Parallel Transport Systems Research Articles

DeCAST in TransVerse for Parallel Intelligent Transportation Systems and Smart Cities: Three Decades and Beyond

Parallel transportation management and control was proposed three decades ago as a new paradigm for conducting complex transportation operations and has led to today’s DeCAST in TransVerse platform designed and constructed according to the principle of decentralized/distributed autonomous operations and organizations. This article presents an overview of its architectures, processes, operating procedures, and major applications. The developments and applications have demonstrated clearly that parallel transportation systems are effective for networked traffic control and distributed logistical operations. The existing challenges and emerging opportunities are also addressed. A transportation foundation model based on parallel learning and federated intelligence is proposed as a potential path to the next-generation parallel intelligent transportation systems.

Models for optimizing parallel public transport services

One of the international problems of public transport system is that domestic (long-distance, regional) links are served both by buses and trains in parallel, furthermore it also appears in road systems connecting hamlets, as flexible systems have been operated besides traditional public transport services. This situation can result in a competition, generating a non-sustainable system. This mainly exists in countries, where the interurban public transport is based on a public service contract. The created models for optimizing the parallel public transport systems can be applied generally.

Models for optimizing parallel public transport services

One of the international problems of public transport system is that domestic (long-distance, regional) links are served both by buses and trains in parallel, furthermore it also appears in road systems connecting hamlets, as flexible systems have been operated besides traditional public transport services. This situation can result in a competition, generating a non-sustainable system. This mainly exists in countries, where the interurban public transport is based on a public service contract. The created models for optimizing the parallel public transport systems can be applied generally.

Data Interpolation of Traffic Flow Algorithm Using Wavelet Transform for Traffic Generative Modeling

The real-time data acquisition is an important foundation for Parallel Transportation Systems (PTSs). In practical application, due to the sensor or communication faults, it leads to traffic flow data missing, which will affect the computational experiments and decision-making of the parallel transportation system. Inspired by the idea of parallel intelligence, in this work, we use discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to decompose the complete traffic flow data into low-frequency data and high-frequency data. These decomposed sequences are used as training data for Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to generate two sequences with different frequencies. A Denoising Autoencoder (DAE) is introduced to interpolate the missing traffic flow data. And it is trained by the dataset through combining the real-time traffic flow data and the generated data. The computational experiments are carried out by using the PeMS dataset. The experimental results show that our algorithm can generate more realistic traffic flow data and improve the performance of data interpolation for missing traffic flow data.

Evaluation of Traveling Parameters in Parallel Long-Distance Public Transport

The ongoing competition between bus and railway systems in Hungarian long-distance public transport is a current problem. Long term sustainability and efficiency in passenger transport require a balanced transport policy. These subsectors need to complement each other, not compete. The parallel bus and railway links, which are present in most relations of Hungary, can result in a competition. This research analyze traveling parameters (distance and time) in case of parallel long-distance transport systems and evaluate them with a mathematical method for long term environmental and economic sustainability optimization. This investigation's hypothesis is to define difference segments of optimization gear to travel time and travel distance.

Parallel Transportation Systems: Toward IoT-Enabled Smart Urban Traffic Control and Management

IoT-driven intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have great potential and capacity to make transportation systems efficient, safe, smart, reliable, and sustainable. The IoT provides the access and driving forces of seamlessly integrating transportation systems from the physical world to the virtual counterparts in the cyber world. In this paper, we present visions and works on integrating the artificial intelligent transportation systems and the real intelligent transportation systems to create and enhance “intelligence” of IoT-enabled ITS. With the increasing ubiquitous and deep sensing capacity of IoT-enabled ITS, we can quickly create artificial transportation systems equivalent to physical transportation systems in computers, and thus have parallel intelligent transportation systems, i.e. the real intelligent transportation systems and artificial intelligent transportation systems. The evolution process of transportation system is studied in the view of the parallel world. We can use a large number of long-term iterative simulation to predict and analyze the expected results of operations. Thus, truly effective and smart ITS can be planned, designed, built, operated and used. The foundation of the parallel intelligent transportation systems is based on the ACP theory, which is composed of artificial societies, computational experiments, and parallel execution. We also present some case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of parallel transportation systems.

Generative Adversarial Networks for Parallel Transportation Systems

Generative Adversaria Networks (GANs) have emerged as a promising and effective mechanism for machine learning due to its recent successful applications. GANs share the same idea of producing, testing, acquiring, and utilizing data as well as knowledge based on artificial systems, computational experiments, and parallel execution of actual and virtual scenarios, as outlined in the theory of parallel transportation. Clearly, the adversarial concept is embedded implicitly or explicitly in both GANs and parallel transportation systems. In this article, we first introduce basics of GANs and parallel transportation systems, and then present an approach of using GANs in parallel transportation systems for traffic data generation, traffic modeling, traffic prediction and traffic control. Our preliminary investigation indicates that GANs have a great potential and provide specific algorithm support for implementing parallel transportation systems.

A Parallel Transportation Management and Control System for Bus Rapid Transit Using the ACP Approach

Bus rapid transit (BRT) has been proved to be an effective tool to improve mass transit services. However, BRT's adaptive operations like management and scheduling under different scenarios are too complicated to implement using traditional methods. The ACP approach, which is based on holism and complex system theory and consists of artificial systems (A), computational experiments (C) and parallel execution (P), offers an efficient new method to cope with these complex systems, including BRT. In this paper, the parallel transportation management and control system for BRT (PTMS-BRT) is presented, which is designed and implemented using the ACP approach. PTMS-BRT integrates such functions as BRT's monitoring, warning, forecasting, incident management, and real-time scheduling, to provide its operations smoother, safer, more efficient, and reliable. It has been piloted successfully in Guangzhou BRT to demonstrate it as another successful example of parallel transportation systems.

Parallel Public Transportation System and Its Application in Evaluating Evacuation Plans for Large-Scale Activities

This paper proposes a method based on the Artificial societies, computational experiments, and Parallel execution (ACP) approach to build parallel public transportation systems (PPTSs). The framework and components of a PPTS are analyzed, and some details for building the PPTS are discussed. One prototype based on intelligent traffic clouds is established. One specific PPTS is developed for the Guangzhou 2010 Asian Games in the case study, and its effectiveness is verified through the evaluation of two evacuation plans for the Asian Games.

Small Substrate Transport and Mechanism of a Molybdate ATP Binding Cassette Transporter in a Lipid Environment

Embedded in the plasma membrane of all bacteria, ATP binding cassette (ABC) importers facilitate the uptake of several vital nutrients and cofactors. The ABC transporter, MolBC-A, imports molybdate by passing substrate from the binding protein MolA to a membrane-spanning translocation pathway of MolB. To understand the mechanism of transport in the biological membrane as a whole, the effects of the lipid bilayer on transport needed to be addressed. Continuous wave-electron paramagnetic resonance and in vivo molybdate uptake studies were used to test the impact of the lipid environment on the mechanism and function of MolBC-A. Working with the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae, we found that MolBC-A functions as a low affinity molybdate transporter in its native environment. In periods of high extracellular molybdate concentration, H. influenzae makes use of parallel molybdate transport systems (MolBC-A and ModBC-A) to take up a greater amount of molybdate than a strain with ModBC-A alone. In addition, the movement of the translocation pathway in response to nucleotide binding and hydrolysis in a lipid environment is conserved when compared with in-detergent analysis. However, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates that a lipid environment restricts the flexibility of the MolBC translocation pathway. By combining continuous wave-electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and substrate uptake studies, we reveal details of molybdate transport and the logistics of uptake systems that employ multiple transporters for the same substrate, offering insight into the mechanisms of nutrient uptake in bacteria.

Statistics of Shape, Direction and Cylindrical Variables

In statistical shape analysis, the shape of an object is understood to be what remains after the effects of location, scale and rotation are removed. We consider the distributional problem of triangular shape and an associated direction; motivated by a data set of microscopic fossils. We begin by constructing a parallel transport system such that the data transform onto the space 𝒮2×𝒮2. A joint shape distribution on 𝒮2×𝒮1 is proposed based on Jupp & Mardia's bivariate distribution on 𝒮2×𝒮1. For concentrated data, an approximation to the distribution on 𝒮2×𝒮1 is given by a distribution on ℛ1×𝒮1, and we explore a distribution on this space by extending Mardia & Sutton's distribution on ℛ2×𝒮1. In this distribution, the expected edgel direction varies linearly in the shape coordinates. This is found to be a useful model for the microfossil data.

The ZEUS Eventbuilder: experience with a distributed real-time parallel transputer system

The Eventbuilder of the ZEUS experiment is a real-time parallel data formatting and transport system. It combines data flows originating from various detector components and transfers them to the third level trigger processor farm. The Eventbuilder is based on an asynchronous packet-switching transputer network and uses transputer links for bulk data transfer. A high-speed 64/spl times/64 custom made crossbar switch allows dynamic linking of any detector component to any branch of third level processor nodes, offering a bandwidth of more than 24 MB/s over a distance of 100 m. Experience gained in operating a transputer network, constructing transputer specific hardware, and developing parallel software is promising. Multi-transputer systems are easy-to-build, can be efficiently programmed in the common high-level language C, and are running stably and reliably.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The Eventbuilder of the ZEUS experiment

The Eventbuilder of the ZEUS experiment is a real-time parallel data formatting and transport system. It combines data flows originating from various detector components and transfers them to the third level trigger processor farm. The Event builder is based on an asynchronous packet-switching transputer network and uses transputer links for bulk data transfer. A high-speed 64 × 64 custom made crossbar switch allows dynamic linking of any detector component to any branch of third level processor nodes, offering a bandwidth of more than 24 MB/s over a distance of 100 m. The use of structured system development techniques (SA/SD) resulted in a flexible and well-partitioned system structure and guaranteed that all requirements were met.

Parallel high performance transport system for MANs

Metropolitan Area Networks provide bandwidths in the range of several hundreds of Mbit/s up to 1 Gbit/s. Applications, for example in the multimedia area, could take advantage of the network performance, but currently communication systems are hardly able to support high bandwidth. Even processing of the transport oriented layers is not fast enough. To overcome the transport-oriented protocol processing bottleneck, this paper presents a transport system called PATROCLOS (parallel transport system for cell based networks), which is based on the utilization of parallel architectures. Because conventional communication protocols do not support parallelism very efficiently, the transport system is especially designed to be appropriate for an implementation on a hybrid multiprocessor architecture. PATROCLOS is designed mainly for networks with small transmission units like ATM or DQDB, and provides a reliable transport service. Adaptation layer processing is integrated into the transport system, therefore below the transport system only media access units are required.

Regulation of amino acid influx and efflux at the basolateral plasma membrane of the salivary gland epithelium: effects of parasympathetic nerve stimulation.

Basolateral amino acid transport systems in the salivary epithelium of resting and secreting cat submandibular glands were characterized by means of a rapid paired-tracer dilution technique. Amino acid uptake was measured by comparison of venous tracer concentration profiles for a labeled amino acid and D-mannitol (an extracellular tracer of similar size) following an intra-arterial bolus injection of both radioactive molecules. Unidirectional uptake of 21 amino acids, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin was quantified in non-secreting glands. During 8 Hz parasympathetic nerve stimulation, significant epithelial uptakes were measured for L-[3H] alanine and L-[3H] phenylalanine, but less than 0.2% of the injected amino acid was recovered in the collected saliva. In non-secreting glands, cross-inhibition studies of L-[3H] alanine, L-[3H] phenylalanine, and L-[3H] lysine uptake by unlabeled amino acid competitors and detailed kinetic influx experiments indicated that epithelial uptake was mediated by three distinct parallel transport systems: ASC (short-chain neutral), L (branched-chain and aromatic neutral), and y+ (cationic). Rapid metabolism of alanine was inhibited by aminooxyacetate, and the metabolic uncoupler dinitrophenol selectively accelerated the efflux of transported large neutral amino acids and L-lysine. Concurrent autoradiographic experiments suggest that transport sites for small and large neutral amino acids are localized in the basolateral plasma membrane of acinar, demilunar, and striated ductal cells.

Mechanisms of calcium transport in the giant axon of the squid and their physiological role

The giant axon of the squid has been extensively used as a model for studying Ca regulation in excitable cells. Different techniques (extrusion, injection and dialysis) have been employed to characterize Ca fluxes across the axon membrane. Since both Ca efflux and influx are markedly dependent on [Ca 2+] i, considerable effort has been dedicated to determine the resting value of the [Ca 2+] i. Results from different laboratories indicate that the [Ca 2+] i, in a normal fibre, range from 20–100 nM. Under dialysis conditions (internal control), with an imposed [Ca 2+] i of 80 nM, Ca influx is balanced by an outward Ca movement of about 40 f/CS. Ca extrusion occurs through two parallel transport systems: one having a high affinity for [Ca 2+] i, dependent on ATP, not affected by Na i, Na o, Ca o, Mg o and inhibited by internal vanadate (uncoupled component), the other, more prominent at relatively high [Ca 2+] i, does not require ATP, is inhibited by Na i activated by Na o and not inhibited by vanadate. (Na o-dependent component). The existence of these two systems provide the axon with an effective way to maintain in the long term a constant low [Ca 2+] i in spite of short term fluctuations due to increased Ca influx during nervous activity.

Nucleoside transport in mammalian cell membranes: a specific inhibitory mechanism of high affinity probes.

AbstractThe nucleoside transport of systems of hamster cells are susceptible to inhibition by S‐6‐substituted derivatives of mercaptonucleosides. The mechanism of interaction between the most potent inhibitor of the class, 6‐nitrobenzyl mercaptoinosine (NBMI) and the uridine transport system of hamster fibroblasts is studied in the present work. A kinetic description of the interaction is presented. Uridine transport is inhibited in a partially competitive fashion, leaving a substantial free fraction of the transport (20–30%) virtually insensitive to increasing concentrations of inhibitor. One interpretation compatible with the kinetic and chemical properties of the system assumes that binding of the inhibitor to carriers occurs at sites different from the substrate binding sites (allosteric binding). Such a binding induces a conformational change in the carrier as manifested in a reduced affinity to the substrate and a susceptibility to inhibition by organomercurials. The alternative interpretation postulates two parallel transport systems which display distinctly different susceptibilities to NBMI and to organomercurials. Experiments performed with non‐penetrating organomercurials show that the sulfhydryl groups related either to the alleged allosteric components or to additional carriers, are located superficially on the membrane. The binding of NBMI is reversible, the affinity is extremely high (Ki = 0.15 nMolar) and the rate of reaction could probably be diffusionally limited at low concentrations of reagent (activation energy 250 cal/mole, rate k = 1.3.108 min−1. Molar−1). The high affinity properties of the probes are used to determine the number of NBMI binding sites. A value of 47,000 and 77,000 sites/cell was obtained by two separate methods.The possibility that allosteric properties are present in carrier systems are discussed in terms of current concepts of modulation of transport functions in biological membranes.

Leucine binding protein and regulation of transport in E. coli

AbstractLeucine is transported into E. coli cells by high‐affinity transport systems (LIV‐I and leucine‐specific systems) which are sensitive to osmotic shock and require periplasmic binding proteins. In addition leucine is transported by a low‐affinity system (LIV‐II) which is membrane bound and retained in membrane vesicle preparations. The LIV‐I system serves for threonine and alanine in addition to the 3 branched‐chain amino acids. The LIV‐II system is more specific for leucine, isoleucine, and valine while the high‐affinity leucine‐specific system has the greatest specificity.A regulatory locus, livR at minute 22 on the E. coli chromosome produces negatively regulated leucine transport and synthesis of the binding proteins. Valine‐resistant strains have been selected to screen for transport mutants. High‐affinity leucine transport mutants that have been identified include a LIV‐binding protein mutant, livJ, a leucine‐specific binding protein mutant livK and a nonbinding protein component of the LIV‐I system, livH. A fourth mutant, livP, appears to be required only for the low‐affinity LIV‐II system. The existence of this latter mutant indicates that LIV‐I and LIV‐II are parallel transport systems. The 4 mutations concerned with high‐affinity leucine transport form a closely linked cluster of genes on the E. coli chromosome at minute 74.The results of recent studies on the regulation of the high‐affinity transport systems suggests that an attenuator site may be operative in its regulation. This complex regulation appears to require a modified leucyl‐tRNA along with the transcription termination factor rho. Regulation of leucine transport is also defective in relaxed strains.Among the branched‐chain amino acids only leucine produces regulatory changes in LIV‐I activity suggesting a special role of this amino acid in the physiology of E. coli. It was shown that the rapid exchange of external leucine for intracellular isoleucine via the LIV‐I system could create an isolucine pseudoauxotrophy and account for the leucine sensitivity of E. coli.

Towards a sharper definition of energetic coupling through integration of membrane transport into bioenergetics

Behind the firm discrimination maintained between active and passive transport lies a definition of energetic coupling as a fusion between an exergonic chemical reaction and an uphill transport. In contrast, energetic coupling between paired chemical reactions tends. to be defined much more loosely, as if the term were merely equivalent to sequential linkage, even though the actual usage may parallel that in transport. This article argues for a sharpening of this definition through integrated consideration of chemi-chemical and chemi-osmotic coupling. Furthermore; it calls attention to the applicability of energetic coupling to both the backward and forward fluxes of the energized transport. When two parallel but distinct active transport systems act on the same solute, one is likely to operate more steeply uphill than the other. The situation then easily arises, and is probably widespread, whereby entry occurs largely by the first process and exodus by the reversal of the second, still energetically linked. In this way cases of chemi-osmoti-chemical coupling probably arise, beyond the one proposed by Mitchell. Presumably the term retention process has in the past unknowingly (and illogically) referred to the second transport process. The “uncoupling” of an active transport does not tend simply to convert it to a facilitated diffusion, and both fluxes are likely to be modified. Accordingly, measure of only one flux will not describe a change in energy transfer.

Metabolite transport at cell membranes.

From the assigned title I am glad to assume that the organizers would like to have me discuss some general ideas of metabolite transport, rather than to try to summarize the findings specific to the nervous system, the details of which most of you may know rather better than I do. Fortunately, transport behavior seems in general to be similar among tissues, so that the history of transport ideas and findings is a single history and not one specific to each anatomical or functional field, despite occasional impressions to the contrary. I assume that the means of discrimination of distinct transport systems falls among the subjects that I might more logically discuss. That subject continues to deserve attention, because one still sees bent Lineweaver-Burk plots treated as though they were sufficient evidence for the contribution of two parallel transport systems. I feel obliged, however, not to spend much of my time in this presentation in explaining what my colleagues and I have been doing in past years to codify the several amino acid transport systems, or in indicating what the new difficulties are, or in summarizing how these codifications have so far applied to nervous tissue. Instead I want mainly to treat a theoretical problem that has come to seem to me critically restrictive to progress. I trust I can later help you with some useful thoughts on the discrimination of the several systems, as such comments may become appropriate during the discussion time.