Formulation Parameters Research Articles

A Bayesian Network Framework to Predict Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete

In recent years, the use of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) has become a major concern when promoting sustainable development in construction. However, the design of concrete mixes and the prediction of their compressive strength becomes difficult due to the heterogeneity of recycled aggregates (RA). Artificial-intelligence (AI) approaches for the prediction of RAC compressive strength (fc) need a sizable database to have the ability to generalize models. Additionally, not all AI methods may update input values in the model to improve the performance of the algorithms or to identify some model parameters. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a new method based on Bayesian Networks (BNs) to predict the fc of RAC, as well as to identify some parameters of the RAC formulation to achieve a given fc target. The BN approach utilizes the available data from three input variables: water-to-cement ratio, aggregate-to-cement ratio, and RA replacement ratio to calculate the prior and posterior probability of fc. The outcomes demonstrate how BNs may be used to forecast both forward and backward, related to the fc of RAC, and the parameters of the concrete formulation.

Exploring Latest Expansions in Solid Lipid-based Nanoparticle Technology for Treatment of Cancer.

The field of cancer therapy has witnessed significant strides with the emergence of innovative drug delivery systems and one such promising avenue is solid lipid-based nanoparticle (SLN) technology. This abstract provides a complete overview of current advances in developing SLNs for effective cancer treatment solid lipid nanoparticles (NPs) represent a novel drug delivery platform characterized by their unique composition which includes biocompatible lipids as the main carrier material. This technology addresses challenges related to standard chemotherapy such as low bioavailability limited medicine stability and non-specific targeting. The incorporation of lipids in SLNs ensures enhanced drug encapsulation, protection of therapeutic agents from degradation-controlled release profiles. Recent breakthroughs in SLN technology have focused on optimizing formulation parameters to achieve superior drug loading capacities stability and sustained release kinetics. Advanced fabrication techniques including high-pressure homogenization and microemulsion methods have been pivotal in tailoring SLN properties for specific cancer types and therapeutic agents. Furthermore, SLNs' capacity to passively build up in tumor tissues using increased penetration and retention effects has been harnessed for targeted drug transport. Surface modifications using ligands or antibodies to facilitate active targeting, enhancing medication delivery's selectivity to tumor cells decreasing unwanted effects on normal tissues. This abstract highlights recent preclinical and clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of SLN-based formulations in enhancing the therapeutic outcomes of various anticancer agents. The versatile nature of SLN technology makes it a viable option for the advancement of personalized and precision cancer therapies, marking a significant stride toward overcoming the limitations of conventional cancer treatments. As research in this domain progresses, the integration of SLNs holds immense potential for revolutionizing tumor treatment strategies.

Understanding the formulation parameters for engineering indocyanine green J-aggregate lipid nanocapsules and solid lipid nanoparticles as promising photothermal agents.

Indocyanine green J-aggregate (IJA) is a promising photothermal (PTT) agent that has recently been utilised in preclinical studies for cancer diagnostics and treatment. The unique properties, such as the red-shift absorption band and longer wavelengths, are behind IJA's superior thermal stability compared to its monomeric ICG. Loading IJA into nanoparticles (NPs) has proven advantageous in enhancing its in vivo targeting of various cancer models. However, the loading of IJA into more complex lipids, such as lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), has not been reported. The present work focuses on investigations of the effect of formulation parameters on pre-formed IJA (p-IJA) stability and the formation of p-IJA-loaded LNCs and SLNs, thus enhancing their theranostic applications. We investigated the effect of the lipid shell of LNCs and the lipid core of SLN on p-IJA stability. Our findings demonstrated the significant role of lipophilic surfactants (Span 85) and a high-melting-point lipid core (sodium stearate) in enhancing the p-IJA ratio and heating capacity following loading into SLNs. More importantly, p-IJA-SLN enhanced the optical stability of p-IJA in a range of biological media, such as serum proteins, blood, and collagen. Furthermore, lyophilised p-IJA-SLNs were successfully obtained after long-term storage. Overall, p-IJA-loaded lipid NPs could provide a promising platform for various applications, including photoacoustic imaging, PTT, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and combination therapy with chemotherapeutics.

Overview on LNP-mRNA encapsulation unit operation: Mixing technologies, scalability, and influence of formulation & process parameters on physico-chemical characteristics.

Nanoparticles carrying active drug substances have been used since the 70's and have undergone numerous improvements since then. Nowadays, the latest generation of nanoparticles, called lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), is used for different applications such as vaccines and cancer treatments and offer a versatile approach to delivering genetic materials like RNA. LNPs are non-viral delivery vehicles obtained by the self-assembly of lipids during the rapid mixing of an aqueous phase containing mRNA with an organic phase containing lipids. During this process, mRNA is encapsulated within the LNP due to electrostatic interaction with an ionizable lipid. Different methods to produce LNPs are described in the literature and, as of now, continuous methods are mostly used to produce LNP-encapsulated mRNA (LNP-mRNA). T-shaped mixers are commonly used to produce mRNA-LNPs. This technology can operate at two different scales: microfluidic chips which can range from tens to hundreds of microns in size, and millimetric tubing for production scale up. This review intends to describe LNP-mRNA characteristics and their production modes with a special focus on the challenges related to the mixing quality, especially during scale-up.

Assessment of standardization and quality control parameters of a new formulation of Trijata; An Ayurveda formula

Assessment of standardization and quality control parameters of a new formulation of Trijata; An Ayurveda formula

Development, Optimization, and Evaluation of Rutin-Loaded Liposomes in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease, progressively distinctive via cartilage destruction, auto-antibody production, severe joint pain, and synovial inflammation. Nanotechnology represents one of the utmost promising scientific technologies of the 21st century. Nanocarriers could be the key to unlocking its potential by encapsulating Rutin in targeted drug delivery systems, potentially for targeted Rheumatoid arthritis therapy. The rationale of current research is to prepare liposomes loaded with a bioflavonoid drug rutin for effective management of rheumatoid arthritis. This study investigated the formulation of rutin liposomes using the thinfilm hydration technique, also known as the Bangham method. A Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the formulation parameters. The LP2 batch was then characterized for its mean particle size, zeta potential, shape, diffraction pattern, and thermal properties. Finally, the in-vitro anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of the rutin liposomes were evaluated using appropriate assays. Out of thirteen batches, LP2 was found to be an optimized batch with a mean particle size of 167.1 nm, zeta potential -13.50 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 61.22%. The above results showed higher stability of rutin liposomes. Further characterization of LP2 for morphological assessment, XRD analysis, and DSC revealed its spherical shape less than 1 μm, polycrystalline nature, and thermographic peak at 139°C, respectively. Evaluation of the antioxidant properties and antiinflammatory potential of LP2 revealed its maximum therapeutic potential in the reduction of inflammation and protein denaturation when evaluated via in-vitro assays. Rutin liposomal formulation has tremendous potential for the management of Rheumatoid arthritis due to its enhanced bioavailability, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties when compared to free rutin.

Seismic capacity of purely compressed shells based on Airy stress function

Purely compressed shells are often elegant and highly efficient structural forms, but this leanness may create risk if they are subjected to unexpected patterns and magnitudes of loading, such as may arise due to seismic events. In the same way that historic masonry structures were designed to sustain loads by activating purely compressive force paths, a modern metamaterial can be designed for specific purposes following the same logic. Conventional analysis methods for compression-only shells and vaults, often developed for masonry structures, have tended not to model combined vertical and horizontal loads directly. This has created a significant challenge for engineers assessing historic vaults or designing new shells. To address this gap, this paper presents an enhanced method based on membrane equilibrium analysis (MEA) and the static theorem of limit analysis. This approach is the first application of MEA to directly consider vertical and horizontal body forces acting on a compression-only shell through a parametric formulation of an Airy stress function. The method is applied to a case study of a sail vault subjected to vertical and horizontal loads. Moreover, it is demonstrated how this approach can be used to define iso-resistant shapes that offer more sustainable design options while preserving structural capacity.

Measurement of CP violation in B0→ D+D− and Bs0→Ds+Ds− decays

A time-dependent, flavour-tagged measurement of CP violation is performed with B0→ D+D− and Bs0→Ds+Ds− decays, using data collected by the LHCb detector in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 6 fb−1. In B0→ D+D− decays the CP-violation parameters are measured to beSD+D−=−0.552±0.100stat±0.010syst,CD+D−=0.128±0.103stat±0.010syst.In Bs0→Ds+Ds− decays the CP-violating parameter formulation in terms of ϕs and |λ| results inϕs=−0.086±0.106stat±0.028systrad,∣λDs+Ds−∣=1.145±0.126stat±0.031syst.These results represent the most precise single measurement of the CP-violation parameters in their respective channels. For the first time in a single measurement, CP symmetry is observed to be violated in B0→ D+D− decays with a significance exceeding six standard deviations.

Formulation Optimization, Physicochemical Characterization, and Biocompatibility Assessment of Curcumin‐Loaded Aquasomes

ABSTRACTCurcumin, a polyphenolic compound with numerous health benefits, suffers from poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability, limiting its therapeutic potential. This study aimed to characterize and enhance curcumin's bioavailability by aquasomes (AQ)—a novel drug delivery system comprising a core, a carbohydrate layer, and the drug. Using a central composite design within the response surface methodology, formulation parameters—core‐to‐coat ratio, incubation time, and drug amount—were optimized to achieve the desired particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) cores were coated with various sugars (lactose, sucrose, maltose, and trehalose) and loaded with curcumin, then characterized by size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The optimized HAP cores exhibited a particle size of 55.41 nm. Curcumin‐loaded AQ showed larger sizes, with sucrose and maltose formulations measuring 215.6 and 329.5 nm, respectively. Encapsulation efficiencies ranged from 50% to 55.1%, with trehalose‐coated AQ showing the highest efficiency. Drug release studies demonstrated a sustained release profile, with trehalose AQ achieving 90% release within 100 min. Stability assessments indicated no significant changes over 90 days, and photostability tests showed improved protection against light‐induced degradation. The study developed curcumin‐loaded AQ with enhanced stability and solubility, optimized through quality by design principles, offering a promising strategy to improve curcumin's bioavailability.

Optimization of spray drying process conditions for producing insulin-loaded alginate/chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes

The aim of this study was to optimize the formulation parameters for spray-dried insulin-loaded alginate/chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) intended for oral insulin delivery, utilizing response surface methodology. A 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken experimental design was used to assess the effects of three independent factors: alginate concentration, liquid feed rate, and inlet temperature, on three dependent responses: particle size, production yield, and entrapment efficiency. The structural properties and cytotoxic effects of insulin in the optimized spray-dried PECs were also investigated. The final optimized formulation achieved a particle size of 407.7 nm, a production yield of 58.88%, and an entrapment efficiency of 67.9%. In vitro release studies demonstrated that Alg/CS PECs exhibited pH-sensitive drug release behavior, following Makoid-Banakar kinetics. Structural analysis revealed that the spray-drying process maintained the native conformation and stability of the insulin. Moreover, the optimized formulations showed no cytotoxicity.

Maximizing sorghum proteins printability: Optimizing gel formulation and 3D-printing parameters to develop a novel bioink.

The objective of this study was to form sorghum protein gels and explore their application in 3D food printing. Sorghum proteins were used to prepare gels with concentrations of 15 %, 20 %, 25 %, 30 %, and 35 % (w/w) in 70 % ethanol. The gels were evaluated for their rheological and textural properties and utilized as bioinks for 3D printing. Gels with 35 % and 15 % (w/w) protein concentrations exhibited poor texture and rheological properties, while gels with 20-30 % (w/w) showed better 3D printability. The optimal printing speed was 20 mm/s, which improved shape accuracy and reduced fusion issues compared to lower speeds. The best results were achieved with a 25 % protein and a 0.64 mm nozzle size, aligning closely with the digital design. SEM images confirmed gel network formation, chemical analysis showed increased β-sheet structure after gelation, and X-ray diffraction indicated an amorphous structure. These findings highlight the influence of protein concentration on gel texture and rheological properties, and the impact of printing speed and nozzle size on the printability and structural integrity of sorghum-protein gels. Overall, this study developed a novel hydrophobic bioink based on sorghum proteins for 3D food printing for the first time, which can find various food and pharmaceutical applications.

Impact of chickpea aquafaba-based emulsion on the physicochemical, nutritional, rheological and structural characteristics of little millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth.) flour cake

Protocol, ingredients and measuring parameters for formulation of little millet flour cake consisting chickpea aquafaba emulsion addressing current food consumption pattern of consumers with a strong desire for vegan, gluten-free, and healthy diets.

Self-assembled nano delivery system of fenugreek polysaccharides: Effects on curcumin bioavailability and molecular mechanisms

Self-assembly of fenugreek polysaccharides FS60 (a natural macromolecular material) with curcuminoid has been proved to improve curcumin (Cur) water dispersion in preliminary studies. This study further explored the effect of FS60 on Cur bioavailability in vivo to assess the significance of this delivery method. In this study, we optimized the formulation parameters of FS60–curcuminoid aggregates (FC) and studied their effects on Cur pharmacokinetics in rats. Results showed that the optimized aggregates had an encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 88.22 % and hydrodynamic diameter (DH) of 231.48 nm. Additionally, administering FC significantly increased curcumin glucuronide (Cur-O-Glu) levels. The Cmax was 51 times higher and AUC0–12h was 19 times higher than curcuminoid alone. Moreover, FS60 intervention for seven days increased the absorption speed of Cur-O-Glu into the bloodstream. Further mechanistic studies indicated that FS60 promoted Cur ingestion, increased UGT expression, and inhibited enterocyte transporters, allowing large amounts of Cur-O-Glu to enter the bloodstream. Moreover, the gut microbiota modulated by FS60 accelerated the mutual conversion of pentose and gluconate to provide sufficient glucuronic acid for the glucuronidation of Cur in enterocytes. Consequently, the nano delivery system composed by FS60 and curcuminoid facilitated gastrointestinal Cur glucuronidation and Cur-O-Glu absorption.

Quality by design approach for optimizing the formulation properties of escitalopram oxalate Oro-dispersible tablets

The quality by design (QbD) approach was applied for optimizing the formulation of Escitalopram oxalate (ES) orodispersible tablets (ODTs) using Design-Expert Software. To Optimize ES-ODTs a quality target product profile was established in which critical quality attributes (CQAs) such as wetting time, dispersion time, disintegration time and drug release rates were defined and quantified. As critical formulation parameters (CFP) that were evaluated for their effect on the CQA. Percentage of Crospovidone (CP) and Croscaramellose (CCS) were choosen. Response surface methodology (RSM) such as Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to evaluate the effects of the CFPs on the CQAs of the final product. The main factor affecting disintegration, wetting time, dispersion time and release rate was the combination of CP and CCS. Disintegration time, wetting time and dispersion time were found to be sensitive to the percentage of CP and CCS. From the results a design space could be created. The results suggest QbD appears to be a useful approach for the rational design of ES-ODTs. The chosen model helps to visualize the different effects of the CFPs on the CQAs.

Formulation and evaluation of anti-arthritic potential of ointment based on flavonoids and tannins of Aristolochia longa against induced arthritis model in Wistar rats

Aristolochia longa, belonging to the Aristolochiaceae family, helps treatvarious diseases such as cancer, abdominal pain and upper respiratory tract infections. The present work aims to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of ointments based on the flavonoids and tannins of Aristolochia longa. The acute dermal toxicity has been evaluated using Wistar rats. Then, the formulated ointments were considered for physicochemical parameters and microbiological analysis. The stability study was conducted at 4°C, 25°C and 37°C during 28 days. However, the skin tolerance test of ointments was performed by measuring the primary irritation index. In vivo, the anti-arthritic potential of the formulations was evaluated by Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis method. The degree of inflammation and anti-arthritic effects were assessed by radiological and histological analysis of knee joints. The results revealed that the Lethal dose 50 (LD50) was more significant than 5000 mg/kg. The microbiological and physicochemical parameters of formulations were found to be satisfactory.The stability testshowed a stable homogenous appearance, and no pathogens were revealed. At the same time, the microbial parameters were discarded on the 28th day of exposure. The skin irritant effect indicated that the prepared formulations were safe. The radiological profile and histological analysis showed an anti-inflammatory effect in the treated group by F1 and F2 formulations, reducing infiltration cellular, pannus formation and bone erosion. Leaves and roots of A. longa can be used as plant remedies for Rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory diseases.

Impact of ensemble‐based hybrid background‐error covariances in ECMWF's next‐generation ocean reanalysis system

AbstractAn ensemble of data assimilations (EDA) can provide valuable information on analysis and short‐range forecast uncertainties. The present European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational ocean analysis and reanalysis system, called the Ocean Reanalysis System 5 (ORAS5), produces an ensemble but does not exploit it for the specification of the background‐error covariance matrix , a key component of the data assimilation system. In this article, we describe EDA developments for the ocean, which take advantage of the short‐range forecast ensemble for specifying, in two distinct ways, parameters of a covariance model representation of . First, we generate a climatological ensemble over an extended period to produce seasonally varying climatological estimates of background‐error variances and horizontal correlation length‐scales. Second, in each assimilation cycle, we diagnose flow‐dependent variances from the ensemble and blend them with the climatological estimates to form hybrid variances. We also use the ensemble to diagnose flow‐dependent vertical correlation length‐scales. We demonstrate for the Argo‐rich period that this new, ensemble‐based hybrid formulation of results in a significant reduction of background errors compared with the parameterized formulation of used in ORAS5, with the globally averaged reduction ranging between 5% and 15% for subsurface temperature and salinity and up to and for sea‐surface temperature and sea‐surface height, respectively. The new ocean EDA system will be employed in ORAS6, ECMWF's next‐generation ocean reanalysis system.

Mucoadhesive Enhancement of Gelatine by Tannic Acid Crosslinking for Buccal Application

ABSTRACTThis study aims to evaluate the impact of formulation parameters on tannic acid‐crosslinked gelatine (GelTA) films, intended as a mucoadhesive matrix for extended buccal drug delivery. GelTA films were prepared using the solvent evaporation technique and screened based on their mucoadhesive and dissolution characteristics. The formulation variables included the source of gelatine (bovine and fish), tannic acid concentration, pH of the film‐forming solutions, and the type and concentration of plasticisers. Subsequently, selected films underwent further characterisation (e.g., crosslinking density, stability) to elucidate their features as a drug delivery matrix. GelTA films exhibited a significantly improved dissolution time compared to the non‐crosslinked film (BG‐GLY20), while maintaining a substantial water uptake capacity conducive to a matrix system with extended action. The bovine GelTA film containing 5% w/w tannic acid and 20% w/w glycerine, prepared at pH 7 (BG‐GLY20‐7), exhibited a 1.6‐fold increase in mucoadhesivity and an extended dissolution time of up to 6 h compared to BG‐GLY20 (control), along with superior antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. However, stability studies indicate the need for an oxygen‐free environment for film storage. In conclusion, GelTA films show promise as a buccal film matrix, offering extended dissolution times, substantial water uptake, and enhanced adhesive strength.

Formulation, Development, and Optimization of Fast Dissolving Tablets Containing Tapentadol Hydrochloride

Background: Tapentadol hydrochloride is a potent analgesic commonly used to manage moderate to severe pain. Rapidly dissolving tablets of Tapentadol offer a significant advantage in enhancing patient compliance by providing quick pain relief. The development of fast-dissolving tablets (FDTs) requires careful consideration of formulation parameters to achieve optimal disintegration and dissolution profiles. In this study, the aim was to fabricate Tapentadol FDTs by selecting suitable super disintegrating agents such as croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone, which serve as two independent variables. The direct compression method was employed to formulate nine different Tapentadol hydrochloride formulations (TH1 to TH9). Materials and Methods: The study utilized Design-Expert® software version 13.0 and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for the optimization of Tapentadol FDTs. The formulations were prepared using the direct compression method with varying concentrations of the super disintegrants, croscarmellose sodium, and crospovidone. The primary response variables considered in this optimization study included disintegration time (Y1), percentage drug release at 15 minutes (Q15, Y2), and percentage drug release at 30 minutes (Q30, Y3). All pre-compressional and postcompressional parameters were evaluated for each formulation, along with in vitro dissolution studies. Furthermore, DD Solver, a statistical tool, was employed to determine the kinetics of drug release and the release order mechanism based on regression coefficient value (r²), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and Model Selection Criteria (MSC). Results: The evaluation studies indicated that the TH5 formulation exhibited the most rapid disintegration time and the highest drug release percentage within the specified time frame. The super disintegrants used demonstrated a significant impact on the response variables, notably enhancing the solubility and dissolution rate of Tapentadol hydrochloride. Based on the exponent release (n) value, the study concluded that the TH5 formulation followed a first-order release kinetics and Fickian diffusion mechanism for drug release. Stability studies were performed following the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines to assess the shelf-life of the optimized formulation. The ANOVA data revealed that the p-value was greater than 0.05, indicating no significant differences during the storage period. Additionally, a similarity factor (f2) analysis was conducted to compare the optimized formulation with the marketed formulation (Tydol 100 mg). Discussion: The findings highlight the crucial role of super disintegrants in fast-dissolving tablet formulation, significantly impacting disintegration time and dissolution profile. The TH5 formulation excelled in rapid disintegration and drug release, optimized using RSM and Design-Expert software, with statistical analysis confirming the Fickian diffusion mechanism for drug release. Conclusion: The study successfully developed and optimized Tapentadol fast-dissolving tablets using direct compression and response surface methodology. The TH5 formulation showed rapid disintegration and optimal drug release, with stability confirmed under ICH conditions. This highlights the importance of super disintegrants in FDT formulation for rapid action and patient compliance.

Lambda-PFLOTRAN 1.0: a workflow for incorporating organic matter chemistry informed by ultra high resolution mass spectrometry into biogeochemical modeling

Abstract. Organic matter (OM) composition plays a central role in microbial respiration of dissolved organic matter and subsequent biogeochemical reactions. Here, a direct connection of organic matter chemistry and thermodynamics to reactive transport simulators has been achieved through the newly developed Lambda-PFLOTRAN workflow tool that succinctly incorporates carbon chemistry data generated from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) into reaction networks to simulate organic matter degradation and the resulting biogeochemistry. Lambda-PFLOTRAN is a Python-based workflow, executed through a Jupyter notebook interface, that digests raw FTICR-MS data, develops a representative reaction network based on substrate-explicit thermodynamic modeling (also termed lambda modeling due to its key thermodynamic parameter λ used therein), and completes a biogeochemical simulation with the open source, reactive flow and transport code PFLOTRAN. The workflow consists of the following five steps: configuration, thermodynamic (lambda) analysis, sensitivity analysis, parameter estimation, and simulation output and visualization. Two test cases are provided to demonstrate the functionality of the Lambda-PFLOTRAN workflow. The first test case uses laboratory incubation data of temporal oxygen depletion to fit lambda parameters (i.e., maximum utilization rate and microbial carrying capacity). A slightly more complex second test case fits multiple lambda formulation and soil organic matter release parameters to temporal greenhouse gas generation measured during a soil incubation. Overall, the Lambda-PFLOTRAN workflow facilitates upscaling by using molecular-scale characterization to inform biogeochemical processes occurring at larger scales.

Fabrication and Characterization of Sustained-release Eudragit RSPO Microsphere of Lornoxicam by Spray Drying Technique

Background: Lornoxicam is a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with strong analgesic properties; however, its short half-life necessitates frequent administration for sustained efficacy. Objective: The objective of the present study was to identify critical formulation parameters affecting sustained release Eudragit RSPO microsphere of lornoxicam employing the concept of design of experiments. Method: The lornoxicam-loaded microspheres were prepared using a spray drying technique by optimizing the drug:polymer ratio(X1) and inlet air temperature (X2) using a 32 full factorial design. The percentage drug entrapment (Y1), percentage yield (Y2) and cumulative percentage of the drug dissolved at 18 hr (Y3) were selected as dependent variables. Microspheres were evaluated for percentage drug entrapment, mean particle size, percentage yield, in vitro drug release study and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Result: The optimized batch showed 84.51% drug release after 18 h with significantly higher drug entrapment and percentage yield. The optimization was further verified using overlay and desirability plots. The sustained release behavior of the drug from microspheres in GIT was displayed. The predicted and observed responses for the optimized formulation were in close agreement with the release profile of the drug. Conclusion: The sustained release microspheres of lornoxicam may prove to be an effective analgesic with excellent anti-inflammatory potential.