Parallel Projection Research Articles

Space in project organising: Insights from planning within and between construction projects

Projects are discussed as social processes that are bounded in both time and space. Elaborating on space is still scarce in studies on project organising. The aim in this paper is to explore space influence on project planning, to extend our understanding of the relationship between space and project organising. Through two illustrative examples, construction project planning practices were followed within and between projects as the actors sought to handle space. Contribution develops current understanding of how projects are embedded in space and its influence on project planning practices, by shedding light on the recursive relationship between space and project organising. Furthermore, to trace planning practice both within a project and between parallel projects visualise how a broader perspective of the embeddedness is necessary. The findings nuance the current understanding of project's embeddedness, by visualising how planning practices can be directed to both changing space or to maintain space by changing practices.

Investigation of the furcation morphology of permanent mandibular first molars by using micro-computed tomography

BackgroundTo investigate the anatomic features of the root furcation of permanent mandibular first molars.MethodsA total of 50 extracted mandibular first molars (25 two-rooted and 25 three-rooted) were collected and scanned using micro-computed tomography. The digital models of teeth and root canal systems were reconstructed three-dimensionally. The tooth models were displayed in parallel projection mode from buccal and distal views. Screenshots were captured and subsequently analyzed using Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software after calibration. The furcation angle, root trunk length, maximum depth and level of distal root concaves of mesial roots, and length of enamel projections were measured, and the furcation types (classified into type V, type U and type W) were detected. Statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk’s test, one-way analysis of variance, Student’s t-test and Chi-square test.ResultsThe mean furcation angle between the distobuccal (DB) and distolingual (DL) roots (in distal view) was the greatest (59.2°), whereas the furcation angle between the mesial and DL roots (in buccal view) was the smallest (25.4°) among the four furcation angles (all p < 0.05). Regarding the furcation types, bucco-lingual root trunk length, maximum depth and site of the distal root concavities, and enamel projection length, no significant differences were detected between the three- and two-rooted molar groups (all p > 0.05). The frequency of type V was the highest (54.0%), followed by type U (26.0%), and type W had the lowest occurrence rate (20.0%). The mean length of distal root trunk in the three-rooted mandibular molars was significantly greater than that of the buccal/lingual one (3.7 mm vs. 3.0 mm, p < 0.01). The maximum depth of the distal concavities of the mesial roots was on average 0.66 ± 0.19 mm, and the site was located at an average of 2.8 ± 1.3 mm below furcation. The mean length of buccal enamel projections was significantly longer than that of lingual ones (3.1 mm vs. 0.7 mm, p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe furcation anatomy of the mandibular first molar is complex, and the presence of the DL root may further complicate its topography. A thorough understanding of these anatomic features is essential for successful periodontal treatment.

Distinct ventral hippocampal inhibitory microcircuits regulating anxiety and fear behaviors

In emotion research, anxiety and fear have always been interconnected, sharing overlapping brain structures and neural circuitry. Recent investigations, however, have unveiled parallel long-range projection pathways originating from the ventral hippocampus, shedding light on their distinct roles in anxiety and fear. Yet, the mechanisms governing the emergence of projection-specific activity patterns to mediate different negative emotions remain elusive. Here, we show a division of labor in local GABAergic inhibitory microcircuits of the ventral hippocampus, orchestrating the activity of subpopulations of pyramidal neurons to shape anxiety and fear behaviors in mice. These findings offer a comprehensive insight into how distinct inhibitory microcircuits are dynamically engaged to encode different emotional states.

A Method for calculating jacking force of parallel pipes considering Soil Arching Effect and Pipe-Slurry-Soil Interaction

For multiple parallel pipe jacking projects, the calculation of the jacking force is crucial for design and construction. This paper presented a method for the calculation method of the jacking force required by each pipe, which includes the jacking resistance of the excavation face and the side friction around pipe. Firstly, the improved composite arch model in front of the excavation face was established under the limit support state, and jacking resistance of the excavation face was obtained by calculating the limit support pressure according to the model. Then, based on four typical pipe-slurry-soil contact modes, an improved calculation method for side friction was proposed and then corrected for multiple pipes under mutual disturbance. The reliability of the calculation method was subsequently proven by comparison with the model test results and engineering case data available in the literature. The mutual disturbance level among pipes decreases with increasing Poisson’s ratio of surrounding soil. Compared with a single pipe under the same conditions, pipe under the influence of mutual disturbance usually requires a larger force for jacking, so that the required jacking force of the following pipes in multiple parallel pipe jacking projects is usually larger than that of the initial pipe.

Project and knowledge management at European public space agencies: The need for a three-dimensional project management office

Space agencies are continuously developing new space missions, each of which undergoes a long development cycle, from the feasibility study to routine operations and disposal, as per the European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS), the body responsible for developing and maintaining a set of standards for the space industry in Europe. Each mission is a stand-alone project, where the development cycle starts every time from scratch, with new resources, technologies, and requirements, applying the same (tailored) standards, but with limited usage of lessons learnt from earlier or parallel projects. In this article, we analyse typical project management and knowledge management approaches adopted by public space agencies, making use of a relevant case study in Europe. From the results of our case study analysis, we propose a three-dimensional Project Management Office (PMO) governance, explaining how this novel approach helps address limitations and challenges of the current approaches when dealing with multiple complex projects, such as space missions. With the PMO defined as an organisational body or entity assigned various responsibilities, the authors focus on three specific areas, namely, Strategy, Resources, and Knowledge, as three key drivers that can improve the current management of projects of the organization.

Changing labour market and income inequalities in Europe and North America: a parallel project to the IFS Deaton Review of Inequalities in the 21st century

Changing labour market and income inequalities in Europe and North America: a parallel project to the IFS Deaton Review of Inequalities in the 21^st century

Task-Adaptive Multi-Source Representations for Few-Shot Image Recognition

Conventional few-shot learning (FSL) mainly focuses on knowledge transfer from a single source dataset to a recognition scenario with only a few training samples available but still similar to the source domain. In this paper, we consider a more practical FSL setting where multiple semantically different datasets are available to address a wide range of FSL tasks, especially for some recognition scenarios beyond natural images, such as remote sensing and medical imagery. It can be referred to as multi-source cross-domain FSL. To tackle the problem, we propose a two-stage learning scheme, termed learning and adapting multi-source representations (LAMR). In the first stage, we propose a multi-head network to obtain efficient multi-domain representations, where all source domains share the same backbone except for the last parallel projection layers for domain specialization. We train the representations in a multi-task setting where each in-domain classification task is taken by a cosine classifier. In the second stage, considering that instance discrimination and class discrimination are crucial for robust recognition, we propose two contrastive objectives for adapting the pre-trained representations to be task-specialized on the few-shot data. Careful ablation studies verify that LAMR significantly improves representation transferability, showing consistent performance boosts. We also extend LAMR to single-source FSL by introducing a dataset-splitting strategy that equally splits one source dataset into sub-domains. The empirical results show that LAMR can achieve SOTA performance on the BSCD-FSL benchmark and competitive performance on mini-ImageNet, highlighting its versatility and effectiveness for FSL of both natural and specific imaging.

Triplet Epipolar Images for Spaceborne Three Linear Cameras

Abstract. Epipolar images can reduce conjugate points searching from a two-dimensional to a one-dimensional space, which significantly improves the robustness and efficiency of dense matching. However, two images matched the lack of redundancy and suffered from occlusions. The third image could introduce two more stereos and improve the accuracy and completeness of the three-dimension reconstruction, which were adopted by spaceborne three linear cameras (TLCs), the ALOS PRSIM and ZY-3. In this study, we propose a new triplet epipolar images generation method for spaceborne TLCs. Triplet epipolar images were defined as any two of the three epipolar image pairs. The triplet epipolar geometry requires the imaging rays of any conjugate point to be coplanar. For high-resolution satellite images, parallel projection can be used to approximate the imaging geometry of satellite images. Therefore, a coplanar principal optical axis is a fundamental requirement for spaceborne TLCs. We propose a general workflow to generate triplet epipolar images (TEIs), which includes free-net bundle adjustment of TLCs, building a triplet epipolar geometry, correcting the y-parallaxes, and generating a rational function model (RFM) for TEIs. The ZY3-02 satellite images were used to validate the proposed method. The root means square error (RMSEs) of the free-net bundle adjustment in the image space was 0.185 pixels, which proved the fine intrinsic accuracy. After compensation, the RMSEs of the y parallaxes of the three epipolar image pairs were 0.295, 0.310, and 0.370 pixels. Owing to the simple geometry of the TEIs, the RMSEs of the RFM replacements were within 0.001 pixels.

Polychronicity fit and turnover intentions in projects: the mediating roles of exhaustion and work overload

PurposeDespite the deployment of state-of-the-art methodologies for project management, employee turnover in projects remains high. Such turnover has significant costs in terms of replacing personnel, potential deadline overruns and financial expenditure. Employee turnover in project contexts may stem from time-related issues associated with multiple parallel projects and short deadlines. Using person–environment fit and time congruence theories, this research examines the relationship between employee turnover intentions and individual–organizational (I–O) polychronicity fit, which captures the degree of match between individuals’ and organizational preferences for focusing on multiple tasks simultaneously.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data were collected from 309 software project employees in Pakistan. Hypotheses were tested using polynomial regressions and response surface modeling.FindingsI–O polychronicity fit is related to turnover intentions. Turnover intentions are lower when I–O polychronicity fit occurs on the lower end of the polychronicity continuum, whereas turnover intentions are higher when fit is observed on the higher end of the polychronicity continuum. The relationship between I–O polychronicity fit and turnover intentions is significantly explained by exhaustion and perceptions of work overload.Practical implicationsThe study’s insights provide recommendations for organizations to optimally manage multitasking to help retain project employees.Originality/valueThese findings extend our understanding of the underlying mechanisms between I–O polychronicity fit and turnover intentions. Furthermore, this research expounds on how employee exhaustion and perceptions of work overload explain the relationship between I–O polychronicity fit and turnover intentions.

Digital Valuation: Lessons in relevance from the prototyping of a recommendation app

This article describes the use of a prototype recommendation app to explore how users are included and/or excluded in categories of various kinds of ‘People Like You’. In the study, interviews with users of the prototype app indicate that the experience of receiving personalized recommendations isroutinely evaluated in terms of relevance, that is, as either of interest to them or as beside the point, as accurate or inaccurate, with accuracy often understood as recognition of their context(s). We build on the interviews to develop an analysis which suggests that the capacity of recommendation systems to make relevant recommendations is a function of the parallel projections – from the app on one side and users on the other – that are made as part of an interaction order. In developing this analysis, we reflect on the implications of the interaction order for the inclusion and exclusion of users in categories or kinds of people. We highlight the importance of the temporal formatting of interaction as a continuous present for the relation between belonging and belongings, and thus for the creation of a datasset (Beauvisage and Mellett 2020).

Investigating the Value of Parallel Pipeline Projects for Water Supply: A Contingent Valuation Study in South Korea

Parallel pipeline projects can contribute to ensuring a safe and stable water supply and preventing or mitigating losses caused by water pipeline accidents. However, because these projects require a significant investment, feasibility tests are essential prior to their implementation. Considering the public nature of the water supply, the direct beneficiaries of the project and people from other regions can place value on such projects. Thus, this study estimates the value of parallel pipeline projects using the contingent valuation method (CVM) and the swing weighting technique. We constructed two contingent valuation surveys: one asking about the willingness to pay (WTP) for a parallel pipeline project within the respondent’s region and the other asking about the WTP for a project outside the region. The results show that the annual WTP per household for projects within and outside the region was 113,669 KRW (87.98 USD) and 5493 KRW (4.25 USD), respectively. These results indicate that the value perceived by people from outside the region should be considered. Additionally, the results from the swing weighting technique and WTP analysis show that the values that respondents generally consider important and those that can leverage the overall project value are distinct. This study’s results provide insights into the implementation of parallel pipeline projects in South Korea. Furthermore, this study’s analytical framework can be used for the valuation of other public infrastructure projects.

Dissociable encoding of motivated behavior by parallel thalamo-striatal projections

The successful pursuit of goals requires the coordinated execution and termination of actions that lead to positive outcomes. This process relies on motivational states that are guided by internal drivers, such as hunger or fear. However, the mechanisms by which the brain tracks motivational states to shape instrumental actions are not fully understood. The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is a midline thalamic nucleus that shapes motivated behaviors via its projections to the nucleus accumbens (NAc)1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and monitors internal state via interoceptive inputs from the hypothalamus and brainstem.3,9,10,11,12,13,14 Recent studies indicate that the PVT can be subdivided into two major neuronal subpopulations, namely PVTD2(+) and PVTD2(-), which differ in genetic identity, functionality, and anatomical connectivity to other brain regions, including the NAc.4,15,16 In this study, we used fiber photometry to investigate the invivo dynamics of these two distinct PVT neuronal types in mice performing a foraging-like behavioral task. We discovered that PVTD2(+) and PVTD2(-) neurons encode the execution and termination of goal-oriented actions, respectively. Furthermore, activity in the PVTD2(+) neuronal population mirrored motivation parameters such as vigor and satiety. Similarly, PVTD2(-) neurons also mirrored some of these parameters, but to a much lesser extent. Importantly, these features were largely preserved when activity in PVT projections to the NAc was selectively assessed. Collectively, our results highlight the existence of two parallel thalamo-striatal projections that participate in the dynamic regulation of goal pursuits and provide insight into the mechanisms by which the brain tracks motivational states to shape instrumental actions.

Enhancing Development of Modular Application-Specific Configurable Space Robots

In many space activities, existing robotic systems are highly mission-specific and cannot be reused. On the other hand, there are several highly modular system designs, that lack the specialized hardware, yet. The MODKOM (Modular Components as Building Blocks for Application-specific Configurable Space Robots) project, aims to create a toolbox that allows to configure and recombine a robot for certain tasks, out of specialized and standardized building blocks; this also includes commercial off-the-shelf components. Therefore, MODKOM also focuses on providing a software framework to compose and configure such systems. Based on the proposed system modeling, all entities (hard- & software) can be represented, handled, and also be stored to reuse sub-systems. By providing adequate (graphical) user interfaces and thereby lowering the need for manually-typed files, this process is simplified benefiting accessibility to non-experts. First tests in parallel projects show already the reduced necessity for manual configuration work and thus, a decrease in mistakes in formerly error-prone tasks. MODKOM also provides a set of modular hardware building blocks, which will be used in the upcoming final demonstration scenario to evaluate the advances made.

Package Assembly Design Kits - The Future of Advanced Package Design

HDFO design layout and system-level performance require a range of dynamic design rule definitions. Package Assembly Design Kits can capture and implement these design rule contraints. These PADKs offer a special type of implementation by validating the design of layout with a benchmark that supports the manufacturing and assembly processes performed by the OSATs. Partnering with an OSAT to utilize PADKs early in the life cycle of product development is critical to reducing the number of design layout spins sometimes required to meet manufacturing and assembly best practices. As the HDFO signal I/O counts increase proportionally with the package complexity, the only practical solution is to leverage the strength of a PADK to drive the package design layout from day one. Establishing a PADK into an existing desgin workflow does take some investment; howeverk the rewards can be exponential, with sequential or parallel projects commencing. Areas requiring an investment will depend on the current design environment and established workflows. The following are the four pillars that lead to a successful PADK implementation: high-end computer hardware, compatible software, advanced training, and a qualified support team. The scale of each will additionally depend on the scope of each package being developed. One especially positive feature of the elements that make up the package assembly design kit is that each item can be implemented into existing design flows. The impact on the design flow is minimal, but the results are immense. Pulling all the benefits together is like opening the doors into tomorrow, and they remain open with the potential and opportunities offered by the advancements in Package Assembly Design Kits.

Romantic opportunism: Doing the work of structures in post-feminist creative industries

This article contributes to feminist cultural studies on the creative industries by offering an ethnographic account of the lifeworld of a female and creative entrepreneur. Drawing on interview data and ethnographic observations collected over the course of 10 years, I offer a thick description of the personal and professional trajectories of Alexandra, through the rise and fall of her fashion brand and first marriage and on to her second marriage and new job as an employee for a marketing firm. I focus on the ways in which she becomes her own microstructure, building connection between love and career in a de-regulated and de-territorialised environment. I argue that she engages in what I call ‘romantic opportunism’, a biographical device that enables her to spot instrumental connections between different dimensions of life, whilst unifying them into a romantic plot. The story of Alexandra can therefore be seen as an instantiation of ‘freelance feminism’, whereby life emerges as the combination of parallel and interdependent projects.

Analysis of Piano Online Teaching System Based on Maximum Logarithm MPA Algorithm Technology

The application of computer technology has revolutionized and promoted the traditional mode of piano teaching. Nowadays, many companies and institutions have begun to apply computer technology to online piano teaching. This paper analyzes the difficulties faced by students in piano teaching and the development of piano assistant practice and summarizes the demands of parents, teachers, students, and principals for online piano teaching system. Based on this, this paper designs and implements an online piano teaching system without special hardware. This system improves the existing maximum logarithm MPa algorithm and improves the detection performance while keeping the complexity low. Combined with the special structure of parallel projection, a generalized automaton model of hybrid system is proposed, and five elements are used to describe the continuous and discrete behaviors in the hybrid subsystem. It not only keeps the advantage of low complexity of the original Max log MPa algorithm, but also obtains better detection performance.

Investigation on Response of Site of Typical Soil–Rock Composite Strata in Changchun Induced by Shield Construction of Parallel Twin Tunnels

Underground engineering construction will inevitably change the stress state of surrounding strata, which will force a negative impact on the surrounding environment, even leading to the large deformation and damage of some adjacent structures. With a focus on the deformation of a typical soil–rock composite stratum site in the construction of Changchun Metro, relying on the shield construction of a parallel twin tunnel project between Northeast Normal University Station and Gong-Nong Square Station, which belongs to the Changchun Metro Line 1, the site deformation characteristics during the shield driving process of parallel twin tunnels were studied. Based on the data obtained from field monitoring and numerical simulation, ground settlement in shield driving was analyzed, the settlement trough was studied with the Peck formula, and the action of shield driving on the adjacent tunnel was discussed. Moreover, the influence range of shield driving was suggested, and the interaction between the twin tunnels with different axis spacings in shield driving was discussed. Some regular results obtained can provide support through data for similar projects in Changchun, China.

Determining knowledge of antimicrobial therapy in practitioners (results of the KANT-IV project)

Objective. To determine the level of knowledge of doctors on the rational use of antimicrobial drugs in clinical practice and to compare with data of the previous stage of the study and results obtained from students in a parallel project. Materials and Methods. A multicenter questionnaire survey of practitioners with analysis of results – stage of KANT project (full name of the project – «Physicians’ (Students’) knowledge in antimicrobials usage») conducted in 2020–2023. Results. A total of 336 participants were surveyed in 5 centers (10 Russian regions: Belgorod, Novosibirsk, Rostov, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Sakhalin, Primorsky, Krasnodar, and Krasnoyarsk regions, Republic of Tatarstan). The average level of correct answers (LCA) for the whole questionnaire was 47.5% (taking into account the extended analysis of sub-items questions No. 8 and 9 – 46.8%). Doctors showed the best results in answering questions about the time interval during which the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy is evaluated (LCA – 84.2%); about choosing the most rational action if antimicrobial therapy (AMT) has a positive clinical effect, but requires a long course of therapy (LCA – 72.6%); selection of rational diagnostic/treatment action in the diagnosis of acute tonsillitis or pharyngitis, in a case where etiologic diagnosis is required (LCA – 63.1%). The worst results were recorded in answering to the following questions: indication of the antimicrobial drug of choice in the treatment of various infections (LCA – 29.1%); the choice of auxiliary drugs in addition to the justified appointment of antimicrobial drugs in the treatment of bacterial infections of the respiratory tract for the entire period of the disease or in certain phases (LCA – 26.6% – 35.1%); indication of a combination of antimicrobial drugs that is irrational to prescribe in clinical practice due to a similar mechanism and/or spectrum of activity against pathogens (LCA – 24.4%). Significant differences were found between centers in a number of questions, between physicians in KANT-III and KANT-IV projects (p &lt; 0.001), and between physicians and students in a parallel project (KANT-IV students, LCA – 42.6%, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions. An unsatisfactory level of physicians’ knowledge of AMT and choice of adjuvant agents, as well as appropriateness of antimicrobial combination was found. The authors believe there is a need for making more efforts in areas of increasing physicians’ compliance to clinical recommendations, expertise and quality control of pharmacotherapy, recruitment of clinical pharmacologists; to optimize the educational process in universities, to expand the scope and availability of additional educational programs within the system of continuous education, as well as to train physicians in using modern sources of scientific medical information.

Speculative Phenomenology: Reexamining the Relation Between Phenomenology and Speculative Realism

Much has been made of the so-called “speculative turn” in contemporary philosophy. For some, this turn marks the “end of phenomenology” and the dawn of a new empiricism in European philosophy. For others, it amounts to nothing more than a renewal of the straw-person accusation of psychologism against phenomenology. In truth, it is neither. Instead, this article argues that while at times mutually critical of one another, speculative materialism and phenomenology are best understood as parallel projects with shared trajectories and aims, common concerns, and even comparable methods. The bene􀏔it of reading these two apparently divergent camps as parallel projects is that it allows phenomenology to understand the diversity of its own history anew and, in light of this, to draw from speculative realism as a resource for rethinking its objectives and methods in its pursuit of a robust post-Kantian realism.

Adaptation of the layer V supraspinal motor corticofugal projections from the primary (M1) and premotor (PM) cortices after CNS motor disorders in non-human primates: A survey.

Motor commands are transmitted from the motor cortical areas to effectors mostly via the corticospinal (CS) projection. Several subcortical motor nuclei also play an important role in motor control, the subthalamic nucleus, the red nucleus, the reticular nucleus and the superior colliculus. These nuclei are influenced by motor cortical areas via respective corticofugal projections, which undergo complex adaptations after motor trauma (spinal cord/motor cortex injury) or motor disease (Parkinson), both in the absence or presence of putative treatments, as observed in adult macaque monkeys. A dominant effect was a nearly complete suppression of the corticorubral projection density and a strong downregulation of the corticoreticular projection density, with the noticeable exception in the latter case of a considerable increase of projection density following spinal cord injury, even enhanced when an anti-NogoA antibody treatment was administered. The effects were diverse and less prominent on the corticotectal and corticosubthalamic projections. The CS projection may still be the major efferent pathway through which motor adaptations can take place after motor trauma or disease. However, the parallel supraspinal motor corticofugal projections may also participate in connectional adaptations supporting the functional recovery of motor abilities, representing potential targets for future clinical strategies, such as selective electrical neurostimulations.