Parameters Plant Height Research Articles

Determining the minimum size of experimental plot for evaluating field parameters for Arabica coffee

The coffee production chain has great socio-economic importance in Brazil, generating foreign exchange with great job-generating capacity. The Brazilian coffee production is circa 2.863 k tons and coffee research has contributed to the development of new technologies in order to increase yield. However, the size of plots used for coffee experiments has been variable and mostly based on the empirical researcher's experience. Therefore, this research was carried out aiming to determine the optimal size of experimental plots to evaluate field growing parameters of Arabica coffee. The modified maximum curvature model and the comparison of variances were the methods used. It is concluded that 2, 3, 3, and 6 plants per useful experimental plot of Arabica coffee are enough to evaluate the field growing parameters plant height, plant canopy diameter, vigor, and wet mass, respectively by the method of modified maximum curvature. Two plants per experimental plot were required when using the variance comparison method to the parameters plant height, and plant canopy diameter, and 4 plants were enough to the parameters vigor and wet mass. In general, four useful plants per experimental plot were enough using the variance comparison method and six useful plants when using the modified maximum curvature method.

Suppression of Cephalosporium maydis by the resistance inducer beta-sitosterol

Late wilt, a vascular disease caused by the fungus of Cephalosporium maydis, is considered one of Egypt’s most severe maize threats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the suppressive effect of the resistance inducer beta-sitosterol on C. maydis, as well as its involvement in reducing the incidence of late wilt infection under greenhouse and field conditions. In in vitro studies on potato dextrose yeast extract agar (PDYA) and/or potato dextrose yeast extract broth (PDYB) with doses of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ppm, beta-sitosterol significantly reduced colony diameter and spore germination of C. maydis. The efficiency of beta-sitosterol increased with concentration, with 250 ppm being the most efficient, reducing colony development by 100% and spore germination by 77.3%. Experiments were conducted in greenhouse and field trials using the split-plot design with three beta-sitosterol 250 ppm application methods (maize grain dipping, maize foliar spraying, and maize grain dipping with foliar spraying) and two maize cultivars (a land race and the cultivar fine seed 1005). In both trials, the combination treatment of maize grain dipping and foliar spraying with beta-sitosterol 250 ppm was most effective. Under greenhouse conditions, beta-sitosterol treatments significantly improved the growth parameters (plant height, plant fresh weight, and plant dry weight) of the two maize cultivars. Under similar conditions, beta-sitosterol significantly increased the activity of protective enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and chitinase) and the levels of chlorophyll, total phenols, and flavonoids in the two maize cultivars. When compared to the untreated control, beta-sitosterol application reduced the incidence of late wilt disease under greenhouse and field conditions. The ear yield of the two maize cultivars was significantly increased in plots treated with beta-sitosterol 250 ppm in a field trial. The findings showed that beta-sitosterol inhibited C. maydis growth in vitro and improved maize plant resistance to late wilt infection in vivo. As a result, this plant resistance inducer could be used to improve the resistance of maize cultivars to late wilt disease.

Pertumbuhan dan Rendemen Minyak Atsiri Tanaman Selasih (Ocimum basilicum L.) pada Naungan yang Berbeda

Basil is a plant that produces essential oils. The synthesis of essential oils is influenced by environmental factors such as light and temperature. Giving shade can affect the intensity of light and temperature received by plants. The purpose of this study was to examine different shading effects on growth and oil yield. This study is an experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD) with a single pattern, namely shade with growth parameters and a factorial pattern with the first factor being shade and the second factor being plant organs with essential oil yield parameters. Planting is done by sowing the seeds for 2 weeks then transferred them to polybags measuring 30 cm x 30 cm which contains planting media in the form of a mixture of soil, coco peat, roasted husks, and compost in a ratio of 1:1:1:1 and given 30 g of manure. Shade treatment used 0%, 25%, and 50% shade to determine the effect of growth, while the oil yield was taken from the leaves, stems, and flowers to determine the interaction between shade and organ essential oil yield. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a 95% confidence level, and if there was a significant difference, it was continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Parameter data taken were the number of leaves, time of flower initiation, plant height, number of primary branches, leaf area, dry weight, wet weight, and essential oil yield (leaves, stems, and flowers). The results showed that there was a significant effect on the parameters of plant height, leaf area, flower initiation time, and essential oil yield. The highest oil yield was in the flower parts of plants with 50% shading.

Identification and Validation of Quantitative Trait Loci for Wheat Dwarf Virus Resistance in Wheat (Triticum spp.).

Wheat dwarf virus (WDV) is transmitted by the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus. As a major pathogen in wheat and other cereals, WDV causes high yield losses in many European countries. Due to climate change, insect-transmitted viruses will become more important and the restrictions in the use of insecticides efficient against P. alienus renders growing of WDV resistant/tolerant varieties the only effective strategy to control WDV. So far, there is little information about the possible sources of resistance and no known information about the genome regions responsible for the resistance. In a screening for WDV resistance using artificial inoculation in gauze houses, a panel of 500 wheat accessions including cultivars, gene bank accessions, and wild relatives of wheat was phenotyped for virus titer, infection rate, as well as plant height and yield parameters relative to healthy controls of the same genotype. Additionally, 85 T. aestivum-Ae. tauschii intogression lines were tested for WDV resistance in the greenhouse. A subset of 250 hexaploid wheat accessions was genotyped with the 15k iSelect SNP Chip. By genome-wide association study (GWAS), the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for partial WDV resistance were identified. Within these studies, one cultivar was identified showing an average infection rate of only 5.7%. By analyzing single seed descent (SSD) and doubled haploid (DH) populations comprising 153 and 314 individuals for WDV resistance and by genotyping these with the 25k iSelect SNP Chip, QTL for yield per plant, thousand-grain weight, and relative virus titer were validated on chromosomes 1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A. These results will be the basis for marker-assisted selection for WDV resistance to replacing the laborious, time-consuming, and technically challenging phenotyping with WDV bearing leafhoppers.

Uji Daya Hasil beberapa Varietas Padi (Oryza Sativa L.) dalam Pot pada Ukuran Media Tanam yang Berbeda

<p>Rice is a staple food that is generally consumed by mostly Indonesian people. However, in 2020 the productivity of rice plants in Indonesia has decreased. This study aims to determine the effect of yield and production of several varieties of rice grown in various sizes of planting media/pots other than in rice fields. This study was arranged according to a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors (the first factor was size of planting media/pot, while the second factor was type of rice varieties). There were 3 types size of planting media used, i.e 40x40 cm, 50x50 cm and 60x60cm, while the types of lowland rice varieties used wee Ciherang, Inpari 32 and Mekongga. There were 9 treatment combinations in this study. Each treatment was repeated 3 times, so that 27 experimental pots were obtained. The observational data in this study were analyzed using ANOVA (Diversity Analysis) and then further tested with 5% BNJ. The results of the analysis showed that the treatment of pot size was significantly different to the parameters of plant height at the age of 42 to 112 days after planting. The highest results were obtained from the 50 x 50 (cm) pot size treatment, which was 98.88 cm. Out of the treatment of 60 x 60 (cm) planting media, the results were significantly different for the weight parameter of 1000 grains of rice, with the highest achievement value of 25.66 grams. The highest plant growth was obtained from the treatment of 50 x 50 (cm) planting media which was planted with Ciherang variety, which was 99.66 cm. Meanwhile, the highest production was obtained from the treatment of 60 x 60 (cm) planting media planted with the Inpari 32 variety, which was 26.77 grams.</p>

The Effect of Urea Dosage Levels on Vegetative Growth of Some Clones Robusta Coffee (Coffea Canephora)

Coffee plants are one of the important commodities that have a fairly high selling value. Indonesia is one of the largest coffee producing countries in the world with a production of approximately 600,000 tons per year. The application of inorganic (chemical) fertilizers is very important if coffee plants are cultivated on soils that naturally have low fertility. In addition to the level of soil fertility as well, the purity of the planting material must be known from its origin. Because to get optimal results, a superior type or clone of coffee is also needed. This research was conducted at the Lampung State Polytechnic Plantation Plant Entres Garden which is located in Hajimena Village, Natar District, South Lampung Regency with a garden height of 118 m above sea level. This research was carried out in June-October 2021. This study was compiled using a Split Plot Design. Coffee clones were assigned to the main plot and the urea fertilizer dose factor was assigned to subplots. Observational data that has been obtained will be analyzed using analysis of variance (F test) at the 5% level. If there is a significant difference (F count > F table 5%), it will be continued with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) follow-up test with a level of 5%. Based on the results and discussions that have been obtained, it shows that the administration of urea to several Robusta coffee clones gave a significant interaction with the parameters of plant height and stem diameter and clones BP 358 with urea doses of 15 and 20 g gave the best growth compared to other clones.

Growth of Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) Hydroponic System Using Nutrients of Catfish Cultivation Waste

Organic hydroponic cultivation systems require substitute nutrients other than inorganic fertilizers as a source of plant nutrients. Catfish cultivation waste is one of the potentials that can be used as hydroponic nutrients. This study aimed to find out the concentration of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) from fish cultivation waste as a substitute for commercial inorganic nutrients on the growth of pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.). This research was carried out in 2 stages, namely the manufacture of LOF from catfish culture waste and experiments using LOF as hydroponic nutrients. The results of this study showed that the increase in LOF nutrient content in anaerobic fermentation was higher than in aerobic fermentation. The use of LOF as a hydroponic nutrient, based on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, SPAD value, root weight, crown weight, and dry weight obtained a smaller value that was significantly different compared to the inorganic nutrient treatment of AB mix. LOF concentration of 20%, both fermented aerobically and anaerobically, gave better growth when compared to higher concentration treatments. The nutrient content in LOF is difficult to adjust to the needs of hydroponic pakcoy, so that it will have a toxic impact on macro nutrients on the other hand, it also provides a response to micro nutrient deficiency.

Estimation of genetic variance of some line generation S3 cantaloupensis melon hydroponically based on smart farming system

Abstract This research aims to examine the genetic variance, heritability value, and the expected genetic progress of the S3 generation melon lines tested so as to determine the potential lines to be used as sources of genetic material in breeding programs. This research was conducted from January to May 2021 in greenhouse CV. Agroniaga. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a single treatment in the form of a line consisting of 6 levels, namely GR-1-3-7, GR-1-3-8, GR-1-3-20, GR-1-3-22, GR-1-2-2, and GR-1-1-3. Quantitative character observation data were analyzed using ANOVA or F test at 5% significance level. If the F test has a significant effect, then the average value is further tested with the Scott-Knott test. The results showed that the morphology of the S3 generation melon lines showed differences in fruit characters based on net distribution, net intensity, net pattern, fruit aroma, and fruit texture. The value of broad genetic variance was found in the parameters of plant height, male flowering age, harvest age, and fruit weight. High heritability values for male flowering age, female flowering age, harvest age, and fruit flesh thickness. The GR-1-1-3, GR-1-3-22, GR-1-3-7, and GR-1-3-8 lines are lines that have greater potential than other lines in terms of the effectiveness of selection on fruit weight parameters, so it is good to use for the next selection process.

Jajar Legowo Planting System on Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea, L)

Peanut (Arachis hypogeae, L.) is the second most important food crop after soybean. The low production of peanuts in Indonesia is caused by various obstacles, namely the use of low seed production, poor land management, pest and disease attacks, suboptimal maintenance, and the influence of the season. These obstacles can be overcome by making efforts such as improving cropping methods and regulating plant populations. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best jajar legowo planting system for growth and yield. This study used a randomized block design, consisting of 4 treatments and four replications. The average test was carried out by the Tukey test at the 5% level. The results showed that the significance value of plant height parameters was 0.910; number of branches 0.313; number of filled pods 0.168; number of empty pods 0.974; pod fill weight 0.601; wet weight is 0.695. The results obtained showed that planting peanuts (Arachis hypogeae, L.) with the jajar legowo planting system in each treatment was not significantly different, so no further testing was carried out. So it can be said that the results of peanuts with the jajar legowo planting system are no different from other planting systems.

Response of liming materials and phosphorus on growth and yield of soybean in a Dystrudept of Nagaland

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2018 and 2019 on different liming materials and phosphorus to evaluate the influence of different liming materials and levels of phosphorus on growth attributes, yield attributes and yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. All the liming materials (no lime, WA @ 0.4 LR, PMS @ 0.4 LR and CS @ 0.4 LR and P levels (0, 40, 60 and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1) significantly increased plant height, leave plant-1,branches plant-1, number of root nodules plant-1, root length and root dry weight at different crop growth stages at 30, 60 and 90 DAS. Application of liming materials and P levels significantly increased pods plant-1, 100 seed weight, grain and stover yield.Interaction effect of liming material and P was also significant for the parameters plant height, number of root nodules plant-1, root length, number of pods plant-1, stover and grain yield. The highest yield was found with an application of calcium silicate @ 0.4 LR along with 80 kg P2O5 ha-1.

Mathematical Model for Rice (Oryza Sativa) Growth Analysis Under Green Fertilizer of Biogas Slurry

The purposes of this study were to observe and measure the growth of rice plants against the application of biogas slurry fertilizer, to calculate the growth rate of rice plants with an appropriate mathematical model, and to recommend a dose of biogas slurry fertilizer for rice cultivation. This study was conducted in an experimental field using plant pots with 5 treatments of applying biogas slurry, namely without treatment/control (K), 60 Mg/ha of liquid slurry (C1), 30 Mg/ha of liquid slurry (C2), 60 Mg/ha of solid slurry (P1), and 30 Mg/ha of solid slurry (P2). Each treatment was repeated 2 times with each plant pot filled with 3 rice plants. The pots were set in randomized complete block design. The growth parameters observed were the number of leaves, plant height, number of tillers, crown weight, and plant root weight. Observations were made for 120 days. The analysis used in this study used one-way ANOVA analysis, linear regression and logistic equation for plant growth rates. The results showed that the P1 treatment had the best growth response. The coefficient value of plant growth rate (μ) on the number of leaves treatment parameters K, C1, C2, P1, and P2 were -0.044; -0.047; -0.0567; -0.0613; and -0.0547, respectively. Then, the plant height parameters were -0.0448; -0.0474; -0.0448; -0.0421; and -0.0458, respectively. The number of tillers in a row were -0.0408; -0.0405; -0.0432; -0.0447; and -0.0448, respectively. The ANOVA test showed that the application of biogas slurry fertilizer was significant (sign < 0.05) on plant growth rate, while it had no significant effect on wet and dry weight of shoots and plant roots (sign > 0.05). Logistic equation was excellent to describe rice growth under biogas slurry fertilizer. The dose of slurry biogas fertilizer that provides the most contact for plants was 60 Mg/ha.

PERBAIKAN SIFAT KIMIA TANAH DENGAN APLIKASI KOMPOS ALANG – ALANG PADA GAMBUT TERBAKAR DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI KACANG HIJAU (Vigna radiata L.)

This research aimed to determine the effect of alang-alang compost application on burned peatland to cultivate the soil chemical properties, growth, and production of mung beans (Vigna radiata L.). The research has been carried out in the Auto Agronom of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Islam Riau from October 2018 to April 2019. The design in this study was a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 2 factors, G (burned peatland) and P (alang-alang compost application). The results showed that the application of alang-alang compost toward burned peatland was able to cultivate the soil's chemical properties in the form of increasing pH, C-organic, N-total, P2O5, K-dd, Mg-dd, Ca-dd, KTK, and reducing C/N Ratio, Al-dd, Total Pb. The best results were obtained by applying alang-alang compost 375 g/polybag compost on burned peatland at the depth of 0-25 cm. The treatment interaction of burned peatland and alang-alang compost has a significant effect on the parameters of Plant Height and Dry Weight of Seeds per Plant, with the best treatment application of alang-alang compost 375 g/polybag on burned peatland at the depth of 25-50 cm. The main influences of alang-alang compost application have a significant influence on Plant Height and Dry Weight of Seeds per Plant, the best treatment was the application of alang-alang compost 375 g/polybag.

EFEKTIVITAS NPK GROWER DAN POC BONGGOL PISANG PADA PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT TANAMAN PISANG KEPOK (Musa paradisiaca) DENGAN TEKNIK BELAHAN BONGGOL

The development of kepok bananas in Indonesia generally uses banana sapling, but this technique has weaknesses such as low uniformity and takes a long time. So, it is necessary to get the latest techniques such as the technique of splitting humps which is easier and cheaper. In addition, its development requires the balanced fertilization techniques using inorganic and organic fertilizers. This study aims to determine the effect of interaction and the main effect of NPK Grower and banana humps liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) on the growth of kepok banana seedlings (Musa paradisiaca) by using the splitting humps. This research was carried out at the Experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Riau Islamic University, Pekanbaru City. The study was conducted from March to May 2021. The research design used a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors. The first factor was the concentration of NPK Grower (G), which consisted of 4 levels, which were 0 g/plant, 15 g/plant, 30 g/plant, and 45 g/plant. The second factor was LOF banana humps (P), consisting of 4 levels, namely 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% which consisted of 3 replications. The parameters observed were the percentage of growth, budding time, plant height, number of leaves, stem girth, longest leaf length, and widest leaf width. The data were statistically analyzed and continued with the honest significant difference test (HSD) at the 5% level. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between NPK Grower and banana humps LOF on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, stem girth, longest leaf length, and widest leaf width. The best treatment was found in NPK Grower with a dose of 45 g/plant combined with a concentration of LOF banana humps of 300 ml/lair.

Study of the effect of microbial addition in seed germination and seedling growth of Cryptocarya densiflora L

Cryptocarya densiflora L belongs to the Lauraceae family that is famous for its utilization of its leaves, stems, roots, and fruit. These species are also widely spread. The hardness of its seed coats inhibits its germination. Various efforts to accelerate the germination process by immersion in water or chemicals have done. However, the application of microbes has never been reported. Naturally, C. densiflora seeds fall to the ground directly in contact with soil microbes that might play a significant role in the germination process. This research aims to reveal the effect of inoculants’ application originated from soil microbes, Aspergillus niger, and natural microbial consortia in germination and growth of seedling C. densiflora. The experiments employed a completely randomized design using two main treatments, the inoculant formula, and the growing media. Inoculant formula factors consist of Formula 1 (A. niger), Formula 2 (microbial consortia), and Control, while the growing media consists of 3 types, A (soil and sand/1:1), B (soil, sand, and compost/1:1:1), and C (sand). All growing media were treated with 2 different treatments, sterilized (S) and non-sterilized (N). The growth stage was observed for 12 weeks after sowing with the following observed parameters: pH of the media at the end of the experiment, the percentage of sprout growth, plant height, number of leaves, root length, wet and dry weight of roots, and shoots. The results showed that the addition of microbial inoculant significantly affected the germination of C. densiflora seeds in all parameters measured, both for media A and B (sterile and non-sterile). Formula 1 gave the best results on all media, especially sterile media with parameters of plant height, number of leaves, root length, wet and dry weight of roots and shoots. The presence of microbes significantly affected germination and C. densiflora seedling growth.

Pengaruh Variasi Pupuk terhadap Pertumbuhan Benih Terung Hijau (Solanum melongena L.)

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a garden plant grown for its fruit. Some green eggplant farmers in West Lombok, use NPK fertilizer as the main choice to produce quality fruit, they never use organic fertilizer when planting green eggplant for fear that the size of the fruit produced is not as big as the fruit grown using NPK. Low quality green eggplants are rarely in demand by the public, so it will have an impact on decreasing selling prices in the market. This study aims to determine the effect of fertilizer variation on the growth of green eggplant (Solanum melongena L). This research is a true experiment that wants to see the growth of green eggplant plants given a variety of fertilizers. In this study using 3 treatments, namely PA (chicken manure + soil in a ratio of 2:1), PK (goat manure + soil in a ratio of 2:1), PN (NPK fertilizer 20 g given to each polybag size 2 kg). The results of the analysis from the table and the average diagram, the application of fertilizer variations showed that there were differences in the growth of green eggplant plants on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, number of flowers and number of fruit. The results of the ANOVA statistical test showed that there was an effect of fertilizer variation on the parameters of the number of leaves and the number of branches, but it was not significant on the parameters of plant height, number of flowers and number of green eggplant (Solanum melongena L.).

Effect of direct and residual sewage-sludge application on physiological attributes of rice-wheat cropping system

An experiment was conducted to assess the growth and yield attribute of rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) as influenced by conjoint application of treated sewage sludge (TSS) and fertilizer at Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, from June 2017 to May 2019. The treatments comprised:  control, 100% RDF recommended dose of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), 100% RDF + 20 t ha-1 TSS, 100% RDF + 30 t ha-1 TSS, 50% RDF + 20 t ha-1 TSS, 60% RDF + 20 t ha-1 TSS, 70% RDF + 20 t ha-1 TSS, 50% RDF + 30 t ha-1 TSS, 60% RDF + 30 t ha-1 TSS, 70% RDF + 30 t ha-1 TSS. The experiment was laid-out in randomized block design with three replications. The result of our study indicated that higher growth parameter (plant height, greenness index and tillers), yield attribute (length of panicle/ear, grain par panicle/ear) and yield of rice and wheat were recorded under 100% RDF with 20 and 30 t SS ha-1 as compared to 100% RDF alone. However, 70% RDF+ 30 t SS ha-1 had given equivalent or higher yield than 100% RDF in RWCS. Our results suggested that in short term application of sewage sludge would provide higher yield without any harmful/negative impact on environment. On the other hand, if the goal is efficient and economic use of fertilizer with greater sustainability, use as of 70% RDF with 20 and 30 t ha-1 SS as organic amendment can be recommend.

PERBANDINGAN PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN PORANG (Amorphophallus muelleri) AGROFORESTRY DAN MONOKULTUR PADA KELOMPOK TANI SARI BUNGA KAYU KABUPATEN LUWU TIMUR

This study aims to determine the comparison of the growth of porang plants managed by agroforestry and monoculture. This research took place from April to May 2021. The data was collected in the form of primary data and secondary data. This study was a completely randomized design consisting of 2 treatments and eight replications on agroforestry and monoculture land so that there were 32 experimental units. Treatment using media M1=Soil (100%) and M2=Soil + husk charcoal. Furthermore, analysis of variance (Manova) was carried out; the analysis of variance showed that on agroforestry land, the treatment had a very significant effect on stem height and substantially impacted the number of leaves. In contrast, in monoculture, the treatment significantly impacted stem height and had no significant effect on the number of leaves. Based on the results of the research, the best porang plant growth was found on agroforestry land that used soil + husk charcoal in terms of plant height parameters and a number of leaves with an average plant height value of 27.2 cm and gave the best results on the number of leaves with an average value of 3 strands. At the same time, the lowest porang plant growth was on monoculture land with an average plant height value of 19 cm and the number of leaves with an average value of 1 strand.

PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN APLIKASI ASAP CAIR LIMBAH PELEPAH KELAPA SAWIT

ABSTRACT The growth of good and quality seeds requires a lot of fertilization, considering that oil palm seeds grow quickly. Generally, the fertilizers used are compound fertilizers and inorganic single fertilizers. Continuous use of inorganic fertilizers without being balanced by organic fertilizers can reduce soil quality. Therefore, alternative fertilizers are needed to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers. Liquid smoke from palm oil midrib-leaf waste can be developed into organic fertilizer, so a lot of studies are needed. This study aims to determine the growth of oil palm seedlings by giving liquid smoke from palm oil midrib-leaf waste. The treatments given were P0 (0% /control), P1 (2% liquid smoke), P2 (3% liquid smoke), P3 (4% liquid smoke), P4 (5% liquid smoke), P5 (10% liquid smoke ), P6 (15% liquid smoke) and P7 (20% liquid smoke). The results obtained are analyzed. A further BNJ test will be carried out at the 5% level if they give significantly different results. Parameters observed were plant height (cm), number of leaves (strands), leaf area (cm2), and diameter of stem circumference (mm). The application of liquid smoke from the palm fronds had a significant effect on plant height and leaf area of oil palm seedlings, while the parameters of the quantity leaves and stem diameter had no significant effect. The best treatment based on plant height and leaf area parameters was 2% liquid smoke from palm oil midrib-leaf. Keywords: liquid smoke, palm oil midrib-leaf, palm oil

The Effect of Fermented Shallot Skin on The Growth Of Muscle Plants (Brassica Juncea)

Shallot skin is a kitchen waste that contains good nutrients for plant growth. Shallot skin contains calcium, phosphorus, and iron. The fermented shallot skin has nutrients N-total 1.29%, C-organic 17.32%, P2O5-total 0.46%, K2O-total 0.70%, and so on. This study aims to determine the effect of shallot skin fermentation on the growth of mustard (Brassica juncea) plants. This research was conducted using a Randomized Block Design method consisting of 6 treatments and 4 replications, including; P0 (without fertilizer as negative control), P1 (inorganic fertilizer as positive control), P2 (25 gr), P3 (50 gr), P4 (75 gr), and P5 (100 gr). The observed growth parameters include; plant height, number of leaves, wet weight, and leaf area of ​​mustard plants. The data obtained were analyzed using Anova analysis at a 95% confidence level, then further tested with Duncan's test. The results of this study showed that the application of organic fertilizer from the fermented shallot skin had a significant effect on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, and wet weight, but had no significant effect on leaf area of ​​mustard plants. Treatment of organic fertilizer from shallot skin at a dose of 25 grams can replace the application of inorganic fertilizer (urea) on all parameters, except for leaf area.

EFFECT OF BIOFERTILIZER (AZOTOBACTER CHROOCOCUM) AT DIFFERENT NITROGEN LEVEL ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CAULIFLOWER IN PALUNG, MAKWANPUR

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of nitrogen-biofertilizer Azotobacter chroococcum on the growth and yield of Brassica oleracea var botrytis; White Top under open field conditions. The study was done by planting 480 cauliflower seedlings distributed into six treatments; T1-control (without treatment), T2- 25% N and Azotobacter, T3- 100 N only, T4- 100 Nitrogen with Azotobacter, T5- 75% Nitrogen with Azotobacter and T6- 50% nitrogen with Azotobacter. The treatments were replicated four times. After 75 days and through cauliflower growth parameters; plant height, leaf number, leaf area, and yield parameter; curd height, curd diameter, curd weight, and yield were measured. The result depicted that the growth parameter of cauliflower increased its productivity of cauliflower. Plant height (20.69 cm), leaf number (13.5), and total leaf area (1035 cm2) were observed highest in treatment full dose of nitrogen along with Azotobacter inoculation. The shortest plant height (14.49 cm), lowest leaf number (10.00), and total leaf area (602 cm2) were observed in the control. The curd weight was found to be maximum in treatment full dose of nitrogen with inoculation (1.12 kg) whereas minimum curd weight was observed in control. Furthermore, the highest yield (43.08 Mt/ha) was obtained with treatment; the full dose of nitrogen along with biofertilizer inoculation followed by 75% nitrogen with biofertilizer and 100 full doses of nitrogen without biofertilizer had statistically similar yields showing the inoculation of biofertilizer can reduce the need of nitrogen through inorganic source by about 25%. Biofertilizer has been identified as an alternative to chemical fertilizer to increase soil fertility and crop production in sustainable farming. The use of biofertilizers is steadily increased in agriculture and offers an attractive way to replace chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and supplements.