. Decayed, missing, filled and decayed, extracted, filled indices, the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Parent Attitude Research Instrument were used in the study.ResultsWe found that the subjects’ hyperactivity/inattention scores were positively correlated with poor oral health (p = 0.001) and heavy cariogenic food consumption (p = 0.040). Tooth brushing frequency was found to be significantly lower in children who have a risk for conduct/oppositional disorders than in their non-problematic peers (p = 0.001).ConclusionsDental health and oral hygiene behaviours have close links with psychiatric disorders and psychosocial issues. Improving cooperation between child psychiatrists and dentists seems to be important in the prevention of paediatric dental problems.

Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Stuttering-Parental Diagnostic Questionnaire

Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Stuttering-Parental Diagnostic Questionnaire (S-PDQ). The questionnaire has three subscales, to measure a child’s speech behaviors, parent’s worries about their child’s speech behaviors, and the parents’ attitude towards their child’s speech behaviors. Methods: The original S-PDQ was translated and adopted into Turkish. The Turkish version (S-PDQ-T) was administered parents of 65 children who stutter (CWS) and of 196 children who do not stutter (CWNS). The questionnaire is a 62-item, 4-point Likert type scale. The reliability of the scale was made with internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) coefficient and test-retest correlation. The S-PDQ-T was also correlated with three other scales for the content validity; Ways of Coping Questionnaire, Parental Attitude Research Instrument and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results: Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 93.9%, 95% and 79.1% for subscale I, II, III respectively. The correlation of the test re-tests at 10 weeks was 0.97, 0.78, and 0.86 for subscale I, II, and III. Conclusion: The results concerning the construct, discriminative, and criterion validity of the S-PDQ-T as well as its reliability coefficients of total, the subscale, and test-retest reliabilities indicate that its psychometric properties were at satisfactory levels. Parents are viewed as powerful components of the rehabilitation team at all stages of intervention. Knowing their beliefs, the way they look at their child’s speech behavior will enable clinicians to help them to cope with and prepare a stable, easy to speak environment starting at home. Clinicians utilize the S-PDQ-T for management purposes.

Is children's Body Mass Index associated with their parents' personality? A prospective controlled trial.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of the personal characteristics and psychological status of parents on their children's Body Mass Index (BMI) by using validated questionnaires. Obese and healthy control group was assessed with The Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) for the evaluation of parental attitudes towards their children. Additionally, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) were used to assess the relationships between parental depression, anxiety, stress and childhood obesity. A total of 105 children and their parents were divided into two groups. The study group consisted of 58 children with a BMI of higher than 85th percentile whereas 47 children with normal BMI (<85th percentile) were included as the control group. In both groups, the BMI of mothers which is between 25-and 30 kg/m2 and >30 kg/m2 had significant impact on the risk of children's obesity status 1.12-fold and 3.68-fold respectively. The PARI results provided that the children who had disciplined, over-protective parents and those in the parental incompatibility group had higher risk of being obese. Analysis of the DASS Test results showed that children having depressed parents had significantly higher risk of obesity than children whose parents were not depressed (P<0.05). Our results provided that, the parent's status such as obesity, depression and strict personal behaviors have negative impact on their children's weight which is resulting with obesity.

Relationships between pediatric obesity and maternal emotional states and attitudes.

The goal of this study was to investigate depression and anxiety levels of mothers whose child (7-11 years) and adolescent (12-18 years) offspring had obesity, as well as those mothers' attitudes toward their children and their family relationships. This is a cross-sectional, case-control study of 100 dyads. All mothers completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Parental Attitude Research Instrument, and the Family Assessment Device. Maternal state anxiety in the group with obesity was significantly higher than controls (p = 0.03). As measured by Family Assessment Device, affective involvement (p = 0.05) and behavior control (p = 0.00) scores were significantly higher for those with obesity. Obesity and adolescence have independent effects on maternal state anxiety; affective involvement domain of family function is affected by both obesity and its interaction with adolescence, while behavior control domain is singularly affected by obesity. Our results may demonstrate that, for the mothers of children who have obesity, this condition may have an adverse effect on their lives and their family relationships. Pediatric obesity and developmental stage of offspring may have different effects on maternally reported psychometric variables. Cross-sectional design may hinder causal explanations. Further studies with longitudinal designs are needed.

Assessment of Psychopathology, Quality of Life, and Parental Attitudes in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

The aim of the present study was to identify psychopathology, parental attitudes, perceptions of quality of life, and relationships between these factors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Fifty adolescents (12-18 years old) with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 50 healthy adolescents and their parents were recruited for the study. Clinical interviews with the diabetic adolescents were performed using "Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL)." Both groups completed the "Depression Scale for Children," "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory," and "Health Related Quality of Life Scale for Children," while their parents completed the "Parental Attitude Research Instrument," "The Coping Strategy Indicator," and "Health Related Quality of Life Scale for Children-Parent Form." The psychological disorder ratio in diabetic adolescents was 68%. No significant difference was found regarding perceptions of quality of life between the diabetic group and control group. However, diabetic adolescents with psychological disorder had reduced perception of quality of life than those without psychological disorder. Among parental attitudes, an authoritarian attitude was found to be more common in the diabetic group. It was found that among coping strategies, parents in the diabetic group use avoidance more commonly. In the present study, a high rate of psychopathology was detected among adolescents with type 1 DM. In addition, no clear impairment in quality of life was reported in patients with type 1 DM; however, there was worsening in the perception of quality of life in the presence of psychiatric disorders accompanying diabetes. It was found that parents of diabetic children use inappropriate coping strategies and negative parental attitudes more often than those of healthy controls.

How parental attitudes affect the risky computer and Internet usage patterns of adolescents: a population-based study in the Bursa District of Turkey.

We aimed to evaluate the computer usage patterns of adolescents and to determine the effects of family life and parental attitude on these patterns. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, population-based survey that included 935 children between 11 and 16 years of age who were students in the second level of primary school and their parents as well. The following instruments were used in the survey: student and parent questionnaires on computer usage patterns and the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) to assess parental attitudes towards child-rearing and family life. Of the study population, the majority of the students had a computer in their homes and spent a lot of time on the Internet. Parental control over the amount of time spent on the Internet and the websites that were visited had sometimes limited and contradictory effects on computer usage among the students. A democratic parental attitude was the best approach. Using the computer as a reward or punishment had a negative impact on the children's computer usage patterns. Although parents are confused concerning the benefits and harms of the Internet for their children and not certain how to manage their children's use of the computer and safe navigation of the Internet, a democratic parental attitude appears to be the best approach for reaching the most beneficial computer usage patterns for students.

Parental child-rearing attitudes are associated with functional constipation in childhood

ObjectiveParenting factors are assumed to play a role in the development and maintenance of childhood constipation. However, knowledge about the association between parenting factors and childhood constipation is limited. This...

Does Working with Child Abuse Cases Affect Professionals’ Parenting and the Psychological Well-Being of Their Children?

Work in the field of sexual abuse is extremely stressful and may arouse negative personal reactions. Although these secondary trauma effects are well described on a personal level, there is not enough evidence to understand whether these professionals carry these effects to their homes, families, and offspring. This study aims to identify the effects of working with child abuse cases on the anxiety level and parenting styles of childhood trauma workers and on their children’s well-being. A total of 43 health and legal system workers who worked with abused children in any step of their process and who had children constituted the study group, and 50 control cases, each working in the same institution and having the same occupation as 1 of the participants from the study group and having children but not working directly with children and child abuse cases, were included in the study. Participants were asked to fill out a sociodemographic form, the Parental Attitude Research Instrument, the trait portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and an age-appropriate form of the Child Behavior Checklist for each child they had. Professionals in the study working with child abuse cases demonstrated significantly higher democratic parenting attitudes. Law enforcement workers working with child abuse cases demonstrated stricter and more authoritarian parenting strategies, as well as more democratic attitudes, than their colleagues. There was not a statistically significant relationship between child abuse workers’ anxiety level and their children’s well-being among control subjects.

Clinical, psychological and maternal characteristics in early functional constipation

This cross-sectional study investigated the clinical features of functional constipation (FC) at preschool age, as well as emotional and behavioral characteristics of the children, psychological symptom level and parental attitudes of the mothers, and compared these with that of non-referred typically developing controls with normal intestinal habits. Participants included 65 children with FC (mean age, 43.6 ± 15.4 months; range, 25-72 months), 59 healthy controls (mean age, 46.9 ± 14.5 months; range, 25-72 months) and the mothers of the children. The Childhood Behavior Checklist, Symptom Checklist 90 and Parental Attitude Research Instrument were filled in by the mothers. Participants with FC had higher problem scores than the comparison children in a variety of emotional and behavioral parameters. Approximately half exhibited internalizing and one-third had externalizing problems in the clinical range. The mothers of the patient group had higher levels of psychological distress, overprotective parenting and strict discipline. On multiple logistic regression analysis child psychopathology, maternal education level and maternal distress were independently associated with FC. Behavior problems are common in children with FC from an early age. Low level of education and high psychological distress of the mothers seem to be important risk factors for constipation and should be assessed carefully in the management of these cases.

The Relations Between The Acceptance and Child-Rearing Attitudes of Parents of Children With Mental Disabilities

Problem Statement: The relationship between parent and child plays a fundamental role in the social and emotional development of the child. Parental acceptance-rejection behavior may be critical in shaping the quality of the affective bond between parent and child and is established within the specific contexts of the parent-child environment. Psychological, socioeconomic, and other difficulties introduced into family life by having a child with mental disability may affect parental acceptance-rejection levels. Difficulties resulting from the disability and related social pressures and expectations might also influence childrearing attitudes. Purpose of Study: To investigate the correlation between parents’ acceptance-rejection of their children with mental disability (7-12 years of age) and their child-rearing attitudes in relation to sociodemographic variables. Method: A total of 234 fathers and 129 mothers of children with mental disability (7-12 years of age) were included via a random sampling method in this relational screening modeled study. Data were collected via the Parental Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire (PARQ/C) and the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) to assess parental acceptance-rejection behavior and parents’ attitudes towards their children, respectively. Findings and Results: A positive correlation was found between the PARI dependency subscale and the PARQ/C subscales of warmth/affection and undifferentiated rejection and control. The PARI subscale of rejection of

An examination of the symptoms of anxiety and parental attitude in children with hemophilia.

Hemophilia is an inherited disease with serious repercussions. Psychiatric symptoms are frequently seen in children and adolescents with hemophilia. The aim of this study was to assess symptoms of anxiety in children with hemophilia and parental attitude towards children with hemophilia. 42 boys were assessed according to child and adolescent psychiatry. Anxiety symptoms and parental attitude were obtained by the State-Trait Anxiety Scale, the Self-Report for Childhood Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) and the Parent Attitude Research Instrument (PARI). The mean age was 11.6 ± 2.5 (range; 7-16). State anxiety scores (44.02 ± 6.9) were higher than trait anxiety scores (32.7 + 7.5). The most interesting results were high scores related to overprotective mothering (47.9 ± 9.7) and the application of strict discipline (39.4 ± 9.1). The total SCARED scores obtained were (23.25 ± 11.3). Assuring a high quality of life is important for children and adolescents with chronic illness. Quality of life is negatively affected by psychiatric symptoms (e.g. anxiety symptoms, depression, intra-familial stress symptoms) in children with hemophilia. This study suggests that high anxiety scores and problems related to parental attitude can be seen in children and adolescents with hemophilia. These problems caused by parental attitude and anxiety symptoms should be considered in the treatment of hemophilia.

Impact of Perceived Social Support and Depression on the Parental Attitudes of Mothers of Children Who are Deaf

Literature shows that mothers of children with disabilities report high levels of depression. Social support facilitates the well-being of mothers and it helps to cope with a range of disability related stressors. This study was designed to assess the impact of having a child who is deaf on maternal depression and to test how social support may facilitate coping with the depression caused by deafness as well as the parenting behaviors of those mothers. 103 mothers of children who are deaf, ranging from the 36 months to 72 months of age participated in the study. Parental attitude research instrument, beck depression inventory and multidimensional scale of perceived social support were used for data collection. Results showed that 24.4 % of the mothers showed depression and perceived social support from family and friends were found to be predicting depression. Further analysis showed that depression was found to be affecting authoritarian and hostile parenting styles. Perceived social support from friends and significant other did not have significant effect on parental attitudes. The findings showed that having a child who is deaf causes high levels of depression in mothers which leads to insufficient and/or inappropriate parenting attitudes. On the other hand, social support is a protective source lowering depression levels of mothers as well as indirectly facilitating the maintenance of positive parenting.

The Effects of Parental Attitudes and Mothers’ Psychological Well-Being on the Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Their Preschool Children

The aim of the present study was to examine the association between emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children and maternal attitudes. The predictor variables were parental attitudes, maternal depression and anxiety symptoms. Our sample consisted of the mothers of 204 preschool children attending different preschools in Ankara, Turkey. Mothers were asked to complete the parental attitude research instrument, the beck depression inventory, the trait anxiety inventory, and the child-behavior checklist. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that when considered jointly, maternal anxiety but not maternal depression explained variability in preschool children internalizing and externalizing their problems. Mothers rejecting attitudes towards family life and child-raising styles were also found to be closely associated with the emotional and behavioral problems in their children. The findings demonstrate that the importance of maternal anxiety is above and beyond the importance of rejecting the maternal role when it comes to preschool problems in children.

Parent s' Attitude Towards Their Children Before and After Parental Education

Reseach about early childhood development concludes that parents, especially mothers play crucial role in young children's li fe therefore parental education is important for the healthy development of children. This study aims to investigate parental attitude and perception towards their children before and after parental education. 1 8 mothers and 8 fathers of children 3-6 ages with participated in the study. These parents were given education about child development and education by researchers during 10 weeks. The Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) was used as a tool for evaluation of parent attitudes before and after the education. Also an inquiry was administered to parents before and after the study.Data were evaluated according to gender. Findings of the study concludes some important implications for parental education programs.

Maternal reactions to a child with epilepsy: Depression, anxiety, parental attitudes and family functions

The goal of this study was to investigate how the disease and treatment of epilepsy affected the psychological profile (depression and anxiety) of mothers whose children had epilepsy, as well as these mothers' attitudes towards their children and their family relationships. Both the case and control groups consisted of 50 children and their mothers. All mothers were asked to complete the Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Parental Attitude Research Instrument and Family Assessment Device. Mothers whose children had epilepsy scored significantly higher in depression and state anxiety compared to the mothers of the control group. The mothers of children diagnosed with epilepsy also failed to develop supportive and friendly relationships with their children. In addition, these mothers scored significantly higher in the Attitude of Hostility and Rejection, Marital Discordance and Authoritarian Attitude as compared to the mothers of the control group. This cross-sectional study demonstrated that, for the mothers of children who had epilepsy, the illness might have an adverse effect on their lives and their family relationships.

Investigating child raising attitudes of fathers having or not having a child with hearing loss

Aim The main goal of this study is investigating child raising attitudes of fathers having or not having a child with hearing loss. Material and method The fathers of 20 children with hearing loss who attend the Training Unit of Hearing and Speaking Abilities in Hacettepe University Department of Audiology and Speech Defects and 20 fathers having children who have a normal hearing have participated in this study. Demographic Information Form and P.A.R.I (Parental Attitude Research Instrument) have been used as devices for data collecting. Results Sub dimension of overprotection scores (42.76 ± 5.59) of the fathers having a child with hearing loss are found higher on a statistically meaningful level than the scores (40.16 ± 6.55) of fathers who do not have a handicapped child ( p < 0.01). Together with this, the fathers having a child with hearing loss get lower scores from the democratic/equality and strict discipline sub dimensions as compared to the fathers who do not have a handicapped child, and this situation is found meaningful statistically ( p < 0.01). Conclusion It is very important that the father's having enough information and support help the father to be encouraged and feel himself enough for this issue. Moreover, the wrong attitudes and behaviors towards the child can be corrected upon noticing them.

Evaluation of the Children With β-Thalassemia in Terms of Their Self-concept, Behavioral, and Parental Attitudes

This study was planned to explore the self-concept, behavioral, and parental attitudes of the children with beta-thalassemia major, and the factors that affect them. The study was undertaken between January and June 2004 at the Hacettepe University Ihsan Doğramaci Children's Hospital, Pediatric Hematology Unit, Ankara and 43 voluntary children with beta-thalassemia major on regular blood transfusion and iron chelation treatment between the ages of 5.0 and 18.0 years were included into the study. Age, sex, birth order, school performance, hemoglobin value, serum ferritin levels, associated illness, splenectomy status, presence of thalassemic sibling or relatives, death of thalassemic relatives, place of residence, maternal and paternal education were recorded. Parental Attitude Research Instrument, Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale, and Child Behavior Checklist were applied. Higher educated mothers have lower overprotection (P=0.009), parental discordance (P=0.044), and discipline scores (P=0.002) than lower educated mothers. In cases with death of thalassemic relatives, democratic/equality attitude scores were decreased (P=0.034). With stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, splenectomy, good school achievement, absence of death of thalassemic relatives, and serum ferritin levels were found to increase Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale; however, total behavior problem score was found to decrease with increasing age, splenectomy and decreasing overprotection subscale of Parental Attitude Research Instrument scores. The self-esteem and behavior problems of children with thalassemia depended not only on the variables related exclusively to the child (age, school achievement) and the illness-associated conditions (splenectomy, serum ferritin levels) but also on the parental attitude (overprotection).

A different aspect of corrosive ingestion in children: Socio-demographic characteristics and effect of family functioning

Corrosive ingestion is thoroughly investigated in terms of its complications and treatment modalities but to date family functioning, behavior, attitude and knowledge of mothers of children who ingested corrosives has not been investigated and socio-demographic data has rarely been mentioned. Therefore a study was planned to investigate the socio-demographic data, family functioning, knowledge, behavior and attitude of mothers of children who ingested corrosive materials. The mothers of 50 children who ingested corrosive materials and 60 controls were asked to answer a questionnaire which included socio-demographic data and questions about their attitude, behavior and knowledge of corrosive ingestion. The mothers were also asked to reply family assessment device (FAD) and parental attitude research instrument (PARI). The average ages of the children were 5.31+/-2.32 in the corrosive group with an M:F ratio of 1:1. The level of education of both mothers (p=0.000) and fathers (p=0.000) in the corrosive group were lower than that of the controls. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of number of working mothers (p=0.085). In the corrosive group the families used to have three or more children (42%) and the socioeconomic status of this group was lower than the controls (p=0.001). In the corrosive group these substances were purchased unlabeled (64%) and kept mainly in coke bottles. The affective involvement dimension of the FAD and the attitude of over-parenting and democratic attitude dimensions of the PARI tests were significantly different in the corrosive group among mothers from lower educational level whereas no difference was detected among mothers from higher educational level in this regard. It was found that both level of education of the parents and socioeconomic factors played important role in shaping the habits that might lead to corrosive ingestion in children. For the prevention of corrosive ingestion broad based strategies including education are required.