Parallel Position Research Articles

A putative biological adsorption process of binary mixture taste of sucrose and caffeine on human neuroreceptor site by the use of statistical physics modeling

This work represents a contribution in the comprehension of a racimic mixture of caffeine-sucrose molecules and their taste-taste interaction, by the use of a binary model expression of non-exclusive competitive extended Hill model. This extended model is deduced by statistical physics treatment. The simulation results suggested that the sucrose molecule formed an aggregate of two molecules and anchored with a non-parallel position onto the human neuroreceptor taste sites. Contrary to the sucrose molecule, the molecule of caffeine is anchored in a parallel position with the human neuroreceptor taste sites. The pore size distribution (PSD) and the adsorption energy distribution (AED) of human neuroreceptor sites are derived through the selected model to describe porosity and energitical homogeneity of taste adsorbent surface. So, the mutual interaction between molecules of racemic mixture dose-response curves of caffeine and sucrose on human neuroreceptor sites. Firstly, this model is used to analyze the taste-taste interaction mechanism of the mixture of bitter caffeine-sweet sucrose taste. Secondly, all these stereo and energetical parameters will be used for an objective description of the taste of the mixture of caffeine-sucrose molecules in the intense and qualitative aspects of the taste of the mixture.

Investigation of the vibration effect of using single or double eccentric mass in the trunk shakers used in fruit harvesting

Trunk shakers are widely used in the harvesting of tree fruits. The vibration produced by trunk shakers is obtained by rotating eccentric masses. In trunk shakers, a single eccentric mass is used as well as a double eccentric mass. However, there is no study on their effectiveness relative to each other if these eccentric masses are used single and double. In this study, the vibration effect of eccentric masses in trunk shakers is compared when they are operated in axial or parallel positions as a double mass instead of a single mass. For this purpose, a trunk shaker was designed for a stiff trunk tree and manufactured after modeling in 3D. The 3D model of the trunk shaker is simulated in ANSYS software. Afterward, experiments are carried out with the manufactured trunk shaker assembly. A trunk model (steel pipe) is vibrated by operating the eccentric masses at frequencies of 16.5 Hz and 25 Hz. Vibration graphics are obtained by making measurements for 2 s in the x and y axes directions at two different points of the tree model. The vibration results obtained in the simulations in ANSYS software are compared with the results obtained in the experimental study. In both simulations and experimental studies, it has been found that when double mass is used instead of single mass on trunk shakers, there is a decrease in the vibration values ​​they produce. The vectorial resultant of the acceleration values ​​produced by the masses at different positions in the x and y axes were compared proportionally. When the dual mass is used instead of a single mass, the greatest reduction in acceleration was obtained in dual-mass experiments (−14.6 % in experiments and −14.2 % in simulations) placed in parallel positions at 25 Hz frequency. These results show that the positions of the eccentric masses as well as their frequencies are critical for harvesting in a shorter time without damaging the tree trunk. It was concluded that the use of single eccentric mass trunk shakers may be more efficient for fruit harvesting on trees with very stiff trunks.

Multi-Channel EEG Emotion Recognition Based on Parallel Transformer and 3D-Convolutional Neural Network

Due to its covert and real-time properties, electroencephalography (EEG) has long been the medium of choice for emotion identification research. Currently, EEG-based emotion recognition focuses on exploiting temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal EEG data for emotion recognition. Due to the lack of consideration of both spatial and temporal aspects of EEG data, the accuracy of EEG emotion detection algorithms employing solely spatial or temporal variables is low. In addition, approaches that use spatiotemporal properties of EEG for emotion recognition take temporal and spatial characteristics of EEG into account; however, these methods extract temporal and spatial information directly from EEG data. Since there is no reconstruction of the EEG data format, the temporal and spatial properties of the EEG data cannot be extracted efficiently. To address the aforementioned issues, this research proposes a multi-channel EEG emotion identification model based on the parallel transformer and three-dimensional convolutional neural networks (3D-CNN). First, parallel channel EEG data and position reconstruction EEG sequence data are created separately. The temporal and spatial characteristics of EEG are then retrieved using transformer and 3D-CNN models. Finally, the features of the two parallel modules are combined to form the final features for emotion recognition. On the DEAP, Dreamer, and SEED databases, the technique achieved greater accuracy in emotion recognition than other methods. It demonstrates the efficiency of the strategy described in this paper.

Maxillary incisor-based objectives in present-day orthodontics

<h2>ABSTRACT</h2> Orthodontists should be familiar in examining all the components of a smile. A parallel position of the facial aspect of the incisor crown to the face is considered to be the most aesthetic position of the maxillary incisor. A more anterior position of the maxillary central incisors has been shown to be more acceptable than a more posterior position. Exposition of the incisor should not be larger than 3 mm in relationship to the upper lip. The lack of objective criteria to position incisors may be a first step to make the patient become dissatisfied with the treatment result. This paper discusses the ideal buco-ligual inclination for maxillary central incisor, and their horizontal and vertical position. A simple way to determine a virtual goal for maxillary incisor position, using digital tools, will be explained as well as how to transfer the occlusal plane to 3d planning softwares. A clinical case is presented using the Glabellar vertical line, the Mid-forehead vertical line and the Functional Esthetical Oclusal Plane as tools to determine where the maxillary central incisors should be positioned for optimal esthetic results.

Comparison of Antero-Posterior Lip Position in Most Favored Facial Profile of Jaipur Population.

BackgroundThe enhancement of facial esthetics is one of the essential goals of orthodontic treatment. The concept of an excellent facial profile can differ between two individuals of the same population. Esthetics is a very vital component in Orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Orthodontic treatment aims to achieve facial harmony by stabilizing the occlusion and pleasing facial and dental esthetics. Therefore, the characteristics of a pleasing, well-balanced face and a functioning occlusion should be evaluated.AimThis study aimed to determine preferable Antero-posterior lip positions in the Jaipur population and determine the range of anteroposterior lip positions as evaluated by orthodontists, patients, and professionals from a series of different lip positions in facial silhouettes, and compare their assessments.Materials and MethodsThe sample comprised 50 subjects (25 males & 25 females) from Jaipur. All angular and linear measurements were recorded for both males and females separately. The mean value of those readings was placed in NEMOTECH cephalometric software, and an average profile construction was done. This average profile will determine the lip fullness/ facial profile of males and females of the Jaipur (Rajasthan) population. A series of 7 profile silhouettes for males and seven profile silhouettes for females was developed by altering the lip positions (protrusion & retrusion in 2mm increments till 6 mm from the average profile) parallel to Frankfort horizontal plane (F-H) plane. Constructed facial silhouettes (seven male and female) were evaluated by (50) Orthodontists, (50) oral surgeons, general dentists (50), and non-specialists population (100). Evaluators were asked for the best profile in each gender from 1 to 7 in order of their preference.ResultOn calculating the standard deviation values, the profile selected as most favored for females is 2.33 by orthodontists, on the contrary, the standard deviation for Oral Surgeons, General Dentists & Non-specialists is 2.04, 2.14, and 2.12 respectively. It was found that profile retruded -2mm for males was the most favored, and profile retruded -4mm for males was second most favored. Average Profile /the profile without retrusion or protrusion was selected by orthodontists as the most favored profile. Profile retruded -2mm was the most favored profile for males clinically significant. It was found that profile retruded -2mm for females was the most favored, and profile retruded -4mm for females was second most favored. Profile retruded -2mm was the most favored profile for females by Orthodontists, General Dentists & non-specialists. Profile retruded -4mm was the most favored for females by Oral Surgeons. overall made insignificant.ConclusionThe most favored facial profile is -2mm (profile 1) retruded lip posture in both males and females. According to Orthodontists most favored facial profile is 0mm (profile 6) average profile in males and -2mm (profile 1) retruded lip position in females. According to non-specialists most favored facial profile is -2mm (profile 1) retruded lip position in both males and females.

Experimental, DFT and MD simulation studies of Mordant Black 11 dye adsorption onto polyaniline in aqueous solution

In this study, polyaniline was synthesized using two methods; in-situ polymerization using tartaric acid as a dopant (PANI/TA) and emulsion polymerization in the presence of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide as a surfactant (PANI/HTAB). Samples were characterized by SEM-EDX, FTIR, and XRD analyses. Subsequently, materials were evaluated for the adsorption of Mordant Black 11 (MB11) dye in aqueous media under different experimental conditions. Kinetic data were analyzed by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Equilibrium isotherm data were fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models. Sample prepared by emulsion polymerization shows a higher monolayer capacity of 232 mg/g compared to 115.9 mg/g obtained for the sample prepared by in-situ polymerization. Thermodynamic study indicated an endothermic and spontaneous process. Besides, the adsorbents displayed good regeneration performance using 0.1 N NaOH solution. In addition, quantum chemical parameters were calculated by DFT and the agreement between these parameters and experimental observations was analyzed. Also, the interactions between the dye molecule and the PANI (001) surface were simulated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. It was found that the dye was adsorbed onto the PANI (001) surface in a nearby parallel position.

Experimental, analytical, and numerical investigation of punching behaviour of two-way rc slab with multiple openings

Because of its advantages, reinforced concrete (RC) flat slabs have become increasingly popular in recent years. On the other hand, flat slabs have the problem of being vulnerable to punching, which is a dangerous type of collapse. The openings around the column are the most important factor affecting this behavior. The effects of multiple opening positions in two-way reinforced concrete slabs on punching behavior were explored in this study. The factors studied were opening sizes (300 × 300 mm, 500 × 500 mm, and 700 × 700 mm) and opening positions (parallel, diagonal, and adjacent). In this context, ten two-way reinforced concrete (RC) slabs with a length of 2000 × 2000 × 120 mm were made and tested under punching loading from a 200 × 200 mm square column in the slab's middle. The analytical capacity equations presented in TS 500 (TSE, 2000), ACI 318 (ACI, 2019), and Eurocode 2 (CEN, 2002) were used to determine the specimens' ultimate load capabilities. In addition to these studies, finite element models of the slabs were created using ABAQUS finite element software, and comments on how successful the numerical model could be were made by comparing the analysis findings with the experimental results. According to the research, as the openings grew larger, unfavorable results were achieved in ultimate load capacity, initial stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity, with the most unsuccessful results in the test specimens with the adjacent opening position.

Notes on quantitative susceptibility mapping reconstruction accuracy under challenging conditions: Phantom measurements and simulations

Magnetic susceptibility can be assessed by quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), based on measured magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phase data. The QSM reconstruction process is, however, mathematically challenging and still not fully robust. A signal-generating holmium [Ho(III)] aqueous solution with air-equivalent magnetic susceptibility was prepared, and used as a surrounding medium in a water phantom with tubes filled with a solution of gadolinium contrast agent at various concentrations. Extended analyses under controlled conditions were accomplished by simulations of the phantom construction. Without surrounding holmium solution, a gadolinium tube positioned centrally, parallel with B0, showed a susceptibility difference that agreed well with theoretical values, whereas a peripheral parallel tube position showed larger deviation. Orientation perpendicular to B0 resulted in less variation between the internal tube positions. Air-equivalent magnetic susceptibility corresponded to 16.5 mM Ho(III) solution. With surrounding holmium solution, several post-processing steps became challenging. Simulations indicated higher degree of underestimation when the theoretical susceptibility difference increased. Details in the mathematical implementation, for example, background field removal can strongly influence the result. Simulated results were, in part, unexpected, and provided awareness of limitations in the reconstruction technique, mainly related to conditions with large susceptibility differences between compartments.

Ability of modern proximal tibial lateral plates to capture posterolateral tibial plateau fracture fragments.

BackgroundThe surgical treatment of posterolateral tibial plateau fractures involves a challenging and diverse set of considerations, one of which is the lack of proper and satisfactory internal fixations to purchase posterolateral fragments. Evaluating the configuration of internal fixations is often overlooked, despite it being important to outcomes of fracture fixation. This study aimed to (I) propose a new digital methodology of internal fixation evaluation that based on actual fracture cases and (II) evaluate the fixation effectiveness of four commercially available proximal tibial lateral plate-screw constructs for posterolateral fragments.MethodsTibial plateau fractures involving the posterolateral column were retrospectively reviewed. The reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) fracture models were virtually reduced, and targeted internal fixations were modeled digitally in specialized software. Four implants from three manufacturers (DePuy Synthes, Westchester, NY, USA; Zimmer, Warsaw, IN, USA; and Biomet, Warsaw, IN, USA) were placed on each fracture in an optimal position to simulate surgical fixation and quantitatively evaluate fixation effectiveness. The fragment was considered to be “captured” if it was purchased by at least two screws. The 3D fracture maps and heat maps were created by graphically superimposing all uncaptured fracture fragments onto a tibia template.ResultsThis study included 144 posterolateral tibial plateau fractures. When not using screws in a variable angle (VA) manner, the fixation effectiveness for posterolateral fragments was 58.3% for the DePuy Synthes locking compression plates (LCP), 47.9% for the DePuy Synthes VA-LCP, 50.7% for the Zimmer plate, and 43.8% for the Biomet plate. In contrast, the capturing rates boosted to 76.4% and 71.5% when utilizing VA screws in the DePuy Synthes VA-LCP and the Biomet plate. The high-frequency uncaptured areas tended to concentrate on the rim of the posterolateral wall and were mainly distributed in the posterior 1/2 to 3/4 of the parallel position of the fibula head.ConclusionsThe proposed new digital methodology was demonstrated feasible and may improve the quantitative evaluation of the implants and optimize the design of implants. The commercially available proximal tibial lateral plate-screw constructs were insufficient in capturing posterolateral fragments, and design-improved or additional implants may be necessitated.

Perancangan Drilling Jig dengan Adjustable V-Block untuk Pengeboran Tangkai Drill Chuck Mesin Bor Koordinat 22 STA

The drill machining process requires the drill chuck shank as a coupler between the drill chuck and the drilling machine spindle. Limited availability of drill chuck shank especially for coordinate drilling machine 22 STA is the problem faced. The purpose of the design is to get a replacement of drill chuck shank because on the market that thing is difficult to obtain. The design methods include: the design of special device for placing the drill chuck shank in parallel position to the horizontal axis that is drilling jig with adjustable v-block to adjust the taper of the shank,machining a drilling jig with adjustable v-block, and trial drilling of eight holes on body of drill chuck shank. The real result obtained is drilling jig with adjustable v-block which can be used to make eight holes on body of drill chuck shank coordinate drilling machine 22 STA.

Dead volume-free flow splitting in capillary electrophoresis.

In recent years, several dual detection concepts (DDCs) for CE were developed, which consisted of at least one nondestructive detector. For these DDCs, a linear detector arrangement could be used, which is not possible when both detectors are destructive. To overcome this problem, we developed a concept for the splitting of the CE stream utilizing commercially available flow splitters (FSs) that allow the parallel positioning of two destructive detectors. In this proof-of-concept study, T- and Y-shaped FSs were characterized regarding their suitability for DDCs. To keep it simple, a UV detector (UV) and a C4 D were used for the characterization. The model system consisted of an acetonitrile-based background electrolyte and the two model substances, (ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium iodide and caffeine. CE hyphenated to a UV detector (CE-UV) measurements revealed that the split ratio was about 50% for both FSs. CE-C4 D was used to evaluate the peak shape in front of and behind the FSs. These measurements showed that there was no significant peak broadening introduced by the FSs. Additionally, there were no changes in the LODs in front of and behind the FSs. Furthermore, the flexibility of the new FS approach allowed the usage of capillaries with different ids (25-75µm) for injection and detection.

SAR and thermal distribution of pregnant woman and child inside elevator cabin

AbstractA detailed dosimetry study of electromagnetic absorption and temperature rise under real scenarios is delivered when a mobile phone is used inside an elevator cabin. Numerically accurate human models of a 7th month pregnant woman and a 5-year-old female child are utilized as the exposed subjects. The female child acts as the phone user. The mobile phone is modeled in three talk positions (parallel, tilt, and cheek) operating at 1000 MHz and 1800 MHz. From the obtained numerical results for the specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature rise induced by the mobile radiofrequency (RF) radiation, it is found that the child's RF exposure is significantly affected by the phone position and less affected by the relevant position of the human models. The exact opposite case applies for the pregnant woman model and its fetus. Almost all numerical investigations are carried out inside a metallic elevator cabin.

Influence of experimental methods on the level of manifestation of motor qualities of young acrobats 6-7 years

The influence of experimental methods on the level of manifestation of motor qualities of young acrobats 6-7 years old is established in the article. An experimental training program for young acrobats aged 6-7 is presented. The total number of trainings was 59-67 classes at the following stages: introductory (extraction) - 5-7 classes, control - 2; preparatory - 20-22; control - 2; corrective - 2; molding - 6-8. The content of the weekly microcycle at the first preparatory stage: Monday - the development of agility and speed with the use of a variety of relays with a change of motor actions, with and without objects; on Wednesday - strength and flexibility with the use of exercises on a gymnastic stand, bending the arms at rest lying in different positions, bridges, swinging movements of arms and legs; on Friday - the use of basic special exercises: swallow, stand on your shoulders, roll forward with a squat, wheel (turn sideways), bridges with fixing the main provisions of their performance. At the second preparatory stage one more training is added and consists of: on Monday - complex development of motor qualities, mainly speed in dexterity during performance of basic acrobatic exercises; on Wednesday - comprehensive development of motor skills, mainly strength and flexibility in the process of performing basic acrobatic exercises; on Friday - comprehensive development of motor skills, mainly special endurance during basic acrobatic exercises; on Saturday - the formation of a comprehensive implementation of basic exercises in different sequences.&#x0D; It is established that during the annual macrocycle the introduction of experimental techniques, which provided for the definition of motor skills and their level required for mastering the basic elements of initial training of young acrobats and development and implementation of methods for their development to the required level. stretching the arms while lying down; bending and unbending the legs, keeping the angle hanging back to the gym; long jump from a place by a push of both legs; lean forward sitting on the floor legs apart; maximum torso tilt forward; squats to a parallel position of the thigh to the floor; bending the legs at the knees while lying on your back; lifting legs sitting on a bench.&#x0D; At the same time, the test results of young acrobats of the control group during the study underwent fewer positive changes, significantly improving the results in bending and unbending the legs, keeping the angle hanging back to the gym and the maximum torso tilt forward.

Developing the Positional Characteristics of a Dance-Specific Star Excursion Balance Test (dsSEBT).

Current dynamic balance tests do not sufficiently test all aspects of balance required for dancers in everyday training and performances. The aim of this study was to examine alterations to the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) to ensure a more dance-specific protocol. Twenty-four healthy ballet and contemporary dancers (age: 22.21 ± 6.47 years) participated in completing five different variations of the SEBT. This research implemented upper-body restrictions commonly used in dance settings and tested the effects of two different foot positions, parallel and turned out, as well as two alternate balance surfaces, a foam balance pad and a firm yoga block. Reach distances (percent of limb length), center of pressure (COP, cm²), error scores, and time to completion were measured. Overall, the dance-specific upper body restrictions did not affect the dancer's ability to reach maximally and achieve a successful trial as there were no significant differences between the original SEBT and the dance-specific SEBT parallel condition (p = 1.00). The foam and block conditions were found to be significantly more difficult due to lower reach distance values, higher COP values, and higher error score values when compared to the original, parallel, and turnout positions (p < 0.05). Lastly, it was discovered that 62.61% of all errors made were in the crossed side and crossed front spokes, suggesting these are the most difficult reach directions to accomplish. The variations used in the study will aid in developing a reliable dance-specific dynamic balance test.

Effective target arrangement for detecting the properties of Ni doped diamond-like carbon by pulsed laser deposition

In the current study, diamond-like carbon (DLC) was synthesized by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) in a vacuum at room temperature, focusing on Ni-dopant concentration and arrangement of Ni strips in both parallel and transverse positions. The morphology and structural properties of Ni-DLC films were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis, cross-section analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle (CA), and nanoindentation test. AFM images exhibit the new shapes of Ni-DLC thin films, named conic and nano-mushroom particles. The Raman spectra of Ni-DLC films show that the calculated intensities D-line to G-line ratio experiences a decrease with increasing Ni dopants in the transverse arrangement while the parallel arrangement represents a different trend. The stoichiometry of Ni-DLC thin films has been reported from the cross-section of thin films. It is also observed from the measured CA that the hydrophilic properties of Ni-DLCs increase in the transverse arrangement. Low nickel content in diamond-like carbon matrix exhibited the dominance of diamond phase and good mechanical properties have been found.

On the titles in the state of the Yenisei Kyrgyzes Ichreki and Öge. VII-XI centuries

This article attempts to study the state titles and positions in the state of the Yenisei Kyrgyz of Southern Siberia. The names of these titles are Içreki and Öge. During the Middle Ages, the Yenisei Kyrgyz had centralized authorities and local government administration. The state bureaucracy, system of government and titles of titles (epithets) were generally identical with the Turkic-Mongol nomadic states of Central Asia in antiquity and in the Middle Ages. At the same time, the Yenisei Kyrgyz management system had its own characteristics and differences, they are reflected in the names and functions of some state titles and positions. Analysis of state titles, posts and epithets to them, reflect a very complex and developed system of public administration among the ancient and medieval Kyrgyz. In addition, an attempt to systematize titles reflects the lexical (linguistic) basis of the origin and the area of distribution of these titles. According to our updated data, the medieval Yenisei Kyrgyz up to 1703 used more than 50 titles and various positions in the state administration system. They are mainly mentioned in the Yenisei written monuments, some parallel titles and state positions are recorded in Chinese written sources of the Wei (Northern Wei), Zhou, Sui, Tang, Song, Ming and Qin dynasties. Key words: Kyrgyzes, title, epitaph, Northern Wei, Tang dynasty, heavenly Turks, Tabgachs, Huns (Sünnu).

Paradoxical delayed capture proved the dual-loop tachycardia mechanism of a cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter

A 37-year-old man underwent catheter ablation for a cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter. Two 20-pole deflectable electrode catheters were placed in a parallel position on the tricuspid annulus and right atrial lateral wall. The dual-loop tachycardia mechanism of the atrial flutter was suggested by paradoxical delayed capture of the lateral wall of the right atrium during entrainment pacing from the lateral tricuspid annulus.

Faster than real-time path-sensitive temperature modeling of wire-arc additive manufacturing by a data-driven finite volume method

Wire-arc additive manufacturing uses arc welding to build 3D objects by progressive deposition of weld beads at high deposition rates. To minimize the distortion induced by the moving heat source, a model for predicting the transient temperature fields as a function of the deposition path is needed. This work proposes a new data-driven finite volume model that combines the semi-discrete form of the energy balance with a temporal convolutional neural network. Compared to recurrent neural networks, the model is energy-conserving and computes temperature profiles on a grid of positions in parallel, thus executing substantially faster than the actual process.

Parallel channel and position attention-guided feature pyramid for pig face posture detection

The area of the pig's face contains rich biological information, such as eyes, nose, and ear. The high-precision detection of pig face postures is crucial to the identification of pigs, and it can also provide fundamental archival information for the study of abnormal behavioral characteristics and regularities. In this study, a series of attention blocks were embedded in Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) for automatic detection of the pig face posture in group-breeding environments. Firstly, the Channel Attention Block (CAB) and Position Attention Block (PAB) were proposed to capture the channel dependencies and the pixel-level long-range relationships, respectively. Secondly, a variety of attention modules are proposed to effectively combine the two kinds of attention information, specifically including Parallel Channel Position (PCP), Cascade Position Channel (CPC), and Cascade Channel Position (CCP), which fuse the channel and position attention information in both parallel or cascade ways. Finally, the verification experiments on three task networks with two backbone networks were conducted for different attention blocks or modules. A total of 45 pigs in 8 pigpens were used as the research objects. Experimental results show that attention-based models perform better. Especially, with Faster Region Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) as the task network and ResNet101 as the backbone network, after the introduction of the PCP module, the Average Precision (AP) indicators of the face poses of Downward with head-on face (D-O), Downward with lateral face (D-L), Level with head-on face (L-O), Level with lateral face (L-L), Upward with head-on face (U-O), and Upward with lateral face (U-L) achieve 91.55%, 90.36%, 90.10%, 90.05%, 85.96%, and 87.92%, respectively. Ablation experiments show that the PAB attention block is not as effective as the CAB attention block, and the parallel combination method is better than the cascade manner. Taking Faster R-CNN as the task network and ResNet101 as the backbone network, the heatmap visualization of different layers of FPN before and after adding PCP shows that, compared with the non-PCP module, the PCP module can more easily aggregate denser and richer contextual information, this, in turn, enhances long-range dependencies to improve feature representation. At the same time, the model based on PCP attention can effectively detect the pig face posture of different ages, different scenes, and different light intensities, which can help lay the foundation for subsequent individual identification and behavior analysis of pigs. Keywords: objection detection, attention mechanism, feature pyramid network, face posture detection, pig DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20221506.7329 Citation: Hu Z W, Yan H W, Lou T T. Parallel channel and position attention-guided feature pyramid for pig face posture detection. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2022; 15(6): 222–234.

John Henry Newman and the Development of Doctrine: Encountering Change, Looking for Continuity by Stephen Morgan

Reviewed by: John Henry Newman and the Development of Doctrine: Encountering Change, Looking for Continuity by Stephen Morgan Guy Nicholls C.O. Stephen Morgan John Henry Newman and the Development of Doctrine: Encountering Change, Looking for Continuity Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2021 xvi + 315. Hardback. $75.00. John Henry Newman is undoubtedly one of the greatest Christian thinkers of any age, who made significant and highly original contributions to many areas of philosophy and theology. This beautifully written and closely argued book justifies the author's claim that Newman made no single contribution to theology more important than his long exploration of these questions: how can doctrine actually change and develop, whilst simultaneously remaining faithful to the original revelation? How can we know this to be so? In researching and pursuing this matter in ever greater depth and detail, Newman, according to Morgan, "addressed a question that had posed for him a serious existential difficulty for a very considerable period of time" (263), viz. how, in encountering change, can we find continuity? In pursuing this quest Newman has also bequeathed to the Church of our own time a vitally urgent hermeneutic tool to tackle questions concerning [End Page 206] the nature and extent of ecclesiastical authority to make definitive pronouncements on matters of doctrinal development. Morgan draws a striking picture of the intricacy of Newman's mind in framing the question and in devising various theories to provide its solution. In many ways it is most helpful to begin from the latest stage of Newman's research, which was the publication of the book that effectively divided his life into two halves: the first Anglican, the second Catholic. The 1845 Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine was described by Newman as "an hypothesis to account for a difficulty." First of all, the genesis of this "difficult" question of development of doctrine is to be located in the historical and revealed nature of the Christian religion. Christianity is an historical religion based not only on the facts of the life and teaching of Christ, but on the transmission, or "tradition," of these facts down the generations which form his Church. In short, the central fact of the Christian religion is the person of Christ, who, as the incarnate Son of God, is the subject of divine revelation. This fact can also be described as an "idea" which exists in human minds and is therefore subject to the multiform processes of human thought and reflection. Morgan has skillfully traced the unfolding of Newman's thought processes and of the interaction between him and his contemporaries, both Anglican and Catholic, in arriving at a fully articulated theory of development of doctrine. In so doing, he has also constructed a robust defense of Newman against those who have called into question Newman's own claim to honesty or who have impugned the accuracy of his memory when, more than twenty years after the climax of this period had passed, he was obliged to defend himself in the Apologia Pro Vita Sua against Charles Kingsley's charge of untruthfulness in his dealings with his fellow Anglicans before his conversion. Morgan conducts a painstaking forensic examination of New-man's letters and other writings in which he tested his own intricate theories to account for the "difficulty" of the phenomenon of doctrinal development. But as Morgan shows, Newman's successive attempts to locate development within Anglican fidelity [End Page 207] to patristic antiquity and within the via media of the Anglican church between the "extremes" of Roman excess and Protestant error, were utterly "pulverised" by the Catholic Nicholas Wiseman's 1839 article on the fourth century Donatist schism. Wiseman quoted the judgement of St. Augustine, "securus iudicat orbis terrarum," which Newman immediately sensed was precisely applicable to his own contemporary view of the Anglican and Catholic churches. Newman took this to show that the Anglican church was not as he had claimed, a true branch of the Catholic Church, but rather a schismatical body. The Anglicans were in a parallel position to the Donatists of North Africa, and out of communion not only with St. Augustine but also with the papacy...