Surface Roughness Parameters Research Articles

Effect of charcoal-based dentifrices on surface roughness of an aged resin composite.

Recently, the use of whitening dentifrice has increased among patients. However, these products might increase the surface roughness of composite restorations and make them more susceptible to discoloration and plaque accumulation. This study aimed to compare the effects of two charcoal-based dentifrices and other whitening dentifrices with different mechanisms of action on the surface roughness of an aged resin composite. Forty-five composite specimens were made (2 × 7mm) and their initial surface roughness was obtained using a Profilometer. The specimens were subjected to the Accelerated Artificial Aging (AAA) process for 300 hours. Then, the surface roughness of the specimens was reevaluated using the Profilometer. The specimens were randomly divided into 5 groups (N.=9), namely Control (Gc), Bencer (Gb; Sormeh Company, Tehran, Iran), Perfect White Black (Gp), Colgate Total Whitening (Gt), and Colgate Optic White (Go) (Colgate-Palmolive Company, New York, NY, USA). The specimens were brushed for 14 minutes with respective dentifrices. In the Gc group, the specimens were only brushed with distilled water. The surface roughness of the specimens was measured again. The data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05. There was no significant difference in surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rq, Rz) between the groups, but in each group, the roughness parameters decreased after the aging procedure and increased after brushing significantly except for Rz parameter in Gb group which increased after aging and decreased after brushing. None of the whitening dentifrices used in the present study had an adverse effect on the surface roughness of an aged composite resin.

Sound intensity analysis of straight bevel gears finished by using AFF process

This article reports using the Abrasive flow finishing (AFF) process to finish straight bevel gears (SBG) to improve their microgeometry errors and surface characteristics. Microgeometry errors, surface roughness parameters, and dual flank roll testing parameters was compared for unfinished and the AFF finished SBG. An indigenously developed bevel gear test rig was used for the sound intensity measurement and experiments were conducted by varying speeds at four levels. Finishing of SBG by the AFF process reduced their microgeometry errors, surface roughness, and improved functional performance parameters, resulting in reduced sound power generation. This study proves the potential of the AFF process to improve gear quality and help to establish it as a cost-effective, productive, and sustainable non-traditional solution for high-quality gear finishing.

Parametric optimization and prediction of MRR and surface roughness of titanium mixed EDM for Inconel 718 using RSM and fuzzy logic

Powder mixed electric discharge machining (PMEDM) was developed to improve the machining rate and surface quality of conventional EDM. In this study, PMEDM was performed on Inconel 718 by adding titanium particles to the dielectric fluid. The input parameters selected for the experiment were powder concentration, pulse current, gap voltage, pulse on time and pulse off time and the effects of the input parameters were investigated on the material removal rate (MRR) and the surface roughness of the sample. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to construct the design of experiment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to find out the significant input parameters for each response. Further, Mamdani based fuzzy logic was developed using the experimental data and used to predict the responses in optimized condition. The multi-objective optimization was performed using the RSM desirability function approach to maximize the MRR and minimize the surface roughness. From ANOVA, it is observed that powder concentration, pulse current, gap voltage and pulse on time are the significant input parameters for MRR and surface roughness. The fuzzy result is compared with the experimental data and found the accuracy of prediction is 89.21 % for MRR and 91.23 % for surface roughness. The optimized setting of input parameters is obtained as powder concentration = 8 g/l, pulse current = 9.5 A, gap voltage = 60 V, pulse on time = 150 µs and pulse off time = 20 µs and the corresponding optimum value of MRR and surface roughness are 16.623 mm 3 /min and 3.71 µm respectively. The SEM result indicates that the width of the surface crack is found more in the optimized sample compared to the sample having the least surface roughness. From the EDX analysis, it is found that a very small amount of copper and titanium particles were included on the surface during the machining.

Experimental Investigation of Material Removal Rate Parameters in ECM for Aluminum Hybrid Matrix Composites Using the RSM Technique

In the present work, the preparation of AA-6082/ZrSiO4/TiC hybrid composite is studied along with an analysis of the effects of electrochemical machining parameters such as feed rate of electrode (FE), voltage (VO), electrolyte concentration (EL), and electrolyte discharge (ED) rate on the output responses of the material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) for Al hybrid composites. The experiments are carried out based on the Taguchi L16 orthogonal array and the important process parameters are found for MRR and SR. Each parameter contains four different levels that are FE (0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 mm/min), VO (10, 15, 20, and 25 V), EL (15, 20, 25, and 30 g/lit), and ED (1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 lit/min).The optimization software, namely, Minitab-17 version helps to find the contribution of each parameter on MRR and SR. The ANOVA result reveals that the feed rate of electrode is the highest contributing parameter, trailed by the electrolyte discharge rate and other process parameters for MRR and SR. A linear model of regression and interaction plots is also included to show the relationship between the parameters. From the observational results, the highest MRR (0.00953 mg/min) is attained by the parameter combination level of the feed rate of electrode of 0.20 mm/min, voltage of 25 V, electrolyte concentration of 20 g/lit, and electrolyte discharge rate of 1.5 g/, whereas the lowest MRR is found at FE of 0.10 mm/min, VO of 10 V EL-15 g/lit and ED of 2.5 g/litre. For SR, the maximum and minimum are recognized at FE2-VO4-EL3-ED2 (0.15 mm/min, 25 V, 25 g/lit, and 2 lit/min) and FE1-VO1-EL1-ED1 (0.10 mm/min, 10 V, 15 g/lit, and 1.5 lit/min), respectively. Finally, the increment of MRR and SR values is mostly dependent on the feed rate of the electrode.

ANN and RSM based predictive model development and EDM process parameters optimization on AISI 304 stainless steel

The current research was conducted in an Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) on AISI 304 stainless steel. The experimental study was carried out using full factorial design methods, with three input parameters chosen for this experiment: pulse time (T), discharge current (C), and gap voltage (V), and the responses being material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR). Artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) models are the two different types of predicting models for MRR and SR that have been established. It has been found that both models have good accuracy, albeit ANN predicted model is more accurate. The maximum percentage of error in the MRR prediction was 6.16 for the ANN model and 10.45 for the RSM model, respectively Also, the maximum percentage of error in the SR prediction was 5.32 and 16.18 for the ANN and RSM models, respectively. The purpose of this paper is to increase the MRR as well as decrease the SR and equivalent optimum machining parameters which is a very important aspect of the present research. For this purpose, a multi objective function for MRR and SR has been developed based on the RSM method and finally, it is optimised. It has been found that 9 A, 200 s, and 45 V, respectively, are the optimal machining parameters for obtaining discharge current (C), pulse on time (T), and gap voltage (V). Future attempts may use more advanced artificial intelligence methods like ANN-GA, ANN-PSO, etc.

Effect of lubricant on turning characteristics of duplex stainless steel

The way cutting liquids are applied during cutting processes affects the physical phenomena that take place during cutting as well as the characteristics of the produced surface, tool wear and dimensional accuracy. Their use, however, results in a number of ecological and social issues related to environmental pollution and worker health is improved by 10%. For their eradication or a large decrease of 3%, a similar machined surface quality under dry cutting circumstances or with little to no lubrication is needed. The present research compares the topographical surface qualities that were acquired after a conventional supply of emulsion to those that were obtained following dry and minimal quantity lubrication (MQL) turning of steel. The majority of earlier research on the impact of the cutting environment on the quality of the machined surface was done in dry or wet environments. Other significant surface features were ignored in favour of analysing the surface texture using the surface roughness parameter Ra. According to the experimental findings, the cutting zone's environment and parameters had a significant impact upto 7% on the profile bearing ratio, surface roughness and cutting force occurrence of surface defects.

Preliminary Studies into Cutting of a Novel Two Component 3D-Printed Stainless Steel-Polymer Composite Material by Abrasive Water Jet.

Composites are materials with a heterogeneous structure, composed of two or more components with different properties. The properties of composites are never the sum or average of the properties of their components. There is a lot of research and many models on the different property assessments of composite materials. Composites are used as construction materials in key areas of technology, including in civil and mechanical engineering, aviation and space technology, and others. This work presents a modern composite material created with 3D-printing technology using the SLM method, and the possibility of its processing with one of the advanced manufacturing technologies, i.e., the Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ). Tests planned using DoE methods were carried out by changing control parameters such as the pressure, abrasive flow, and traverse speed. As a dependent parameter, the surface roughness parameter Sq (squared mean height) was selected and measured in different places of the cut composite. Based on the S/N ratio, the most favorable control parameters of the cutting process were also determined to achieve the lowest roughness of the cut surface. A clear effect of the controlled cutting process on the surface roughness was observed, as well as roughness variation for the metal and polymer component. In addition, the contact surface of the polymer with the metal in the cut zone was analyzed. Analysis of the contact surfaces on the microscope showed that the gap between the polymer-metal contact surfaces does not exceed 2.5 μm.

Comparison of Friction Behaviour of Titanium Grade 2 after Non-Contact Boriding in Oxygen-Containing Medium with Gas Nitriding

The surface characteristics and friction behaviour of titanium Grade 2 with modified nitride (TiN, Ti2N) and boride (TiB) compound layers were investigated. It was shown that during non-contact boriding in oxygen-containing medium of titanium, the diffusion processes take place mainly by the interscale mechanism; however, during nitriding, besides the traditional interscale diffusion mechanism, the grain boundary mechanism of diffusion of nitrogen atoms is also realized. The optimal set of surface roughness parameters (height and step parameters, a combination of kurtosis and asymmetry, and profile reference curve parameters) was obtained after boriding. It was determined that the intensity of the adhesive wear of the tribo-pairs with stainless steel and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene under dry sliding conditions was influenced not only by the hardness but also roughness of the modified surface layer. The lowest friction coefficient was fixed for the TiB compound layer in both tribo-pairs.

Analysis of the Effect of the Surface Inclination Angle on the Roughness of Polymeric Parts Obtained with Fused Filament Fabrication Technology.

The aim of this work was to conduct a dimensional study, in terms of microgeometry, using parts from an additive manufacturing process with fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology. As in most cases of additive manufacturing processes, curved surfaces were obtained via approximation of planes with different inclinations. The focus of this experimental study was to analyze the surface roughness of curve geometry from surface-roughness measurements of the plane surfaces that generate it. Three relevant manufacturing parameters were considered: layer height, nozzle diameter and material. Taguchi's experimental design based on the Latin square was applied to optimize the set of specimens used. For the manufactured samples, the surface-roughness parameters Ra (roughness average), Rq (root mean square roughness) and Rz (maximum height) were obtained in eight planes of different inclinations (0° to 90°). The results were analyzed using both a graphical model and an analysis of variance study (ANOVA), demonstrating the dependency relationships among the parameters considered and surface finish. The best surface roughness was reached at 85°, with a global average Ra value of 8.66 µm, increasing the average Ra value from 6.39 µm to 11.57 µm according to the layer height increase or decreasing it slightly, from 8.91 µm to 8.41 µm, in relation to the nozzle diameter increase. On the contrary, the worst surface roughness occurred at 20°, with a global average Ra value of 19.05 µm. Additionally, the theoretical profiles and those from the surface-roughness measurement were found to coincide greatly. Eventually, the eight regression curves from the ANOVA allowed prediction of outputs from future specimens tested under different conditions.

Evaluating machining performance of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) based electrical discharge machining (EDM) electrodes fabricated by fused deposition modelling (FDM) followed by a novel metallization method

In the present study machining performance of a novel ABS P400 based EDM electrode is experimentally investigated. Three EDM parameters that is, current ( I), pulse on time ( Ton) and pulse off time ( Toff), each at three levels, are considered, and mild steel is machined using these electrodes according to the response surface methodology (RSM) based face-centred central composite design (FCCCD). Machining performances such as material removal rate ( MRR), tool wear rate ( TWR) and surface roughness ( SR) are measured. Experimental results are analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), response graphs and 3D surface plots. Current is found to be the dominating parameter for MRR, TWR and SR. The optimal combination of EDM parameter for multi-performance is determined using teaching-learning based optimization (TLBO) algorithm. The effectiveness of the new electrodes is established by comparing their machining performances with the already developed electrode at the same machining parameter setting. MRR resulting from the new electrode and also its TWR are found to be in good agreement with those of already produced electrodes. However, SR of the machined surface using new electrodes is found to be relatively higher.

Surface Topography Description after Turning Inconel 718 with a Conventional, Wiper and Special Insert Made by the SPS Technique.

This paper presents a comparison of surface morphology obtained after machining Inconel 718 by the conventional insert, by Wiper insert and by using the cutting insert made by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). The shape of the special insert was obtained by employing Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM). The paper focuses on the description of surface topography after turning in dry and wet conditions. The performed investigation included longitudinal turning tests of Inconel 718 performed in a range of variable feeds. Surface topography measurements have been performed with the application of Nanoscan 855. The performed analysis includes a parametric evaluation of the obtained surfaces. With the Wiper insert, the Sa surface roughness parameter was obtained below 0.6 µm in the whole range of used feed rates. The surface roughness parameter Sa measured on the surface after machining by special insert depends on the cutting conditions (wet and dry machining). After, the dry machining parameter Sa, similar to the Wiper insert, was below 0.6 µm in the whole range of used feed rates. Unfortunately, cutting Inconel 718 using special insert with feed rate f = 0.25 mm/rev and cooling generated a surface with Sa parameter over 2 times higher than for the same feed rate without cooling, while this parameter, after turning by conventional insert, increases over 4 times using feed rate f = 0.25 mm/rev compared to feed rate f = 0.05 mm/rev during machining with cooling. This ratio is lower for conventional insert in dry machining because of sticking, which arises at the smallest feed rate according to previous research.

Effect of Diamond Burnishing on the Properties of FSW Joints of EN AW-2024 Aluminum Alloys

The article presents the results of an analysis of the surface roughness parameters, microhardness, and the stresses of the surface layer ofFSW butt joints subjected to the burnishing process with a diamond tip. This can be useful in selecting the optimal parameters of the burnishing process, ensuring the best properties of the surface layer of the FSW joint. Burnishing force and feed rate influence were analyzed according to the two-factor three-level full factorial statistical completed plan PS/DC 32. The tested material was 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheets with a thickness of 2 mm. The results show that burnishing significantly reduced the surface roughness from Sa = 6.46 μm to Sa in the range of 0.33 μm–1.7 μm. This treatment provides high compressive residual stresses σx from −86 to −130 MPa and σy from −158 to −242 MPa. Microhardness increased from 84.19% to 174.53% compared to butt joints. Based on the obtained results, multi-criteria optimization was carried out. This optimization allows us to obtain a compromise solution ensuring compressive stresses in the surface layer (σx=−123 MPa and σy=−202 MPa) and microhardness HV=362.56 mm/mm2 with the roughness of the weld surface Sa = 0.28 µm, Sku = 3.93 and Spc = 35.88 1/mm.

Multicolored structural coloration of carbon nanotube fibers

AbstractCarbon nanotube fibers (CNTFs) are endowed with excellent mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties and are considered promising candidates in numerous cutting‐edge fields. However, the inherent black color of CNTFs hinders their practical application in fields with high aesthetic requirements such as wearable devices and smart textiles. Due to the smooth surface and chemical inertness, CNTFs are hard to be dyed by conventional chemical dyes or colorful inks. Herein, we realize a structural coloration of CNTFs by coating them with two metal oxide layers via atomic layer deposition. The three elements of color, that is, hue, saturation, and brightness, can be controlled by adjusting the types and thickness of each oxide layer. Colorful CNTFs with wide color gamut and high saturation are achieved through different combinations. A film interference model is also established to reveal the mechanism of the structural coloration, which is a comprehensive result of thin‐film interference and surface roughness briefly. The calculated reflectance well fits the measured results by introducing surface roughness parameters. Moreover, the colored CNTFs are not iridescent because of retinal signal delay, which will further expand their applications.

Modeling of Surface Roughness in Honing Processes by Using Fuzzy Artificial Neural Networks

Honing processes are abrasive machining processes which are commonly employed to improve the surface of manufactured parts such as hydraulic or combustion engine cylinders. These processes can be employed to obtain a cross-hatched pattern on the internal surfaces of cylinders. In this present study, fuzzy artificial neural networks are employed for modeling surface roughness parameters obtained in finishing honing operations. As a general trend, main factors influencing roughness parameters are grain size and pressure. Mean spacing between profile peaks at the mean line parameter, on the contrary, depends mainly on tangential and linear velocity. Grain Size of 30 and pressure of 600 N/cm2 lead to the highest values of core roughness (Rk) and reduced valley depth (Rvk), which were 1.741 µm and 0.884 µm, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum peak-to-valley roughness parameter (Rz) so obtained was 4.44 µm, which is close to the maximum value of 4.47 µm. On the other hand, values of the grain size equal to 14 and density equal to 20, along with pressure 600 N/cm2 and both tangential and linear speed of 20 m/min and 40 m/min, respectively, lead to the minimum values of core roughness, reduced peak height (Rpk), reduced valley depth and maximum peak-to-valley height of the profile within a sampling length, which were, respectively, 0.141 µm, 0.065 µm, 0.142 µm, and 0.584 µm.

Effect of aging on color, gloss and surface roughness of CAD/CAM composite materials

ObjectivesTo assess the effect of aging procedures on color, gloss and surface roughness of CAD/CAM composite materials. Methods6 CAD/CAM composite materials (Brilliant CRIOS, Cerasmart, Lava Ultimate, Tetric CAD, Shofu Block HC, Grandio Blocs) were tested. 10 CAD/CAM fabricated specimens of each material polished according to manufacturers’ recommendations, were subjected to one of the following aging procedures; immersion in coffee (30 days, 37οC), water thermocycling (5000 cycles, 5–55 °C) and photoaging (150,000 kJ/m2). Color, gloss and surface roughness measurements were performed before and after aging and the respective changes were calculated. Kruskal-Wallis tests, paired t-tests, one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used for statistical analysis (a = 0.05). ResultsColor changes ranged from 3.03 to 4.13 after coffee immersion, from 1.33 to 2.55 after thermocycling and from 1.02 to 2.75 after photoaging. No statistically significant differences for ΔE*ab were found among materials after coffee immersion and thermocycling (p>0.05). Gloss changes ranged from -5.7 to -1.6 GU after coffee immersion, from -2.3 to 0.1 GU after thermocycling and from -4.4 to 0.5 GU after photoaging. No significant differences in gloss changes were found among materials after aging (p>0.05). Tetric CAD demonstrated the significantly lower gloss and the higher surface roughness after polishing. Except for gloss after thermocycling, aging procedures caused significant alteration of gloss and surface roughness parameters from baseline levels. ConclusionsAging procedures caused perceptible but acceptable color changes and small but visible gloss changes, while surface roughness parameters of the tested CAD/CAM composite materials were significantly affected by aging. Clinical significanceAging procedures affected CAD/CAM composite materials indicating that these materials may be prone to color and surface alterations in the oral environment that could compromise the esthetics and the performance of the restorations. Clinical studies are needed to investigate the long-term behavior of the newly introduced CAD/CAM materials.

Experimental Analysis of Frictional Performance of EN AW-2024-T3 Alclad Aluminium Alloy Sheet Metals in Sheet Metal Forming

Friction occurring in the area of contact between the sheet metal and the tool in sheet metal forming is one of the factors determining the quality of the surface of the drawpiece and the formability of the workpiece. Knowledge of the friction conditions allows the optimal forming conditions to be determined in terms of lubrication and applied pressures. The article presents the results of experimental studies of friction in EN AW-2024-T3 Alclad sheets using a special device simulating the sheet–tool contact in the blank-holder area during SMF. The friction tests were carried out at various pressures, under dry friction, and with the use of typical oils with a wide range of viscosity. The effect of the friction process parameters on the COF and surface roughness parameters Rsk and Rku was analysed using analysis of variance. The model F-values imply that the regression models for all the output parameters were significant. A monotonic decrease in the COF with an increase in the mean contact pressure and lubricant viscosity was observed for both dry and lubricated conditions. DELVAC 1340 engine oil with the highest viscosity significantly lowered the COF. The lubrication efficiency with LAN46 machine oil and LVH22 hydraulic oil showed an upward trend with an increasing mean contact pressure. In general, friction reduces the value of average roughness, Ra, and skewness, Rsk. Meanwhile, friction under contact pressures in the analysed range (4.4–11.7 MPa) causes an increase in kurtosis, Rku.

Modelling and optimization of surface roughness in chemical mechanical polishing based on DNN-GA

The surface quality of Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) has a significant influence on photonics and optoelectronics components. However, the prediction and optimization models of surface roughness were not accurate due to the random parameters. Hence, a prediction model of surface roughness is established based on an improved neural network, and a new method is proposed to optimize the arguments in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process. In the model, the structure of the neural network is optimized according to data features rather than choosing networks randomly. To improve the model accuracy, the optimal number of hidden layers is 4 and the corresponding amounts of nodes in each layer are 46, 34, 28, and 33, respectively. ReLU function is chosen as activation function. Subsequently, the relationship between surface roughness and processing parameters is built and the variation process of surface roughness is particularly considered. The accuracy and generalization ability of the model is verified by the experiments with the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 6.42% and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.403. Furthermore, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) method based on the selected model is applied to optimize processing arguments under the target surface roughness value of 0.3 nm. The accuracy of the fusion model is also validated by experiments with an error of 13.3%.

Investigation of Laser Ablative Micromachining of Al/TiB2 Nanocomposite

Laser beam machining (LBM) is used to machine a variety of materials economically and to obtain the required quality metrics. The quality of the surface finish of laser-machined components is affected by the improper selection of process parameters during machining. In this paper, microchannels were machined on Al/TiB2 nanocomposite using an Nd: YAG laser system. An atomic force microscope was used to obtain the surface roughness of microchannels. The aim of this process is to identify the influence of the individual and interactive effect of the process parameters on the surface roughness of the microchannels and to identify the optimum combination of the process parameters for minimum surface roughness. Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array-based Design of Experiment (DoE) was implemented to conduct the experimental study. A statistical analysis of the results was performed for the experimental data. The results are presented in detail.

Toward an Improved Surface Roughness Parameterization Model for Soil Moisture Retrieval in Road Construction

In passive microwave remote sensing, the estimation of the surface roughness parameter is a significant obstacle for soil moisture (SM) retrieval. For a given SM content, the geometric soil surface roughness has been shown to have a large impact on the surface emission at L-band frequency, which affects the SM retrieval success when using the information observed from the radiometer and is represented through the so-called the surface roughness parameter ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_{R}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ). Moreover, no previous study has examined the effect of this factor in the context of road construction, where the geometric soil surface roughness is affected by the compaction process, resulting in a substantial change in roughness before and after compaction. Accordingly, a series of experiments at various compaction levels and SM contents was performed for a sand subgrade material in order to identify their effects on <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_{R}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . The soil brightness temperature (TB) was measured using an L-band radiometer at different incidence angles and a laser profiler was used to measure the surface roughness standard deviation ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sigma$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) before and after compaction. The results of this article have demonstrated that the incidence angle ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\theta$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) and SM both affect <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_{R}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and its relation to the geometric soil surface roughness. Importantly, these factors are not accounted for by existing models. Consequently, a modified surface roughness parameter ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_{R}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) model, based on the traditional Choudhury model, was developed to include the contribution of these two factors, and its impact on the accuracy of SM retrieval results tested. Specifically, it was shown that it is possible to obtain SM retrieval results with an accuracy of 0.04 cm3/cm3 at almost all incidence angles using either dual-polarization [both horizontal (H) and vertical polarization (V)] or only vertical polarization observations. The modified surface roughness parameter ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_{R}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) model has improved the performance of the SM retrieval model to achieve an accuracy of 0.04 cm3/cm3, whereas the traditional Choudhury model achieved an accuracy of only 0.05 cm3/cm3.

Effect of High Speed Machining on Surface Roughness Characteristics Ra, Rq, RZ

Today’s machining industries experience a variety of challenges, but achieving high quality in terms of dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and production rate is their key concern. An effort has been made in the current study to investigate the impact of HSM process parameters on different Surface Roughness characteristics Ra, Rq, and Rz. The trials were conducted on Ti-6Al-4V, a material that finds extensive use in the automotive, aerospace, and biomedical industries. Depth of cut, feed rate, cutting speed, and step over were taken into account as HSM inputs for the experiment. Similar to this, the output characteristics Surface roughness parameters Ra, Rq, and Rz were used. The trials were carried out using Taguchi’s standard L9 Orthogonal Array, and the optimization of multi responses was carried out using Grey analysis. The most significant influences on the parameters of surface roughness were found to be cutting speed and depth of cut. A confirmation experiment was performed using the ideal set of parameters to validate the study, and the results were found to be in good agreement with those of the experiment. According to the findings, the HSM method produced a superior surface quality.