Parental Actions Research Articles

THE IMPACT OF PARENTS BEHAVIOR TO ORAL HYGIENE STATUS OF CHILDREN IN SDN 03 KARANGJATI

TITLE THE IMPACT OF PARENTS BEHAVIOR TO ORAL HYGIENE STATUS OF CHILDREN IN SDN 03 KARANGJATI ABSTRACT Human behavior is a result of all kinds of experiences as well as human interaction with the environment that materialized in the form of knowledge, attitudes and actions. The behavior of parents is very important to improve the oral hygiene of children and one of the efforts in the maintenance of oral health of children. The purpose of this study to determine the influence of parents' behavior toward the child dental hygiene level in SDN 03 Karangjati. This type of research is quantitative descriptive with method cross sectional. The population study was conducted on 03 fourth grade students Karangjati Semarang as many as 37 students. Sampling was done by total sampling. Gauges in this study were questionnaires, diagnostic sets, and sheet inspection. Data was analyzed by regression linear. The results showed that the level of hygiene of children's teeth are mostly in the moderate category and bad 26 people (70.3%), knowledge of parents in the poor category (54.1%), the attitude of the poor category (59.5%), actions of parents in either category (56.8%). test results obtained knowledge relationship with p.value = 0.001, attitude with p.value = 0.000, and act with p.value = 0.000, the test results influence the knowledge obtained by p.value = 0.748, attitude with p.value = 0.047, and act with p.value = 0.002. The conclusion is there is no relationship between knowledge, attitude and practice with the level of cleanliness of children's teeth. There is the influence of parental knowledge about dental hygiene of children. There is the influence attitudes and actions of parents on dental health children. Suggestions need for more participation for children to improve efforts to maintain dental hygiene and mouth that are in good condition. Keywords : Behavior of parents, a dental hygienist

Can Parenting Microprotections Buffer Against Adolescents' Experiences of Racial Discrimination?

Previous research highlights the importance and pervasiveness of racial discrimination for minority youth in the United States. Adolescents may experience either personal or group race-based discrimination. While past research found both forms of discrimination are harmful to well-being it is unknown whether parental microprotections, which may buffer against the negative effects of discrimination, protect against both forms of discrimination. Informed by ecological frameworks the present study examined whether parent microprotections (parental warmth/acceptance, cultural socialization, preparation for bias) buffered the effects of personal and group discrimination on adolescents' depressive symptoms. Participants were African American early adolescents (N = 129; 58% female) and their parents (90% mothers). Adolescents attended a Midwestern, Title 1, urban, public middle school and completed surveys in their homerooms and parents completed paper-pencil surveys at home, online or surveys via telephone. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to test whether adolescents' personal and group discrimination at school were related to their reports of depressive symptoms and evaluate whether parent microprotections buffered these associations. Results showed that parental microprotections moderated the effects of personal discrimination on depressive symptoms but did not buffer the effects of group discrimination. These results highlight the importance of distinguishing between personal and group discrimination. Further, additional protective factors need to be identified and tested to better understand parental actions that potentially buffer the negative effects of discrimination.

Parental Action and Referral Patterns in Spatial Clusters of Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Sociodemographic factors have long been associated with disparities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis. Studies that identified spatial clustering of cases have suggested the importance of information about ASD moving through social networks of parents. Yet there is no direct evidence of this mechanism. This study explores the help-seeking behaviors and referral pathways of parents of diagnosed children in Costa Rica, one of two countries in which spatial clusters of cases have been identified. We interviewed the parents of 54 diagnosed children and focused on social network connections that influenced parents' help seeking and referral pathways that led to assessment. Spatial clusters of cases appear to be a result of seeking private rather than public care, and private clinics are more likely to refer cases to the diagnosing hospital. The referring clinic rather than information spread appears to explain the disparities.

D-amino acid substitution enhances the stability of antimicrobial peptide polybia-CP.

With the increasing emergence of resistant microbes toward conventional antimicrobial agents, there is an urgent need for the development of antimicrobial agents with novel action mode. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are believed to be one kind of ideal alternatives. However, AMPs can be easily degraded by protease, which limited their therapeutic use. In the present study, D-amino acid substitution strategy was employed to enhance the stability of polybia-CP. We investigated the stability of peptides against the degradation of trypsin and chymotrypsin by determining the antimicrobial activity or determining the HPLC profile of peptides after incubation with proteases. Our results showed that both the all D-amino acid derivative (D-CP) and partial D-lysine substitution derivative (D-lys-CP) have an improved stability against trypsin and chymotrypsin. Although D-CP takes left-hand α-helical conformation and D-lys-CP loses some α-helical content, both of the D-amino acid-substituted derivatives maintain their parental peptides' membrane active action mode. In addition, D-lys-CP showed a slight weaker antimicrobial activity than polybia-CP, but the hemolytic activity decreased greatly. These results suggest that D-CP and D-lys-CP can offer strategy to improve the property of AMPs and may be leading compounds for the development of novel antimicrobial agents.

Heterosis and combining ability analysis for yield and yield contributing traits in velvet bean Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC

A field experiment was conducted to know the gene action and selection of superior parents of velvet bean for hybridization. The heterosis and combining ability study was carried out using 6x6 half diallel mating design excluding reciprocals. Combining ability analysis revealed that magnitude of sca variance was greater than gca variance suggesting the predominance of non additive gene action for most of the traits except days to 50 per cent flowering, number of flowers per inflorescence, number of pods per bunch and 100 seed weight where gca variance was greater than sca variance indicating predominance of additive gene action. Based on gca effects, parents Arka Dhanwantari, IIHR Selection 8 and IIHR Selection 2 were best general combiners for the traits such as number of flowers per inflorescence, pod length, pod weight, number of bunches per plant, number of pods per bunch, dry pod yield and seed yield per plant which can be used in future breeding programme. Specific combining ability studies indicated cross IIHR Selection 2 x IIHR Selection 8 as best specific combiner for the economically important traits viz., pod length, pod weight, dry pod yield per plant and seed yield per plant. The cross IIHR Selection 8 x IIHR Selection 3 was recorded high heterotic effects for dry pod yield per plant, seed yield per plant and test weight of the seed. The cross IIHR Selection 2 x IIHR Selection 8 as superior hybrid as recorded high heterobeltiosis for days to 50% flowering, pod length, pod weight, dry pod yield per plant and seed yield per plant and days to maturity which can be exploited in future breeding programme.

PARENTAL EDUCATIONAL STYLE FROM THE ADOLESCENT PERSPECTIVE

Family as a complex, multidimensional phenomenon cannot be treated as a simple sum of its individuals. That family is a unique system is indicated by the fact that it is based on multiplied contexture of interaction and communication with the environment. In this state it has a tendency towards morphogenesis i.e. the processes of constant change, as well as in morphostasis i.e. establishing balance especially in situations where it is disturbed. Prerequisite to effective education are healthy relationships of individuals within a family as a system. When it comes to adolescents, family is a key concept. This paper focuses on the empirical approach to this issue. The aim of this research is evaluation of parental educational actions from the adolescent perspective. The sample consisted of 297 questionees (99 pupils (adolescents) and their parents – 99 mothers and 99 fathers). The descriptive method was used in this research. For the sake of this research a five-level Likert scale was constructed. This scale contains 30 items that represent various parental educational styles (authoritarian-warm, authoritarian-cold, liberal-warm, liberal-cold and democratic). After analyzing the descriptive indicators, as well as the distribution regularity measures, factorization of the questionnaire was conducted. The Alpha-Factoring method was used with promax rotation. As ameasure of representativeness the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test was used. The paper proves that it isn’t enough to focus on the educational styles from the parent perspective,but to get the whole pedagogical picture we also have to take into account the child/adolescent perspective.

Reason and Paradox in Medical and Family Law: Shaping Children's Bodies.

Legal outcomes often depend on the adjudication of what may appear to be straightforward distinctions. In this article, we consider two such distinctions that appear in medical and family law deliberations: the distinction between religion and culture and between therapeutic and non-therapeutic. These distinctions can impact what constitutes 'reasonable parenting' or a child's 'best interests' and thus the limitations that may be placed on parental actions. Such distinctions are often imagined to be asocial facts, there for the judge to discover. We challenge this view, however, by examining the controversial case of B and G [2015]. In this case, Sir James Munby stated that the cutting of both male and female children's genitals for non-therapeutic reasons constituted 'significant harm' for the purposes of the Children Act 1989. He went on to conclude, however, that while it can never be reasonable parenting to inflict any form of non-therapeutic genital cutting on a female child, such cutting on male children was currently tolerated. We argue that the distinctions between religion/culture and therapeutic/non-therapeutic upon which Munby LJ relied in making this judgement cannot in fact ground categorically differential legal treatment of female and male children. We analyse these distinctions from a systems theoretical perspective-specifically with reference to local paradoxes-to call into question the current legal position. Our analysis suggests that conventional distinctions drawn between religion/culture and the therapeutic/non-therapeutic in other legal contexts require much greater scrutiny than they are usually afforded.

Reason and Paradox in Medical and Family Law: Shaping Children's Bodies.

Legal outcomes often depend on the adjudication of what may appear to be straightforward distinctions. In this article, we consider two such distinctions that appear in medical and family law deliberations: the distinction between religion and culture and between therapeutic and non-therapeutic. These distinctions can impact what constitutes 'reasonable parenting' or a child's 'best interests' and thus the limitations that may be placed on parental actions. Such distinctions are often imagined to be asocial facts, there for the judge to discover. We challenge this view, however, by examining the controversial case of B and G [2015]. In this case, Sir James Munby stated that the cutting of both male and female children's genitals for non-therapeutic reasons constituted 'significant harm' for the purposes of the Children Act 1989. He went on to conclude, however, that while it can never be reasonable parenting to inflict any form of non-therapeutic genital cutting on a female child, such cutting on male children was currently tolerated. We argue that the distinctions between religion/culture and therapeutic/non-therapeutic upon which Munby LJ relied in making this judgement cannot in fact ground categorically differential legal treatment of female and male children. We analyse these distinctions from a systems theoretical perspective-specifically with reference to local paradoxes-to call into question the current legal position. Our analysis suggests that conventional distinctions drawn between religion/culture and the therapeutic/non-therapeutic in other legal contexts require much greater scrutiny than they are usually afforded.

PENGARUH KESIAPAN BELAJAR, LINGKUNGAN BELAJAR DAN PERANAN ORANGTUA TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR EKONOMI SISWA KELAS IPS DI SMA PGRI 4 PADANG

Abstract These research has purpose to try about influence of ready to study that study environment and action of parents toward output of study that students IPS Economy study at SMA PGRI 4 Padang. The result of this research shows that: 1). It has positive effect and significant between ready to study toward output study of Economy students IPS class at SMA PGRI 4 Padang that showing by coefficient assessment at around 0, 324. 2). It has positive effect and significant between ready to study toward output study of Economy students IPS class at SMA PGRI 4 Padang that showing by coefficient assessment at around 0, 382. 3). It has positive effect and significant between action of parents toward output study of Economy students IPS class at SMA PGRI 4 Padang that showing by coefficient assessment at around 0, 302. 4). It has positive effect and significant as simultaneous between ready to study, study environment and also action of parents toward output study of Economy students IPS class at SMA PGRI 4 Padang that showing by assessment of F hitung at around 71, 107 > F tabel 2, 67 and significant assessment 0, 000 F tabel 2,67 dengan nilai signifikan 0,000 < 0,05 dan R Square sebesar 0,631. Kata Kunci : Kesiapan Belajar, Lingkungan Belajar, Peranan Orangtua, Hasil Belajar

0923 PROVIDING THE BEST BEDROOM ENVIRONMENT FOR CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY

Between 23–46% of children with cerebral palsy have sleep problems. Often these sleep problems go undiagnosed and undertreated. Interventions, if offered, are most often pharmacological. However, medication side effects are a significant concern and there is a clear need to build the evidence-base for non-pharmacological sleep interventions for these children. A recent review of the evidence-base for environmental modifications to promote sleep showed promising results warranting further study. The study aims were to determine 1) if providing parents with manualized sleep education and problem solving strategies focused on the environment increased parental knowledge, and 2) if increased knowledge then translated into parental actions to decrease sleep negative features in the bedroom. This pilot study recruited child/parent participants through community agencies. Baseline and 6 week follow-up data collection included the Parental Sleep Environment Knowledge Questionnaire (PSEKQ), Parental Interactive Bedtime Behavior Scale, Child Sleep Habit Questionnaire, Parent Knowledge of Healthy Sleep and sleep actigraphy. Parents received the Children’s Best Bedroom for Sleep (CBBES) manual (including sleep science information, self-assessment tool and environmental modification recommendation) as the intervention. There were 6 parent/child participants. The PSEKQ improved slightly (66.66% at baseline to 78.33% at follow-up). Comparing baseline and post-intervention BEAC results demonstrated that parents’ ability to assess their child’s bedroom and act to modify environmental problems that interfered with sleep had improved. Actigraphy data was inconclusive and as expected, because the intervention focused on the environment, there was no change in parent bedtime beliefs and behavioural measures. Results support providing parents with a sleep environment psycho-education manual to build knowledge and skills for addressing environmental components of their child’s sleep problems. This research is ongoing and future studies will test the CBBES with parents of children with a range of health conditions. The Canadian Centre for Disability Studies

The effect of an online video intervention \u2018Movie Models\u2019 on specific parenting practices and parental self-efficacy related to children\u2019s physical activity, screen-time and healthy diet: a quasi experimental study

BackgroundIn children, being sufficiently physically active, having low levels of screen-time and having a healthy diet are largely influenced by parenting practices. Children of parents applying positive parenting practices are at lower risk for overweight and obesity. Therefore, we investigated the effect of a health promoting online video intervention for parents (‘Movie Models’) on children’s physical activity (PA), screen-time and healthy diet, and on specific parenting practices and parental self-efficacy related to these parenting practices. The online videos are delivered to parents of primary schoolchildren, and were based on real-life scenarios.MethodsA two-armed, quasi experimental design was used. Parents of primary schoolchildren were recruited between November and December 2013 by spreading an appeal in social media, and by contacting primary schools. Participating parents were predominantly of high socio-economic status (SES) (83.1%), and only 6.8% of children were overweight/obese. Intervention group participants were invited to watch online videos for 4 weeks. Specific parenting practices, parental self-efficacy, PA, screen-time and healthy diet of the child were assessed at baseline (T0), at one (T1) and at four (T2) months post baseline. Repeated Measures (Multivariate) ANOVAs were used to examine intervention effects. The potential moderating effect of age and gender of the child and parental SES was also examined.ResultsBetween T0 and T2, no significant intervention effects were found on children’s PA, screen-time or healthy diet. Most significant intervention effects were found for more complex parenting practices (e.g., an increase in motivating the child to eat fruit). Subgroup analyses showed that the intervention had more effect on the actual parenting practices related to PA, screen-time and healthy diet in parents of older children (10–12 years old), whereas intervention effects on parental self-efficacy related to those behaviors were stronger in parents of younger children (6–9 years old).Conclusions‘Movie Models’ was effective in increasing some important parenting practices and parental self-efficacy related to PA, screen-time and healthy diet in children. Therefore, the current study is an important first step in promoting effective parenting-related factors, and possibly increasing children’s healthy diet and PA, and decreasing screen-time.Trial registrationNCT02278809 in ClinicalTrials.gov on October 28, 2014 (retrospectively registered).

Duty vs. Discretion: What Youngstown Can Teach Us About Inherent Executive Enforcement Discretion

This Article takes United States v. Texas, a case about the legality of President Obama’s “Deferred Action for Parents of Americans” (DAPA) immigration initiative, as an entry point for analyzing a significant and publically-salient, yet undertheorized, problem in constitutional law: executive discretion in enforcing the law. Although Republican and Democratic administration alike have long asserted a constitutionally-inherent power to decline to enforce civil and criminal laws, former-President Obama’s recent high profile exercises of this authority, including his enforcement policy on federal marijuana law and immigration law, have led to increased attention to enforcement discretion among popular and scholarly commentators. Surprisingly, however, academic commentators have almost completely ignored the relevance of a canonical separation of powers precedent to the constitutional debate surrounding executive nonenforcement: Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer. This Article is the first to systematically apply Justice Jackson’s famous Youngstown concurrence to the puzzle of the executive’s constitutional discretion in law enforcement. By doing so, the Essay provides a common lexicon within which commentators can debate the constitutionality of presidential nonenforcement in particular contexts, including DAPA. The Article's second contribution is to offer a positive theory of constitutionally-inherent enforcement discretion, including the power to supervise and prioritize law enforcement activities. I derive this theory from constitutional text, including the Executive Power Clause, the Take Care Clause, and the Due Process Clause. This inherent power, however, is malleable and defeasible rather than fixed and absolute. Congress can either explicitly or implicitly confer executive enforcement discretion to the constitutional maximum (Youngstown Category 1). Likewise, Congress can explicitly or implicitly cabin executive enforcement discretion, reducing it to the constitutional minimum (Youngstown Category 3). When the Executive is faced with Congressional silence, he acts in Youngstown Category 2. In the second category’s “zone of twilight,” however, executive enforcement discretion is limited to the President’s inherent constitutional powers. Based on my positive theory of constitutionally-sanctioned enforcement discretion, I argue that, in Category 2, the Take Care Clause does not preclude the Executive from exercising enforcement discretion, including the power to coordinate categorical enforcement priorities. Finally, I argue that, even in Category 3, the President’s inherent power of enforcement discretion ensures that he always retains at least some discretion to decline enforcement in individual cases, especially in the criminal context. Furthermore, in light of the powers concomitant to his constitutional duty to supervise, including the power to coordinate and prioritize enforcement, I argue offer a novel argument that the President’s inherent enforcement discretion power may extend beyond individualized discretion to countenance the creation of categorical civil enforcement priorities, even in Category 3. The Article concludes by applying the Youngstown framework and my positive theory of executive enforcement discretion to the question whether DAPA violates the Constitution. I conclude that DAPA most comfortably falls in Category 2, and that its provisions do not exceed the Executive’s inherent enforcement discretion under the Constitution.

Selection on parental performance opposes selection for larger body mass in a wild population of blue tits.

There is abundant evidence in many taxa for positive directional selection on body size, and yet little evidence for microevolutionary change. In many species, variation in body size is partly determined by the actions of parents, so a proposed explanation for stasis is the presence of a negative genetic correlation between direct and parental effects. Consequently, selecting genes for increased body size would result in a correlated decline in parental effects, reducing body size in the following generation. We show that these arguments implicitly assume that parental care is cost free, and that including a cost alters the predicted genetic architectures needed to explain stasis. Using a large cross-fostered population of blue tits, we estimate direct selection on parental effects for body mass, and show it is negative. Negative selection is consistent with a cost to parental care, mainly acting through a reduction in current fecundity rather than survival. Under these conditions, evolutionary stasis is possible for moderately negative genetic correlations between direct and parental effects. This is in contrast to the implausibly extreme correlations needed when care is assumed to be cost-free. Thus, we highlight the importance of accounting correctly for complete selection acting on traits across generations.

Demystifying Employment Authorization and Prosecutorial Discretion in Immigration Cases

On November 20, 2014, President Barack Obama announced a series of immigration programs aimed to reform the immigration system. Deferred Action for Parents of Americans or Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA) and extended Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) represent two such programs announced by the President. Both programs extend deferred action (one form of prosecutorial discretion) to qualifying individuals. Deferred action has been part of the immigration system for more than 50 years, and has been named explicitly by Congress, federal courts, and the agencies responsible for administering immigration laws. Additionally, regulations list deferred action as one basis for work authorization. The President’s deferred action programs offered room for a healthy debate about immigration law and policy. The debate was intensified by a lawsuit brought by the state of Texas and 25 other states challenging the deferred action programs, and a subsequent judicial opinion enjoining these programs. Much of the tension has centered on the ability for a deferred action grantee to obtain ancillary benefits like employment authorization or lawful presence. This conflict has enabled great distortion about the limits and benefits of prosecutorial discretion in immigration law. In this Article, I seek to clarify the relationship between prosecutorial discretion and employment authorization and describe the historical precedent for allowing qualifying noncitizens to apply for work authorization based on a prosecutorial discretion grant. I also examine the policy questions that are raised by the current legal framework and policy for work authorization. My methodology for this Article is to review the primary and secondary sources of law for prosecutorial discretion and employment authorization; analyze a related data set of more than 200,000 work authorization applications processed by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act; and begin a policy discussion on the benefits of enabling prosecutorial discretion beneficiaries to be authorized to work in the United States. This Article is the first to analyze the law and policy of employment authorization and prosecutorial discretion and builds naturally from my body of work developed on the role of immigration prosecutorial discretion generally, and deferred action in particular.

The difference of knowledge and primary preventive for typhoid fever between parents in rural and urban areas to children under-five ages

Children under five ages are vulnerable to infectious disease, one of which is typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is a disease caused by infection of Salmonella typhii and Indonesia is endemic typhoid fever. So that the toddler has not been suffered from typhoid fever, it needs participation of their parents to prevent them from the occurrence of the disease. The aim of this research was to analyze the difference between knowledge and parents’s action in preventing typhoid fever of their children in rural and urban areas. This type of this research is observational analytic with design of study is cross sectional. The population is parents of children under five ages in rural and urban areas. Samples of this research was ECE’s that taken by one stage cluster random sampling. The number of samples in the rural area were 51 parents of children under five ages and the number of samples in urban were 54 parents of children under five ages. The collection of data used a questionnaire to parents of children under five ages. Data analysis techniques used two independent samples t test and Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test. The results of this study that there were difference in knowledge of typhoid fever for parents of children under five ages in the rural and urban area (p = 0.014), there are differences in the primary preventive against in typhoid fever between parents in rural and in urban areas (p = 0.0001), and there are difference in secondary prevention against typhoid fever between parents in rural and in urban areas (p = 0.0001). The conclusion of this research isthere are differences in knowledge and actions of parents in rural and urban areas in preventing typhoid fever in children under five ages. The suggestion for parents of children under five ages is attention and increase hiegiene and sanitation to avoid typhoid fever and they should teach their children to always keep cleanKeywords : knowledge, prevention, typhoid fever, children under five ages

The difference of knowledge and primary preventive for typhoid fever between parents in rural and urban areas to children under-five ages

Children under five ages are vulnerable to infectious disease, one of which is typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is a disease caused by infection of Salmonella typhii and Indonesia is endemic typhoid fever. So that the toddler has not been suffered from typhoid fever, it needs participation of their parents to prevent them from the occurrence of the disease. The aim of this research was to analyze the difference between knowledge and parents’s action in preventing typhoid fever of their children in rural and urban areas. This type of this research is observational analytic with design of study is cross sectional. The population is parents of children under five ages in rural and urban areas. Samples of this research was ECE’s that taken by one stage cluster random sampling. The number of samples in the rural area were 51 parents of children under five ages and the number of samples in urban were 54 parents of children under five ages. The collection of data used a questionnaire to parents of children under five ages. Data analysis techniques used two independent samples t test and Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test. The results of this study that there were difference in knowledge of typhoid fever for parents of children under five ages in the rural and urban area (p = 0.014), there are differences in the primary preventive against in typhoid fever between parents in rural and in urban areas (p = 0.0001), and there are difference in secondary prevention against typhoid fever between parents in rural and in urban areas (p = 0.0001). The conclusion of this research isthere are differences in knowledge and actions of parents in rural and urban areas in preventing typhoid fever in children under five ages. The suggestion for parents of children under five ages is attention and increase hiegiene and sanitation to avoid typhoid fever and they should teach their children to always keep cleanKeywords : knowledge, prevention, typhoid fever, children under five ages

Keeping the Free‐Range Parent Immune from Child Neglect: You Cannot Tell Me How to Raise My Children

Granting children a level of independence to travel unsupervised to local neighborhood areas lies within the parents’ discretion to raise their children as they see fit. Failing to recognize that such discretion is grounded within the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, states criminalize parental actions, including unsupervised travel to local areas, as child neglect. Criminalizing such parental actions leads to both unjustified prosecutions and convictions of child neglect, along with unjustified removals by Child Protective Services (CPS) and the unnecessary and detrimental overprotection of children. The overprotection of children referred to as “helicopter parenting,” does not render the safety, physical, or emotional benefits most parents, police officers, and CPS reason. Further, criminalizing such parental actions distracts CPS from focusing on the real cases of child neglect. Creating a model free‐range parenting statute that provides full immunity from criminal charges of child neglect can effectively facilitate parental rights that are already implemented. However, the model statute must be limited as to the parental actions protected in order to preserve safety. This Note proposes a recognition of the protection needed among free‐range parents and urges the creation of a model statute based on the language of The Rule of Construction Regarding Travel to and from School, permitting children of any age to travel to and from school unsupervised, while negating a charge of child neglect, and the language of the Maryland directive policy regarding unsupervised travel and play.

Efectos de las prácticas parentales en la empatía y la conducta prosocial de preadolescentes

Aim: to analyze the effects of parenting practices on empathy and prosocial behaviors of tweens. Method: 204 Mexican preteens of between 10 and 13 years of age (M = 11.49, DE =. 739) participated in the study; the multidimensional scale of empathy (Diaz-Loving, Andrade, & Nadelsticher, 1986), the scale of parental prosocial practices and the scale of prosocial conduct towards pairs (Zacarias- salinas, 2014) were applied. Models of paths were traced in order to analyze data. Results: the affection and the parental communication have direct effects in the empathic compassion, and this one, in turn, affects the prosocial conduct. The use of rewards and physical punishments as parental practices has not shown direct effects in the empathy nor in the prosocial conduct. Conclusion: the parental actions affect the development of the prosocial trends of their children.

Triangulation and age as predictors of children's perception of the destructive effects of parental conflict on the family system

The child's confidence in the family system contributes to the development of emotional security, which in turn has a positive effect on the child's development. Parental conflicts can have a negative impact on the child's perception of the family system and can lead to the development of emotional insecurity. Triangulation, or the involvement of the child in parental conflict, is an additional risk factor for the development of the child's destructive perceptions of the family. Our study focused on the links between triangulation and the child's perception of parental conflict as destructive for the family system, as well as on the moderating role of the child's age. The sample consisted of 146 children, with an average age of thirteen. The respondents were asked to complete the following questionnaires: The child's perception of parental conflict and Security within the parental subsystem. The findings of moderation analysis show that triangulation is a significant individual predictor of destructive perceptions of the family (β=-.068, p<.01), and that age is a significant moderator of the effects of triangulation on destructive perceptions of the family (β=.167, p<.05). Young adolescents are more likely than children in middle adolescence to perceive that parental conflict is destructive to the family system if they play the role of passive observer. Age differences can be explained by the cognitive immaturity of younger children and their inability to foresee the consequences of conflict and the reasons for its occurrence. The findings highlight the importance of age-appropriate parental actions in situations of marital conflict.

Invisible work of using and monitoring knowledge by parents (end-users) ofchildren with chronic conditions.

Parents who care for young children with chronic conditions are knowledge users. Their efforts, time, and energy to source, consider and monitor information add to the 'invisible' work of parents in making decisions about care, school transitions, and interventions. Little is known or understood about the work of parents as knowledge users. To understand the knowledge use patterns and how these patterns may be monitored in parents caring for their young children with cerebral palsy (CP). An embedded case study methodology was used. In-depth qualitative interviews and visual mapping were employed to collect and analyze data based on the experiences of three mothers of young children with CP. Knowledge use in parents caring for their young children with CP is multi-factorial, complex and temporal. Findings resulted in a provisional model elaborating on the ways knowledge is used by parents and how it may be monitored. The visual mapping of pathways and actions of parents as end users makes the processes of knowledge use more visible and open to be valued as well as appreciated by others. The provisional model has implications for knowledge mobilization as a strategy in childhood rehabilitation and the facilitation of knowledge use in the lives of families with children with chronic health conditions.