Parameters Of Different Phases Research Articles

Дослідження впливу фаз менструального циклу на функціональний стан кваліфікованої ветеранки спорту з дзюдо

Purpose: to investigate the influence of menstrual cycle phases on the functional status of a qualified female veteran judo athlete. Material and methods. The following methods were used in the study: analysis of scientific and methodological information and Internet sources; generalization of advanced practical experience; measurement of sensorimotor reactions and determination of heart rate variability indices; methods of mathematical statistics. A qualified veteran female judo athlete (Master of Sports of Ukraine) in the age category F2 (1983-1979) took part in the study. We performed 84 measurements of heart rate variability (n=42, HRV in the supine position; n=42, heart rate variability during the test task dedicated to measuring the choice reaction). The measurement was performed using two computer programs for mobile devices running iPadOS «Research HRV» and «HRV SR+CR» during morning hours (7-8 hours) and afternoon hours (17-18 hours). Results: analysis of the dynamics of changes in heart rate variability parameters obtained in the supine position indicates an increase in sympathetic activity in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Analysis of comparisons of heart rate variability parameters in different phases of the menstrual cycle indicates that the greatest number of statistically significant (p<0,05) differences is observed in the first half of the day. These changes indicate the dynamics of the decrease in the tone of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system in the follicular phase when performing test tasks provided by the computer program «HRV SR+CR». Analysis of the study results indicates that the indicators of heart rate variability are also influenced by the measurement conditions. The test tasks of the computer program «HRV SR+CR» provide cognitive load and concentration of attention, especially in the second stage, where it is necessary to choose the sought-after figure. During cognitive tasks there is an increase in the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, which leads to an increase in heart rate variability. High level of heart rate variability is associated with better cognitive functions and adaptive response to stress. Consequently, these differences in heart rate variability obtained using the «Research HRV» and «HRV SR+CR» programs may be the result of interactions between physiological changes during the menstrual cycle as well as the influence of measurement conditions. Understanding the changes in heart rate variability indices during test tasks related to the manifestation of the choice reaction provides information about the influence of cognitive load and attention concentration on the functional state of the female athlete. This will allow to plan the training process of wrestling taking into account the phases of the menstrual cycle and functional capabilities that are inherent in high-skilled female athletes. Conclusions. The parameters of heart rate variability and sensorimotor reaction time provide information about the functional state of martial artists. Understanding of metabolic and hormonal processes in different phases of the menstrual cycle of qualified wrestlers will allow to optimize their training loads and recovery measures.

Pupil to limbus diameter ratio as an emerging autonomic function test and its correlation with anthropometric parameters in different phases of menstrual cycle

The menstrual cycle is a physiological change in normal females, indicating the proper functioning of both endocrine and reproductive health. The pupil to limbus diameter (PLD) ratio is defined as the ratio of pupil diameter measured at an axial plane to the limbus diameter measured at the same or a parallel axial plane. Alterations in estrogen and progesterone levels may influence cardiac autonomic functions. This study aimed to correlate the PLD ratio with anthropometric parameters, such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), during different phases of the menstrual cycle among medical students.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among first- and second-year female MBBS students aged 17 to 22 years. Anthropometric parameters, including height, weight, BMI, and WC, were measured for all participants. Eye photographs were taken during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, and the diameters were measured manually using the two-box method. The PLD ratios for both eyes showed a significant positive correlation with BMI (right eye: r = 0.682, p < 0.000; left eye: r = 0.430, p < 0.000) and waist circumference (right eye: r = 0.456, p < 0.000; left eye: r = 0.315, p < 0.001). The PLD ratio can serve as a simple, non-invasive, and cost-effective autonomic function test.

Correlation of pupil-to-limbus diameter ratio with physiological hemodynamic parameters in different phases of menstrual cycle

Background: There are changes in ovarian hormones throughout the menstrual cycle which are associated with alterations in neurohumoral mechanisms that regulate cardiovascular homeostasis. Pupil limbus diameter ratio will give an idea about the status of autonomic functions. Objective: To correlate pupil to limbus diameter ratio with physiological hemodynamic parameters like blood pressure and pulse rate in different phases of menstrual cycle. Materials and methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted among the first year and second year female MBBS students with the age of 17 – 22 years. Physiological hemodynamic parameters like pulse and blood pressure were measured in all the participants. After recording the photographs of eyes during follicular and luteal phase of menstrual cycle, it was transferred to the power point slides and the diameter was measured manually by the two-box method. Result: Pupil to limbus diameter ratio of left eye and right eye between follicular and luteal phase (p<0.05) was statistically significant. Conclusion: It is useful for detection of variations in autonomic functions during different phases of menstrual cycle in medical students, so that intervention measures can be started at the earliest which will help to prevent further complications.

Development and optimization of experimental parameters for the detection of trace of heavy metal (Cr) in liquid samples using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique

Detection of traces of impurities/elements present in liquid samples using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is challenging because the signal intensity is weaker than in the case of solid samples. The present paper deals with the optimization of experimental parameters for different phases of a liquid sample and the improvement of the limit of detection (LOD) in these LIBS experimental setups. LIBS spectra of chromium in the liquid sample have been recorded in three different configurations [laminar flow, i.e., liquid flowing through a small jet, frozen liquid (ice), and liquid deposited on a filter paper]. Experimental conditions for different phases were optimized to get a better signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and signal-to-background ratio (S/B) in the LIBS spectra. The best S/N and S/B ratio is observed when LIBS spectra is recorded for the liquid deposited on the filter paper configuration. The spectral intensity of Cr is enhanced several folds (36 times) in the LIBS spectra recorded in the filter paper configuration as compared to the laminar flow. The calibration curve method is used to measure the LOD for three different configurations. The better LOD (9.7 ppm for 357.8 nm Cr line) is observed in the case of deposited liquid on the filter paper than the other liquid phase (laminar, 85.5 ppm and ice, 63.7 ppm) configurations.

Bayesian inference of mesoscale mechanical properties of mortar using experimental data from a double shear test

In this work, we propose Bayesian parameter estimation of a nonlinear mechanics based model describing the behaviour of mortar subjected to double shear test with externally bonded carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates. With the Bayesian approach, it is possible to identify mechanical material parameters of different phases of the mortar mesostructure, i.e. hardened cement paste, aggregates and interface transition zone (ITZ). Due to nonlinearity of the concerned problem, we use a novel sequential approach for the parameter inference, which does not require coupling between the finite element solver and software for the stochastic analysis. The model geometry and material mesostructure are learned based on micro-computed tomography (μCT) scans of the real specimen, whereas the unknown boundary conditions are assumed to be uncertain and are also identified from experimental data. Mortar is modelled through a discrete lattice model consisting of spatial Timoshenko beams with embedded discontinuities. The latter allows the description of the distinct stages in material degradation, from the appearance of microscopic material damage to its evolution into macroscopic cracks leading to localised failure.

Subjective Psychophysiological Satisfaction of Women from Fitness Training on an Individual Program

The article is devoted to a complex research of interdependence of subjective indices of women's satisfaction during fitness training on differentiated planning of such training taking into account phases of the ovarian-menstrual cycle (OMC) and individual peculiarities of personal psychophysiological profile of participants. The study involved 93 women aged 22–27 engaged in fitness at the sports club "Spartak" in Kamianske. Women were divided into two groups: EG – experimental group (n=51) and CG – control group (n=42). The first group was studied taking into account the phases of OMC, the second group – without it. To achieve the objectives we used the following scientific methods: theoretical, empirical, psycho-diagnostic, pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics.It was determined that the manifestation of physical skills is closely related to women's general physical well-being and mental parameters in different phases of ОMC. Comparative analysis of the data shows that the indicators of functional and psycho-emotional states of EG women significantly exceed the results of CG. The results of the article proved the importance of subjective markers of satisfaction and their determinant effects on the overall effectiveness of fitness and also proved the possibility to take into account the phases of OMC and the individual characteristics of the psychophysiological profile of women in the planning of fitness programs and changes in marketing policy of fitness centers.

Investigations of fatigue crack propagation in ER8 railway wheel steel with varying microstructures

In this study, fatigue crack occurrences and propagations of high-speed railway wheel steel grade ER8 were investigated through both experiments and FE simulations. Three varying microstructures of the wheel steel including as-received, ferrite- and bainite-containing microstructures, which were obtained by specific heat treatment routes, were characterized. Stress-controlled fatigue tests were carried out for determining relationships between crack propagation rate and stress intensity factor of the steels. In addition, FE simulations of fatigue crack developments on both macro- and micro-scale using representative volume element (RVE) 2D models were conducted with consideration of microstructural features. The extended finite element method (XFEM) coupled with the Paris law was applied in the cyclic simulations for predicting crack propagation. For the microstructure level, flow stress-strain curves based on micromechanics approach and corresponding fatigue damage parameters of different phases in steels were identified and afterwards calibrated with experimental results. Finally, influences of ferrite, pearlite and bainite on fatigue crack resistance in the wheel steel were precisely examined by the RVE model. It was found that fatigue micro-cracks mostly initiated close to interface regions between soft and hard phases. The bainitic phase could obviously retard fatigue crack propagation of steel, whereas the ferritic phase contrarily exhibited deteriorated crack resistance. Moreover, the proposed framework could be acceptably employed for predicting fatigue crack propagation behavior and its rate in railway wheel subjected to microstructure changes occurred.

Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy of ethanol isotopic forms in the liquid and gas phase

Several ethanol isotopic species were dissolved in the buffer gases, Xe and SF6, and carefully investigated by NMR spectroscopy. The 1H, 13C and 17O chemical shifts converted to magnetic shielding constants were obtained by extrapolation of the NMR parameters to the zero-density limit of the gaseous mixtures. These nuclear shielding constants are free from intermolecular interactions and can be directly compared with quantum calculation results. At the same time, the second virial coefficients of 1H, 13C and 17O chemical shielding were obtained from the slopes of density dependences.High resolution NMR spectra were also recorded for neat samples to allow measurements of appropriate gas-to-liquid shifts. They reflect the association processes which take place during condensation from gas to the liquid state. Several spin-spin coupling constants in the ethanol molecule were measured in the gas and liquid phase. The changes to the NMR parameters in different phases and isotopic compositions were given and briefly discussed.

Hematological parameters as a predictor of disease remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

BackgroundAlterations in the hematological profile have been linked to disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We aimed to evaluate the levels of hematological parameters in different phases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and determine whether hematological parameters could be used to predict RA remission. Materials and methodsThe medical records of 365 RA patients were reviewed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to compare hematological parameters among RA patients who were categorized into 4 groups according to disease activity: disease remission or low, moderate or high disease activity. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the predictive performances of significant parameters for RA remission. ResultsComplete data were obtained from 325 patients. The 4 groups of patients had different levels of hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet values. In multivariate analysis, Hb level, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and mean platelet volume (MPV) were independent factors associated with disease activity. The combination of these 3 parameters yielded a sensitivity of 95.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 88.7–98.2), specificity of 23.6% (95% CI 18.3–29.9), positive predictive value of 37.3% (95% CI 31.6–43.4), and negative predictive value of 91.2% (95% CI 80.0–96.7) in predicting disease remission. ConclusionHb level, NLR and MPV were independently associated with RA disease activity. The high sensitivity and negative predictive value of the model consisting of Hb level, NLR and MPV may serve as a simple and inexpensive tool to identify patients who are less likely to have disease remission.

Experimental Study on Sensitivity of PRHR Pipeline Break Location on ACME Test Facility

To study the safety performance of the advanced passive (AP) nuclear power plant (NPP) under passive system failure condition, the experimental study on the loss of coolant from the passive residual heat removal (PRHR) pipeline break is performed by the advanced core-cooling mechanism experiment (ACME) facility, during which the effect of main test sequences and break location on the key parameters in different phases of the accident is analyzed. As demonstrated by the study results, the ACME PRHR pipeline break test sequences, basically same as those for the small-break loss of coolant accident (SBLOCA) of the cold leg, reproduce the safety characteristics in the natural circulation phase of the passive NPP, blowout phase of the automatic depressurization system (ADS) and safety injection (SI) phase of the in-containment refueling water storage tank (IRWST); in the test at different break locations, the passive core cooling system (PXS) can always ensure the water makeup for core and the core active region remains below the mixed liquid level; and the break locations have notable effect on the ACME LOCA accident sequence, initial depressurization rate of reactor coolant system (RCS), PRHR heat exchanger (HX) flow, blowout flow, core level, IRWST SI flow and other parameters, and have little impact on the SI flow of the core makeup tank (CMT) and accumulator (ACC).

Heat transfer and structure of pulsating flow behind a rib

The paper elaborates on experimental studies of heat transfer and kinematic structure of steady and pulsating air flows past a spanwise rib. The forcing frequency range of (0–30) Hz is considered, and the normalized forcing amplitude of velocity is 0.5. Forced flow pulsations are shown to enhance heat transfer if compared to the steady-state flow, particularly in the near-wake region behind the rib. Experimental data on the heat transfer coefficient in pulsating flows are best generalized using the non-dimensional pulsation frequency (Strouhal number). Profiles of velocity and turbulent parameters are demonstrated at a number of representative coordinates along the separation region. The dynamics of the kinematic structure of pulsating flows is described using the profiles of parameters in different phases of forced flow pulsations. The correlation between local heat transfer in the separation region and local hydrodynamic parameters is analyzed. The distribution of heat transfer coefficient over the wall in the rib wake correlates best with the distributions of transverse velocity component.

Multiple Emulsions Able to Be Used for Oral Administration of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients: Physico-Chemical Parameters Study of Different Phases

Multiple emulsions are of great therapeutic interest especially in the administration of medicines which can be inactivated by digestive enzymes; moreover the researches of formulation not being often easy, a control of the different phases physicochemical parameters would be of great interest in rapid formulations and at low cost. When formulating emulsions, the preliminary tests, also known as formulation tests, constitute a step which can be long and expensive because of the quantity of reagents that can be used. A rigorous methodology could thus be of great interest, which is at the aim of our study which consists of evaluating the physico-chemical parameters of different phases used to make thus multiple emulsions. In our study, physico-chemical parameters such as conductivity, pH, density, viscosity, and surface tension have been studied by direct measurement using equipment and also by means of suitable mounting. The results showed that the pH and the surface tension have an important role in the prediction of the stability of emulsions, these latter must be of the same order of magnitude. For all phases conductivity does not have too much interest apart from helping to determine the type of the emulsion.

A comprehensive study on the cytogenetic and hematological parameters in different phases of chronic myeloid leukemia

A comprehensive study on the cytogenetic and hematological parameters in different phases of chronic myeloid leukemia

Anemia in Menstruating Women: Variation in Hematological Parameters in Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle

Background and Aim: Menstrual cycle is a physiological process that occurs in women. It is characterized by periodic vaginal bleeding due to shedding of uterine mucosa. This has its own effect on various systems and metabolisms. This study was attempted to understand the variations in hematological parameters in different phases of menstrual cycle. Methods: The present study was conducted on 55 healthy female volunteers within the age group of 18 to 24 years having regular menstrual cycle of 28 ± 3 days from the female medical students of M. L. N. Medical College, Allahabad, U.P. We analyzed various hematological parameters on three different phases of menstrual cycle (Menstrual phase-2nd day, Proliferative phase -12th day and Secretory phase-22nd day). Results: Regarding hematological parameters, the mean TLC and PMN count increased with time i.e. highest in secretory phase followed by proliferative phase and least in menstrual phase. In contrast, mean Hb was highest in proliferative phase followed by secretory phase and menstrual phase. Conversely, mean eosinophils level was highest in menstrual phase followed by secretory phase and least in proliferative phase. Conclusion: This study was a moderate attempt to determine regular variations in some specific hematological parameters, during different phases of menstrual cycle in normal healthy females and evaluate various changes and their association with women’s health. Eosinophil count increases in menstrual and premenstrual phase. In this phase exacerbation of menstrual asthma has also seen.

A Mössbauer spectroscopy study of Fe based cemented carbides

Mössbauer spectroscopy has been used as a novel characterization technique to investigate Fe charge states, Fe complexes and hyperfine interaction parameters of different phases in WC-10Fe and WC-10(FeNi) materials sintered at three different temperatures (1350, 1430 and 1510 °C). The materials were characterized using standard cemented carbide quality control, and spectroscopic techniques to evaluate the structural changes and magnetic effects of the binder. The WC-10Fe grade had the highest Vickers hardness ranging from 1282 to 1320 HV30, for the different sintering temperatures. X-ray diffraction data showed the presence of WC and the metal binder phase, α-Fe and γ-FeNi. Transmission Mӧssbauer spectroscopy spectra obtained for the milled powders revealed only the α-Fe phase with a hyperfine magnetic field, Bhf ~33 T. Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy on the sintered compacts revealed the presence of multiple fields, suggesting the possibility of minor phases present in the binder which were not detected using X-ray diffraction. The corresponding spectra for the sintered WC-Fe grades exhibited two magnetic fields with hyperfine parameters of ~33 T and ~17 T, respectively. These fields were assigned to α-Fe with some W atoms in solution and a W-rich Fe phase, respectively. The Mӧssbauer spectrum for the FeNi binder sample at the lowest sintering temperature of 1340 °C showed a paramagnetic doublet with an isomer shift, δ = −0.08 mm/s and electric quadrupole splitting, ∆EQ = 0.00 mm/s and a weak hyperfine magnetic field, Bhf = 15.7 T. The doublet has been assigned to γ-FeNi and the magnetic component to a W-rich γ-FeNi phase. For the higher sintering temperature, a distribution of magnetic fields (~33 T, 25 T and 9 T) was evident in the Mössbauer spectrum. These magnetic fields were tentatively assigned to multiple W-rich γ-FeNi phases.

Modulation of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning by Proinflammatory Cytokines in Renal Transplant Recipients

ABSTRACTAim: Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been used as a strategy to reduce acute renal injury and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in renal transplantation (RT) with controversial results. Objective: To determine if RIPC modifies IRI in cadaveric RT recipients through inflammatory mediators and graft function. Methods: Twenty-nine RT recipients were studied, 12 in the control group (CG) and 17 in the RIPC group. RIPC which was performed on donors using a pneumatic tourniquet placed on both thighs for 10 min followed by the determination of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF, and ICAM-1, and hematological and biochemical parameters in different phases of RT. Results: Serum creatinine levels were significantly lower in the RIPC group versus the CG at 15 and 30 days; however, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) showed no significant difference in any phase between either group, only TNF-α showed significantly higher values in the RIPC group versus the CG in almost all phases of the study, meanwhile IL6 was increased at 72 hours (hr) and 30 days, IL1 at 72 hr and 15 days and ICAM-1 post reperfusion, contrary to this VEGF showed a decrease at 7 and 15 days. Conclusion: RIPC did not improve eGFR or serum creatinine; however, it modifies the inflammatory response in RT recipients.

In-Operando EDXRD of Graphite and Silicon-Graphite Electrodes in Lithium-Ion Cells

Improvements in the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), through the adoption of novel high capacity anodes as alternatives to graphite, are being widely pursued. Silicon, with a theoretical capacity of 3579 mAh g-1, lithiation voltage comparable to that of graphite, and high abundance, is considered the most appropriate alternative. The advantages of high energy density are countered by severe capacity fade, limiting the cycle life of Si-containing cells. Fundamental mechanistic understanding of lithiation and de-lithiation processes in Si-electrodes is essential to identify causes of capacity loss. Several in-situ and ex-situ microscopy and spectroscopy techniques have provided information on structural, chemical, and morphological changes of electrodes at specific states of charge and during calendar/cycle life ageing. We adopted Energy Dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) to track structural changes in all components of pure Graphite (Gr) and Silicon/Graphite (Si/Gr = 15/73 w/w) based lithium-ion cells. Beamline 6 A-B at the Argonne Photon Source (APS), equipped with a fixed 3º angle single element Ge detector and incident white X-ray beam was used to obtain in operando EDXRD spectra from CR2032-type coin cells. The coin cells were assembled with a Li metal counter electrode, and 1.2 M LiPF6 in EC/EMC (3:7 w/w) + 10 wt% FEC as the electrolyte, and underwent electrochemical cycling at a ~C/8 rate. Lattice parameters corresponding to the spectral peaks were derived from the energy of the diffracted X-rays. Variations in the average Gr layer spacing during lithiation of the pure Gr half-cell was used to calibrate an “average layer spacing vs. state of lithiation” in the Gr-component. The lattice parameters of different phases formed upon lithiation and delithiation of Si and graphite were estimated which can, thus, be used to obtain the extent of lithiation in Si and in graphite quantitatively at every state-of-charge. The consequences of this lithiation-delithiation behavior will be highlighted during our presentation. Acknowledgement: The authors acknowledge colleagues at Argonne, especially S. Trask, B. Polzin, A. Jansen, and D. Dees. The electrodes and electrolytes are from Argonne’s Cell Analysis, Modeling and Prototyping (CAMP) Facility, which is supported within the core funding of the Applied Battery Research (ABR) for Transportation Program. Support from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies Program (DOE-VTP), specifically from Peter Faguy, is gratefully acknowledged. This document has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory (“Argonne”). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, is operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.

A phase field model to simulate competitive precipitation of Mg2Sn along the basal or pyramidal habit planes in Mg-2.2Sn-0.1Zn alloy

We use a phase field model to simulate the competitive precipitation of the Mg2Sn phase along different habit crystal planes of the parent α-Mg phase in real time and industrial scale space at an aging temperature of 450K as a function of time. An expression of the local free energy density was established as a function of the concentration of the α-Mg matrix simplified by main alloy element Sn only and of the order parameters of different phases for the Mg-2.2Sn-0.1Zn alloy during the aging process. Furthermore, a numerical phase transformation tensor method was cautiously introduced for Mg2Sn precipitation based on theoretical transformation atom displacement analysis. The simulations eventually can meet the experimental microstructure observation successfully. It is suggested that random distribution of dissolved Sn atoms in the α-Mg promotes favorite formation of pyramidal Mg2Sn precipitates.

Structural and thermal study of nanostructured Cr80Co10Si10 mixture

Structural evolution during milling process of Cr80Co10Si10 (wt.%) mixture was followed by the combination of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The structural parameters of different phases were deduced from the Rietveld refinement of the XRD patterns using the MAUD program. The thermal stability of the obtained powders was investigated by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns shows that the obtained mixture after 24h of milling consists in nanocrystalline bcc-Cr(Co, Si) solid solution and amorphous-like phase. The DSC scans give evidence of exothermic reactions corresponding to structural relaxation, grain growth and crystallization of the disordered mixture. The annealing of the 24h-milled powders induces the crystallization of the amorphous part of the mixture. The activation energy determined from Kissenger’s model is found to be 259.36±11.16kJ/mol.

Theoretical investigation of influence of peculiarities of internal structure on deformation and fracture of metal-ceramic composites using discrete element approach

The paper is devoted to comparative analysis of the capabilities of the most common models of interfaces which are used for simulation of multiphase materials. Influence of the parameters of these models on the microscopic mechanical properties of the metal-ceramic composites was also investigated. It was shown that the most effective way of explicit modeling of interphase boundaries are models of extended (wide) interface area. For example, models of homogeneous interface zones provide the opportunity to study influence of thermal conditions of composite material production and differenceы between the elastic constants and rheological parameters of different phases on integral properties of the composites. If interphase boundaries are characterized by gradients of elemental composition and defect structure at the transition from one phase to another, is the most adequate to use “gradient” models of the interface zones.