Sex Of Parent Research Articles

An overlooked burden of acne in adolescents: the psychosocial well-being of their families

IntroductionAcne vulgaris is significantly associated with an increased burden of care and has an important impact on the quality of life (QoL) and self-esteem of affected individuals. We aimed to assess the QoL of adolescents with acne and their families as well as the association of QoL with acne severity, treatment response, duration of acne and localization of lesions. Material and MethodsThe sample included a total of 100 adolescents with acne vulgaris, 100 healthy controls and their parents. We collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, presentation of acne, duration of acne, treatment history, treatment response, and parental sex. We used the Global Acne Severity scale, Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI), and the Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI). ResultsIn the group of patients with acne, the mean CDLQI score in the patients was 7.89 (SD, 5.43) and the mean FDLQI score in the parents was 6.01 (SD, 6.11). In the control group, the mean CDLQI score in healthy controls was 3.92 (SD, 3.88) and the mean FDLQI score in their family members was 2.12 (SD, 2.91). We found a statistically significant difference between the acne and control groups in CDLQI and FDLQI scores (P < .001). There were also statistically significant differences in the CDLQI score based on the duration of acne and the response to treatment. ConclusionsPatients with acne and their parents had a decreased QoL compared with healthy controls. Acne was associated with impaired QoL in family members. Assessing QoL in the family in addition to that of the patient may allow an improved management of acne vulgaris.

Una carga ignorada del acné en adolescentes: el bienestar psicosocial de la familia

IntroductionAcne vulgaris is significantly associated with an increased burden of care and has an important impact on the quality of life (QoL) and self-esteem of affected individuals. We aimed to assess the QoL of adolescents with acne and their families as well as the association of QoL with acne severity, treatment response, duration of acne and localization of lesions. Material and methodsThe sample included a total of 100 adolescents with acne vulgaris, 100 healthy controls and their parents. We collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, presentation of acne, duration of acne, treatment history, treatment response, and parental sex. We used the Global Acne Severity scale, Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI), and the Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI). ResultsIn the group of patients with acne, the mean CDLQI score in the patients was 7.89 (SD, 5.43) and the mean FDLQI score in the parents was 6.01 (SD, 6.11). In the control group, the mean CDLQI score in healthy controls was 3.92 (SD, 3.88) and the mean FDLQI score in their family members was 2.12 (SD, 2.91). We found a statistically significant difference between the acne and control groups in CDLQI and FDLQI scores (P<.001). There were also statistically significant differences in the CDLQI score based on the duration of acne and the response to treatment. ConclusionsPatients with acne and their parents had a decreased QoL compared with healthy controls. Acne was associated with impaired QoL in family members. Assessing QoL in the family in addition to that of the patient may allow an improved management of acne vulgaris.

Mothers' and fathers' reflective functioning and its association with parenting behaviors and cortisol reactivity during a conflict interaction with their adolescent children.

We assessed parental reflective functioning (PRF) with the Parent Development Interview-Revised and investigated its association with parenting behaviors, that is, autonomy support and psychological control (operationalized in terms of behaviors promoting and undermining autonomy relatedness), and stress responses (cortisol reactivity) during a parent-child conflict interaction task (Family Interaction Task). Participants were 40 mothers and 28 fathers, who took part in the study together with their adolescent children (N = 49). Mothers had significantly lower PRF and displayed more psychologically controlling behaviors in the interaction with their children than fathers. Rather than sex per se, high levels of PRF were the best predictors of autonomy support, whereas lower levels of PRF predicted more psychological control. Higher levels of PRF were also the best predictor for lower levels of parenting stress. Stress in the context of parenting was neither related to autonomy support nor to psychological control, which were best predicted by divorced family status and, for psychological control only, by parental sex. The findings point to the potential utility of interventions aimed at improving PRF, especially in divorced families, given its protective effect on parenting behaviors and stress in the context of parenting. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Parental history of dementia and the risk of dementia: A cross-sectional analysis of a global collaborative study.

Parental history of dementia appears to increase the risk of dementia, but there have been inconsistent results. We aimed to investigate whether the association between parental history of dementia and the risk of dementia are different by dementia subtypes and sex of parent and offspring. For this cross-sectional study, we harmonized and pooled data for 17,194 older adults from nine population-based cohorts of eight countries. These studies conducted face-to-face diagnostic interviews, physical and neurological examinations, and neuropsychological assessments to diagnose dementia. We investigated the associations of maternal and paternal history of dementia with the risk of dementia and its subtypes in offspring. The mean age of the participants was 72.8 ± 7.9 years and 59.2% were female. Parental history of dementia was associated with higher risk of dementia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15-1.86) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.31-2.26), but not with the risk of non-AD. This was largely driven by maternal history of dementia, which was associated with the risk of dementia (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.15-1.97) and AD (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.33-2.43) whereas paternal history of dementia was not. These results remained significant when males and females were analyzed separately (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.28-3.55 in males; OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.16-2.44 for females). Maternal history of dementia was associated with the risk of dementia and AD in both males and females. Maternal history of dementia may be a useful marker for identifying individuals at higher risk of AD and stratifying the risk for AD in clinical trials.

Multigenerational transmission of differentiation of self - Towarda more in-depth understanding of Bowen's theory concept.

The multigenerational transmission of differentiation of self is one of the basic concepts of Bowen's Family Systems Theory. It describes how the ability to build healthy and intimate relationships with others can be passed down through generations within the family system. Previous research devoted to the concept has yielded mixed results. However, significant discrepancies can be observed between methodological approaches and the resulting understanding of the similarity in self-differentiation observed between parents and children. The present study examines these inconsistencies and explores the process of transmission on a multifaceted basis. Based on a series of confirmatory factor analyses, our findings lend support to Bowen's theory hypothesis and demonstrate that both parental sex and that of the child play a crucial role in transmission. The article highlights the importance of addressing family issues in promoting satisfying personal and social functioning among young people.

Parental Factors Associated With Recovery After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.

Abstract While parental factors have been shown to potentially influence recovery after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in children, both the strength and direction of the relationships remain unclear. We performed a systematic review regarding the association between parental factors and recovery after mTBI. PubMed, CINHL, Embase, PsychINFO, Web of Science, ProQuest, Cochrane Central, and Cochrane databases were queried for articles published between September 1, 1970, and September 10, 2022, reporting any parental factor and its association with recovery after mTBI in children younger than 18 years old. The review included both quantitative and qualitative studies published in English. Regarding the directionality of the association, only studies that assessed the effects of parental factors on recovery after mTBI were included. Study quality was assessed using a five-domain scale created by the Cochrane Handbook and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The study was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022361609). Of 2050 studies queried, 40 met inclusion criteria, and 38 of 40 studies used quantitative outcome measures. Across 38 studies, 24 unique parental factors and 20 different measures of recovery were identified. The most common parental factors studied were socioeconomic status/income (SES; n = 16 studies), parental stress/distress (n = 11), parental level of education (n = 9), pre-injury family functioning (n = 8), and parental anxiety (n = 6). Among all associations between parental factors and recovery reported, having a family history of a neurologic disease (i.e., migraine, epilepsy, neurodegenerative disease; 5/6 significant associations reported, 83%), parental stress/distress (9/11, 82%), parental anxiety (4/6, 67%), parental level of education (5/9, 56%), and SES/income (11/19, 57.9%) were shown to have the strongest evidence reporting significant associations with recovery, while a family history of psychiatric disease (3/6, 50%) and pre-injury family functioning (4/9, 44%) showed mixed results. Evidence regarding other parental factors including parental sex, race/ethnicity, insurance status, parental history of concussion, family litigation status, family adjustment levels, and family psychosocial adversity were limited, as studies investigating such factors were few. The current review highlights literature describing several parental factors that significantly influence recovery from mTBI. It will likely be useful for future studies to incorporate parental SES, education, stress/distress, anxiety, quality of parent-child relationships, and parenting style when examining modifying factors in recovery after mTBI. Future studies should also consider how parental factors may serve as potential interventions or policy levers to optimize sport concussion-related policy and return-to-play guidelines.

Sex-related differences in the prevalence of substance use disorders, treatment, and overdose among parents with young children

IntroductionRisk factors and treatment rates for substance use disorders (SUDs) differ by sex. Females often have greater childcare and household responsibilities than males, which may inhibit SUD treatment. We examined how SUD, medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) receipt, and overdose rates differ by sex among parents with young children (<5 years). MethodsUsing deidentified national administrative healthcare data from Optum’s Clinformatics® Data Mart Database version 8.1 (2007–2021), we identified parents aged 26–64 continuously enrolled in commercial insurance for ≥ 30 days and linked to ≥ 1 dependent child < 5 years from January 1, 2016-February 29, 2020. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate the average predicted prevalence of SUD diagnosis, MOUD receipt after opioid use disorder (OUD) diagnosis, and overdose by parent sex in any month, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, state of residence, enrollment month, and mental health conditions. ResultsFrom 2016 to 2020, there were 2,241,795 parents with a dependent child < 5 years, including 1,155,252 (51.5%) females and 1,086,543 (48.5%) males. Male parents had a higher average predicted prevalence of an SUD diagnosis (11.1% [11, 11.16]) than female parents (5.5% [5.48, 5.58]). Among parents with OUD, the average predicted prevalence of receiving MOUD was 27.4% [26.1, 28.63] among male and 19.7% [18.34, 21.04] among female parents, with no difference in overdose rates by sex. ConclusionFemale parents are less likely to be diagnosed with an SUD or receive MOUD than male parents. Removing policies that criminalize parental SUD and addressing childcare-related barriers may improve SUD identification and treatment.

Parenting and pandemic pressures: Examining nuances in parent, child, and family well-being concerns during COVID-19 in a Canadian sample.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused vast disruptions in family life for Canadian parents since early 2020. While numerous environmental stressors have been identified, including job loss and the demands of balancing work-life conflicts and at-home schooling, relatively less is known about the areas of family life parents are most concerned about and how these worries relate to well-being across the family system. Canadian parents (n = 29,831, 90.29% mothers, 57.40% Ontario residents) of children aged 0-14 were surveyed about their concerns related to child, parent, and family well-being in June 2020. Structural equation modelling was used to model the relationship between concerns about children, parenting, and the whole family, in association with several sociodemographic variables including child disability status, parent sex and education, job loss during COVID-19, and caregiver employment. Parenting, child, and family concerns were positively correlated. Higher child and family concerns were reported by parents who had not attended university, those who had experienced employment loss or reduced hours, and families with all adults working outside the home. Parents of children with a disability reported higher concerns across all three domains: child, parenting, and family psychosocial well-being. These results showcase distinct associations between social determinants of health and the types of worries caregivers exhibited across multiple areas of family life during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Findings are interpreted in relation to clinical intervention and public policy targets for families.

Young adults' retrospective reports of family cohesion, parental differential treatment, and sibling relationships

AbstractObjectiveUsing young adults' retrospective reports, the current study examines the moderating effects of parental differential treatment (PDT) on the association between family cohesion and sibling relationship quality during adolescence.BackgroundSibling relationships in adolescence carry great implications for individual development. However, little is known about the potential interactions between family cohesion and PDT on sibling affection and hostility.MethodRetrospective data were collected from 325 young adults (M = 19.50 years, SD = 1.25) who recalled family of origin experiences with parents and a target sibling closest to their age.ResultsFamily cohesion was positively associated with sibling affection and negatively associated with sibling hostility. Additionally, fathers' differential control attenuated the relationship between cohesion and sibling affection and both mothers' and fathers' differential affection attenuated the relationship between cohesion and sibling hostility.ConclusionFindings on the main effects suggest that perceived family cohesion is a crucial factor that promotes better sibling relationships (i.e., higher affection and lower hostility). However, offspring's perceptions of PDT can affect the relationship between family cohesion and sibling relationship quality, such that extreme levels of parents' (especially fathers') differential affection and control weaken the association. The significant moderation emerged with differences in parental sex (i.e., mother and father) and PDT dimensions (i.e., affection and control).ImplicationsTo help siblings engage in more affectionate and fewer hostile interactions, parents (especially fathers) should consciously work to provide equal treatment toward their offspring and work on providing more contextual information when they have to show differentiation.

PGT-SR: A Comprehensive Overview and a Requiem for the Interchromosomal Effect

Preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements (PGT-SR) was one of the first applications of PGT, with initial cases being worked up in the Delhanty lab. It is the least well-known of the various forms of PGT but nonetheless provides effective treatment for many carrier couples. Structural chromosomal rearrangements (SRs) lead to infertility, repeated implantation failure, pregnancy loss, and congenitally affected children, despite the balanced parent carrier having no obvious phenotype. A high risk of generating chromosomally unbalanced gametes and embryos is the rationale for PGT-SR, aiming to select for those that are chromosomally normal, or at least balanced like the carrier parent. PGT-SR largely uses the same technology as PGT-A, i.e., initially FISH, superseded by array CGH, SNP arrays, Karyomapping, and, most recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS). Trophectoderm biopsy is now the most widely used sampling approach of all PGT variants, though there are prospects for non-invasive methods. In PGT-SR, the most significant limiting factor is the availability of normal or balanced embryo(s) for transfer. Factors directly affecting this are rearrangement type, chromosomes involved, and sex of the carrier parent. De novo aneuploidy, especially for older mothers, is a common limiting factor. PGT-SR studies provide a wealth of information, much of which can be useful to genetic counselors and the patients they treat. It is applicable in the fundamental study of basic chromosomal biology, in particular the purported existence of an interchromosomal effect (ICE). An ICE means essentially that the existence of one chromosomal defect (e.g., brought about by malsegregation of translocation chromosomes) can perpetuate the existence of others (e.g., de novo aneuploidy). Recent large cohort studies of PGT-SR patients seem, however, to have laid this notion to rest, at least for human embryonic development. Unless new evidence comes to light, this comprehensive review should serve as a requiem.

แนวทางการเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพในการจัดอาหารกลางวัน ของศูนย์การศึกษาพิเศษส่วนกลาง จังหวัดกรุงเทพมหานคร

The purposes of this research are: 1) to study of the personal factors involved in lunch project management in Central Special Education Center BKK, 2) to study operation of lunch project management in Central Special Education Center BKK 3) to study the effectiveness of lunch project management in Central Special Education Center BKK , 4) to compare the efficiency of lunch project management in Central Special Education Center BKK are classify by personal factors of respondents, and 5) to present a guideline for increasing the efficiency of lunch project management in Central Special Education Center BKK. The research population is parents, students with special needs, 215 administrators and person in charge of the lunch arrangement, with a sample of 164 are dividing into 140 parents, students with special needs and 24 administrators and person in charge of the lunch arrangements. The instrument is a statistical questionnaire. The statistics are using for data analysis frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, one-way analysis of variance and analyze the content. The research was found that as follows: 1) student parents with special needs most of them were female, approximately age 31-40 years of age with an education lower than a bachelor's degree. There was a general employment job and had been an income not exceeding 10,000 baht at the most. 2) to study operation of lunch project management in Central Special Education Center BKK Found that overall was at a high level in descending order, it was found that the side with the highest average was raw materials, followed by management, and the least is the personnel side 3) Student parents with special needs were a high opinion on overall lunch efficiency. When was considering on a particular side, in descending order, namely, the quantity side of lunch, side lunch, the quality of the lunch hygiene of the day food operator and popular lunch items. 4) Compare the efficiency of lunch arrangements of Central Special Education Center BKK was found that the parents sex, age, status, educational level, occupation and averaged monthly income of the parents. There were opinions on the effectiveness of Central Special Education Center BKK was different with statistical significance at the .05 level. And 5) guidelines for increasing the efficiency of lunch were found that the quality ingredients should be prepared. There were food items and a variety of food styles to choosed from it must have a delicious and nutritious taste. In addition, the ingredients for cooking should be supplied with valuable nutrients, complete with all five food groups, hygienic was Including, should be recruited food operators who finished in nutrition directly. And organize was training in order to have been knowledged and developed skills in clean, disease-free and was completed cooking. And should be provided a variety of food items always new, such as fried, steamed, boiled, grilled and they were switching to change the rotation all the time. So that students could be choosed to eat. Which will have been result in being healthy. They could be active in various activities and they could be made full use of food.

Insecure adult attachment styles are associated with parental reflective functioning pre-mentalizing modes

IntroductionParental Reflective Functioning (PRF) refers to parents’ capacity to view their child’s and their own behavior considering inner mental states, like thoughts, desires, and intentions. It has been related to attachment, mentalizing capacities, and psychopathology in children. An association between adult attachment style and reflective functioning has been described. Studies have also suggested that parental insecure attachment is related to lower levels of PRF.ObjectivesWe aim to study the association between specific adult attachment styles (anxious [Anx] and/or avoidant [Av]) and specific PRF modes (pre-mentalizing [PM], certainty about mental states [CMS] and/or interest and curiosity [IC]).MethodsA sample of 238 parents (228 mothers and 34 fathers) of 263 children aged 0 to 5 years old were recruited through informal difussion of the study in social media. These parents completed the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) and the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire-18 (PRFQ-18) online. Sex and age of parents and children were also gathered. In the first place, Pearson’s correlation was conducted to study the association between the ECR-R and the PRFQ-18 subscales. In a second step, general linear models were used to control for the effect of sex and/or age, when necessary.ResultsMothers’ mean age was 35,59±4,55 and fathers’ 38,26±4,47. Among children, a total of 119 were girls (45,2%) and 140 (53,2%) boys; in 4 (1,5%) cases the sex was not specified. The association between attachment and PRF subscales is shown in Table 1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 78Parent age-Parent sex-0,196**-Child age0,273**0,054-Child sex0,0620,0140,041-PRFQ PM0,120-0,0590,072-0,001-PRFQ CMS-0,1090,135*0,137*0,015-0,256**-PRFQ IC-0,0990,163**0,121-0,069-0,0720,078-ECR-R Anx0,115-0,138*-0,0270,0060,410**-0,232**-0,035-ECR-R Av0,137*-0,0490,007-0,0910,186**-0,049-0,1030,279****p&lt;.001,*p&lt;.05 In a second step, the influence of Anx attachment on CMS was controlled for parents’ sex and children’s age; β-value of Anx was -0,288 (p&lt;.000) and the whole model explained 70% of the variability of CMS.ConclusionsWe observed that Anx attachment is associated with lower CMS and greater PM. With regard to CMS, both high and low extreme scores have been proposed to be less adaptative than average scores. Av attachment has also been related to higher PM scores. PM mode, which involves “an inability to hold the child’s mental states in mind and/or to have malevolent attributions about the child’s behavior”, is indicative of pathological PRF, and seems to be associated with insecure attachment (↑Anx/Av). Our results are in line with previous works (San Cristobal et al. Front. Psychol. 2017; Luyten et al. PLOS ONE 2017), and suggest that PRF could play a role in the intergenerational transmission of attachment, which should be further investigated.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Abstract P254: Mental Well-Being of Caregivers With Overweight and Obesity is Associated With Cognitive Stimulation Provided to Children in the Home

Introduction: Parents with poor mental health are less likely to engage in cognitively enriching parenting behaviors, such as reading and playing with their children. This, in turn, is associated with increased risk of obesity in the child and poor treatment outcomes for children enrolled in behavioral weight management. Parents and caregivers with obesity also have worse mental health and lower life satisfaction than their non-obese counterparts. Among parents with overweight and obesity who have a child with overweight/obesity, the relationship between parent mental health and cognitive enrichment provided in the home is unknown. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that higher depressive symptoms and lower subjective well-being scores among parents will be associated with less cognitive enrichment provided to children. Further, we hypothesize that these relationships will be moderated by the sex of the parent. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of baseline data from 452 parent-child dyads with overweight/obesity enrolled in a family-based behavioral treatment study for obesity. Depression symptoms and subjective well-being were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scale and the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, respectively. Cognitive stimulation was measured with the Cognitive Stimulation subscale of the Environmental Enrichment scale. Univariable relationships were assessed using Pearson correlations. Multivariable linear regression models were used to control for study site, parent characteristics (age, BMI, sex, race/ethnicity, education), child characteristics (age, and sex), and family characteristics (health insurance status and household income). Results: Higher depression symptom score was correlated with lower cognitive stimulation (ρ = -0.165, p &lt; 0.001), whereas higher subjective well-being was associated with higher cognitive stimulation (ρ = 0.377, p &lt; 0.001). These relationships were maintained even after controlling for covariates in the multivariable models, with each one-unit increase in depression symptoms associated with a 0.16 unit decrease in cognitive stimulation (95% CI -0.27 to -0.06, p = 0.003) and each one-unit increase in subjective well-being associated with a 0.04 unit increase in cognitive stimulation (95% CI 0.01, 0.07, p = 0.01). Parent sex did not moderate these effects. Conclusions: Mental well-being of parents and caregivers with overweight/obesity is associated with the degree of cognitive enrichment provided to the child in the home, though the effect sizes after controlling for covariates were modest. Thus, interventions targeting parental wellbeing offer a potential avenue to improve their child’s cognitive wellbeing and response to obesity treatment.

Avoidant attachment transmission to offspring in families with a depressed parent

BackgroundInsecure attachment is associated with mental health morbidity. We explored associations between parent and offspring attachment style in a longitudinal study of families with a depressed parent. MethodsParents (N = 169) with a DSM-IV mood disorder and their adult offspring (N = 267), completed the Adult Attachment Questionnaire at one or more time points during up to 9.7 years of follow-up. Linear mixed effects models explored associations between parent and offspring anxious and avoidant attachment scores. Residualized models accounted for parent and offspring depression severity. ResultsAvoidant attachment scores were associated between parents and offspring with (p = .034) and without (p = .012) adjustment for baseline age and sex of parent and offspring. Depressed father-offspring relationships showed more avoidant attachment in offspring compared to depressed mother-offspring pairs (p = .010). After accounting for depression severity, parent average residualized avoidant attachment scores did not significantly correlate with those of offspring (unadjusted p = .052; adjusted p = .085), though the effect sizes did not change substantially, and 75 % of the correlation was retained. Parent-son relationships exhibited stronger avoidant attachment correlations compared to parent-daughter pairs (p = .048). LimitationsSmall sub-sample of fathers, parent and offspring assessments not always completed at the same time, and use of a self-report attachment style instrument. ConclusionsFamilial transmission of insecure avoidant attachment, a risk factor for negative mental health outcomes, merits research as a potential treatment target. In this preliminary study, its transmission to offspring seemed mostly independent of depression. Depressed fathers and their sons may deserve focus to reduce insecure avoidant attachment and improve clinical course.

Industry and occupation in California birth certificates (1998-2019): Reporting disparities and classification codability.

Missing and noncodable parental industry and occupation (I/O) information on birth certificates (BCs) can bias analyses informing parental worksite exposures and family economic stability. We used the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) software to code parental I/O in 1989-2019 California BC data (N = 21,739,406). We assessed I/O missingness and codability by reporting period, parental sex, race/ethnicity, age, and education. During 1989-2019, records missing I/O increased from 4.4% to 9.4%. I/O was missing more frequently from parents who were male (7.8% vs. 4.4%), Black or American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) (9.3% and 8.9% vs. 3.2%-4.7% in others), and had high school or less education (4.0%-5.9% vs. 1.4%-2.6% in others). Of records with I/O, less than 2% were noncodable by NIOSH software. Noncodable entries were more common for parents who were male (industry (1.9% vs. 1.0%); occupation (1.5% vs. 0.7%)), Asian/Pacific Islander (industry (2.4% vs. 1.2%-1.6% in other groups); occupation (1.7% vs. 0.7%-1.5% in other groups)), age 40 and older (industry (2.1% vs. 0.4%-1.7% in younger groups); occupation (1.7% vs. 0.3%-1.3% in younger groups)), and 4-year college graduates (industry (2.0% vs. 1.0%-1.9% in other groups); occupation (1.7% vs. 0.5%-1.4%)). In California BC, I/O missingness was systematically higher among parents who are male, Black, AIAN, less than 20 years old, and report no college education. I/O codability is high when information is reported, with small percentage disparities. Improving data collection is vital to equitably describe economic contexts that determine important family outcomes.

Relationships Between Maternal Perinatal Mood, Sex of Infant, and Disappointment with Sex of Infant in a North American Sample.

Little is known about the relationships between sex of infant, disappointment with sex of infant, and risk for perinatal depression, particularly in societies where the nature of parental sex preference is thought to be "balanced" between male and female offspring. We sought to explore relationships between these variables in a North American population. In this exploratory study, we used data from a large Canadian prospective longitudinal study in which data were collected at up to four timepoints: during pregnancy, and at 1week, 1month and 3months postpartum. Data about sex of infant, maternal preference for, and disappointment in sex of infant were recorded at the first possible timepoint; while at each postpartum timepoint infant fussiness and EPDS scores were recorded. We performed a mixed-effects linear regression to evaluate relationships between these variables. In our sample of N = 207 women, EPDS scores were higher for mothers of male versus female infants, and independently associated with infant fussiness. There was no interaction between sex of infant and maternal disappointment, or between maternal disappointment and EPDS scores. Mothers of male infants may have slightly more depressive symptoms than mothers of female infants regardless of maternal preference for, or disappointment in sex of infant; sex-specific biological risk factors for PPD should be explored.

Association of Family Financial Stress During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Child Social and Emotional Difficulties.

Context: The COVID-19 pandemic and associated public health measures have substantially increased stress on families, including financial stress. Objective: To explore the association between familial financial stress and child socioemotional and behavioural difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine parenting behaviour as a potential mediator to this relationship. Study Design and Analysis: Cross-sectional cohort study using online survey data. We used multivariable linear regression models to examine the association between parent-reported financial worry and child social and emotional health. We tested the role of parenting behaviour as a mediator. Setting or Dataset: Online survey data from the Cost of COVID study, primarily collected in Eastern Ontario, Canada. Population Studied: Parents over age 18 years caring for children under age 18 years. Instruments: Financial worry was measured with a 3-item measure assessing worry about maintaining housing, paying bills, and ability to purchase food. Parenting behaviours were assessed using Parenting Scale 8-item (PS-8) questionnaire. Outcome measure: Child social and emotional health was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Total Difficulties Score. Results: Study sample of 528 parent and child pairs were from largely European ancestry (78%) and varied household income levels. The majority of parental respondents were female (93%). Increased financial worry during the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly associated with increased child SDQ total difficulties scores (β = 0.23, SE = 0.10, p = 0.03). This relationship was mediated by parenting behaviour, independent of parent education, household income, parent age, parent sex, parent anxiety and child sex (Total Effect: β = 0.69, p = 0.02, Average Causal Mediation Effects: β = 0.50, p = 0.02, Average Direct Effects: estimate = 0.19, p = 0.08). Conclusion: Financial stress during the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with poorer child social and emotional health. Unproductive parenting behaviours, including overreactivity and laxness, significantly mediated these effects. This work supports the importance of policies aimed to alleviate family financial stresses and highlights the potential impact such policies have on child health.

A CASE SERIES OF MUCORMYCOSIS IN POST COVID 19 PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN TELANGANA

Aim: Aim of the study is to put forth the effectiveness of surveillance by an otorhinolaryngologist in covid/post covid patients with comorbidities for early detection and containment of mucomycosis for better outcomes and to reduce the morbidity and mortality. The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital/ Materials And Methods: nodal centre for covid-19 in Siddipet district of Telangana. A prospective observational study on 15 cases of post covid from the period of May - October 2021 were diagnosed with mucormycosis clinically, radiologically and with histopathological conrmation of fungus and were treated by appropriate surgical debridement followed by course of parental and oral antifungal therapy. In our study patients with pre Results: existing diabetes and those who were treated with parental steroids and male sex were at increased risk of mucormycosis. Surveillance played a major role in early detection of the disease limited to nose and paranasal sinuses, and prompt treatment with reduced time gap between detection and intervention was helpful in reducing the morbidity and mortality. Active surveillance and follow up of all covid patient Conclusion: s with risk factors, irrespective of symptoms is a key to early detection of mucormycosis, which helps in identifying the disease in early stages, reduces the morbidity and mortality.

Attentional Prioritization of Infant Faces in Parents: The Influence of Parents’ Experiences of Care

Infant faces are prioritized by the attentional system in parents, resulting in a greater cognitive engagement in terms of response time. However, many biological, contextual and environmental factors relating to this cognitive mechanism have been left unexplored. To fill this gap, this study aims to (i) confirm that infant faces engage more attention compared to adult faces; (ii) investigate whether the attention to infant faces is affected early care experiences of parents; (iii) explore the effect of parents' sex by taking the amount of involvement with early childcare into consideration. 51 mothers and 46 fathers completed a modified Go/no-Go task, a brief sociodemographic questionnaire, the short version of the Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection scale, and an ad-hoc question relating to the amount of parental involvement with early childcare. Parents' response times were slowed in the presence of infant versus adult faces. Parents whose mother was perceived as more sensitively accepting were more engaged by infant cues. By considering the amount of early parental involvement, the sex of parents did not significantly interact with the type of face. These findings provide new insights on the attention process in response to infant cues in parents and suggest that the investigation of experience-based factors may shed further light on this topic.

Evaluating Match and Attrition Rates for Women and African Americans in Neurosurgery.

Previous efforts to increase diversity in neurosurgery have been aimed primarily at female inclusion while little analysis of other under-represented groups has been performed. To evaluate match and retention rates of under-represented groups in neurosurgery, specifically Black and female applicants compared with non-Black and male applicants. Match lists, Electronic Residency Application Service data, and National Resident Matching Program data were retrospectively reviewed along with publicly available residency program information for successful matriculants from 2017 to 2020. Residents were classified into demographic groups, and analysis of match and retention rates was performed. For 1780 applicants from 2017 to 2020, 439 identified as female while 1341 identified as male. Of these 1780 applicants, 128 identified as Black and 1652 identified as non-Black. Male and female applicants matched at similar rates ( P = .76). Black applicants matched at a lower rate than non-Black applicants ( P < .001). From 2017 to 2020, neither race nor sex was associated with retention as 94.1% of male applicants and 93.2% of female applicants were retained ( P = .63). In total, 95.2% of Black residents and 93.9% of non-Black residents were retained ( P = .71). No intraregional or inter-regional differences in retention were found for any group. Although sex parity has improved, Black applicants match at lower rates than non-Black applicants but are retained after matriculation at similar rates. Neurosurgery continues to recruit fewer female applicants than male applicants. More work is needed to extend diversity to recruit under-represented applicants. Future studies should target yearly follow-up of retention and match rates to provide trends as a measure of diversification progress within the field.