Paradip Port Research Articles

Enhancing Efficiency through Multi-Modal Logistics and Port Automation: A Case Study of Paradip Port

Enhancing Efficiency through Multi-Modal Logistics and Port Automation: A Case Study of Paradip Port

Human health risk assessment model associated with PM2.5 bound metals in paradip port township, India

This study aimed to assess the environmental risk and human health risks associated with PM2.5-bound metals in Paradip city between January 2019 and December 2021. The seasonal average concentrations of PM2.5 were measured 91.43 ± 70.18 μg m−3, 103.40 ± 60.80 μg m−3, 124.74 ± 62.37 μg m−3, and 159.37 ± 77.88 μg m−3 in pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter season respectively. The highest and lowest concentrations are estimated in the winter and pre-monsoon season. Paradip city experienced tropical weather conditions with a hot and humid climate. The wind pattern shows that the predominant wind direction was observed from the south-south-west (SSW) direction. The metals in PM2.5 were analysed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) by air-acetylene flame using a hollow cathode lamp. The average metal concentration decreased in the order of Fe > Al > Zn > Pb > Cr > Mn > Ni > Cu > Co > Cd > As. The value of the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) was evaluated >1 for Cd, Fe, and Zn elements. The health risk assessment (HRA) results showed that non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) was higher through the inhalation route followed by ingestion and dermal contact. The cumulative NCR, which is expressed in terms of the hazard index (HI), is greater than 1 for infant (2.78E+00), child (2.53E+00), and adult (1.04E+00) via inhalation pathway. The total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for infants, children, and adults was estimated at 1.45E-04, 7.24E-05 and 1.25E-05, respectively, which exceeded the acceptable limit of 1.00E-06. Our comprehensive research plays an important role in both policymakers and relevant stakeholders for the preparation of city action plans concerning ambient air pollution, which can improve the air quality in and around Paradip city, India.

Paradeep Port Cartography

Abstract: Paradip Port is a natural, deep-water port on the East coast of India in Paradip, just 53 km from Jagatsinghpur city in Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha, India. It is situated at confluence of the Mahanadi river and the Bay of Bengal. ‘ The project detects the origin of paradeep port and the land pattern mouza selection in various revenue areas and growth of port from exports/area increment/climate effect/population growth & socio-economic impact due to expansion.’ hereby in this project , the intial setup zone of paradeep port is to be plot in revenue map by hand drafting and sketching over mouza map and topo map using the scale factor to denote the initial geographical settlement for the site selection, as the area is marked out then as per yearly growth basis the incremental chart and plans are to be prepared depicting addition of more areas,networks & affect on near by areas to see the bad/good impact on livelihood and development of market areas. The tracing and rubber sheeting of the industrial area is to be done using pins and hand sketching on paper board manually. As on the process initial and final map are plotted hence from study the Hereby in this project , the intial setup zone of paradeep port is to be plot in revenue map by hand drafting and sketching over mouza map and topo map using the scale factor to denote the initial geographical settlement for the site selection, as the area is marked out then as per yearly growth basis the incremental chart and plans are to be prepared depicting addition of more areas,networks & affect on near by areas to see the bad/good impact on livelihood and development of market areas. The tracing and rubber sheeting of the industrial area is to be done using pins and hand sketching on paper board manually. As on the process initial and final map are plotted hence from study the growth chart is to be prepared for growth of industry, climate change, social stability and future growth prediction.

A novel Index-based quantification approach for port performance measurement: a case from Indian major ports

ABSTRACT This paper develops a unified port performance index (PPI) considering different cargo categories and the multi-dimensional nature of port performance indicators/dimensions. This study has used the quintile method to construct PPI. Further, the PPI obtained from the quintile method is compared with weighted unified index (PPI PCA ) using principal component analysis (PCA), extensively used for index development in the literature. A pilot index development is demonstrated using secondary panel data for 12 major Indian ports on five significant dimensions, namely, operations, physical infrastructure, technical infrastructure, finance, and socio-economic. Results show that the JNPT port outperforms all other ports under the container cargo category. Likewise, Kandla port in the liquid port category and Paradip port in the other (dry & break bulk) cargo category are on top. Also, qualitatively similar results and insights are obtained with the PPI PCA . Subsequently, the panel data regression and efficiency analysis are performed to demonstrate the utility of the proposed index. The results affirm that the operations, physical infrastructure, and socio-economic dimensions have a positive and significant impact on port financial performance. The present study operationalises some key unexplored port performance indicators/dimensions that can enable effective decision-making.

Phytoplankton Population Dynamics in Relation to Environmental Variables at Paradip Port, East Coast of India

Phytoplankton Population Dynamics in Relation to Environmental Variables at Paradip Port, East Coast of India

Benthic-pelagic coupling assessed using phytoplankton marker pigments: a case study from the Paradip port, East Coast of India.

This study addresses the seasonal distribution of phytoplankton marker pigments (PMP) and the ratios (indicating freshness and fate) from water and surface sediments from the coastal port ecosystem (Paradip port, Odisha, east coast of India) and its utility in understanding phytoplankton pelagic-benthic linkages. Chlorophyll and PMP (for different groups and degradation) distribution revealed distinct seasonality, but the seasonal trend was different for water and sediments. High and low values were observed in the water column during inter-monsoons (fall/spring) and monsoons (southwest/northeast), respectively, whereas, in sediments, the reverse was recorded. However, the contribution of group-specific PMP was different: fucoxanthin > chlorophyll b > zeaxanthin > alloxanthin > peridinin dominated in water and chlorophyll b > zeaxanthin > fucoxanthin > alloxanthin > peridinin in sediment. Selective grazing and stability of sedimentary PMP (fucoxanthin, diatoms PMP, is least stable than other groups) could contribute to such differences. Relatively high chlorophyll:pheopigment ratios in the water and low pheophorbide: pheophytin in sediments indicated the dominance of actively growing microalgae and chlorophyll degradation via chlorophyllidae pathway in the water but not in sediments. These findings suggest that (i) much of the phytoplankton (primarily diatoms) is lost due to herbivory before reaching bottom sediments, and (ii) pigment contribution is determined by selective grazing in water and PMP decay constants in sediments. Documenting such information will give new insights into ecosystem assessment and algal bloom research.

Non-linear periodic long waves based on Boussinesq equation for shallow water waves: A coupled FEM modeling

A coupled mathematical model is developed based on the non-linear Boussinesq equation (BE) for shallow water waves to investigate the influence of the periodic non – linear long waves inside the irregular domain. A coupled numerical model based on the solution of the BE in a bounded region with the incorporation of the effects of viscous dissipation, dispersion, convective non-linearities, and variable bathymetry is obtained by using Galerkin Finite Element Method (GFEM), and an analytical approach based on Fourier-Bessel series solution for the scattered waves in unbounded region. The current coupled numerical model is validated by comparing the simulation results with existing studies. Moreover, the accuracy of the current scheme is also examined using convergence analysis for the rectangular domain. The present numerical model is applied on T and TT–shaped harbors to investigate the role of geometry to induce the amplification. In addition, the current approach implemented on the realistic Paradip port, Odisha, India, and Pohang New Harbor (PNH), South Korea at six record stations for practical implication. Therefore, the present numerical model can be utilized to construct/redesign an artificial port in the coastal region including variable bathymetry considering the effect of partial reflection, dissipation, and convective non – linearities.

Wave spectral density in paradip port utilizing the partial reflecting boundary

The Paradip port, India is a natural deep-water port, located in the Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha, on the East Coast, in terms of latitude and longitude its location is 20°-15′-55.44′’ N and 20°-40′-27.34′’ has experienced an extreme wave oscillations 3.0 to 5.0 m during its extreme weather conditions. In this study, numerical investigations are carried out to examine the frequency distribution of standing waves across the oceanic surface in Paradip port at four synthetic record stations in the presence of the partially reflecting harbor wall. The numerical scheme's accuracy is determined through the simulation results and by comparing with the measurement data at Pohang New Harbor (PNH), South Korea. At four synthetic record stations, the wave analysis with a different reflecting coefficient of harbor wall through spectral density is determined when the normal incident wave propagates towards the Paradip port corresponding to the wave period. The distribution of wave energy through resonance frequencies is estimated in the Paradip port to identify the safe locations for cargo handling.

Finite element modeling of extreme wave analysis with dissipation in arbitrary shaped domain

A finite element numerical model is presented considering the effect of refraction, diffraction, and energy dissipation by breakwater. As wave move from deep to shallow water coastal regions, wave parameter changes as a result of depth variations, presence of irregular shore boundaries, and wave reflections from the coastline. Therefore, to understand the wave transformation phenomenon near the coastal region, mild slope equation is solved using the finite element method. The numerical model is validated against the experimental and numerical results available for the rectangular domain and is applied to a real coastal Paradip port, situated in Odissa (India). The wave height is computed at the selected key stations in the port. From the simulated results, it is observed that the present numerical model with dissipation parameter is an efficient and useful tool for the analysis of water surface wave problem in realistic domains.

Moored ship motion under the resonance conditions with breakwaters: A coupled numerical approach

A hybrid element model has been formulated to understand the wave interaction with moored ship motion using mild slope equation (MSE) including the influence of breakwaters and wave absorbers, under resonance conditions for variable bathymetry. In a hybrid element formulation, a combined approach with the finite element method (FEM) in an interior domain (port region) including moored ship region and an analytical approximation in the unbounded region (open sea) is utilized to determine the wave response of moored ship motion. Especially, in this approach, a FEM and analytical approximation are firstly utilized to solve MSE with the consideration of permeable breakwaters for moored ship motion under the resonance conditions. The non-uniform discretization pattern enhanced the numerical accuracy of the coupled numerical approach and is verified by using convergence analysis. Further, the simulation results are compared with existing studies to validate the applicability of the present numerical model. Wave absorbers and permeable breakwaters are employed to determine the incident wave response over moored ship motion inside the realistic Paradip port, Odisha, India. In addition, the efficacy of permeable breakwaters and wave absorbers on moored ship motion is investigated. It is shown that breakwaters and wave absorbers at appropriate locations play a significant role to induce/reduce the resonance inside the port. Therefore, the current numerical model provides the countermeasures tactics such as installing breakwaters, wave absorbers to mitigate the resonance in arbitrarily shaped ports for safe moorings.

Bioremediation potential of biofilm forming multi-metal resistant marine bacterium Pseudomonas chengduensis PPSS-4 isolated from contaminated site of Paradip Port, Odisha

Bioremediation potential of biofilm forming multi-metal resistant marine bacterium Pseudomonas chengduensis PPSS-4 isolated from contaminated site of Paradip Port, Odisha

Structural and mechanical characterization of biofilm-associated bacterial polymer in the emulsification of petroleum hydrocarbon.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02795-8.

Mathematical modeling of arbitrary shaped harbor with permeable and impermeable breakwaters using hybrid finite element method

A mathematical model is developed based on the application of permeable and impermeable breakwaters utilizing the mild slope equation (MSE) to analyze the wave amplification in an arbitrary shaped harbor with variable bathymetry. Finite element method (FEM) coupled with analytical approximation is described as Hybrid FEM, which is used to solve the MSE and Helmholtz equation in bounded and unbounded domains (open Sea region), respectively. The validation of the present numerical scheme is conducted by comparing the simulation results with the existing studies and the convergence analysis is also conducted to verify the accuracy of the numerical scheme. The effects of energy dissipation, bottom friction, and variable wave transmission through impermeable and permeable breakwaters are investigated to understand the resonance phenomenon in rectangular port. In addition, the current numerical scheme is implemented on a real Paradip port, Odisha, India at six different key locations, and for the first time the effect of breakwaters placed at the entrance and in the bounded region, along with bottom friction, and partially reflecting port boundary are investigated. The breakwaters with small permeability/transmission coefficient have high efficiency to reduce the wave resonance inside the port.

Mathematical Modelling of Non-Linear Transient Long Waves by using Finite Element Method in an Irregular Shaped Harbour

ABSTRACT Extreme waves significantly affect the coastal structures, activities, and population. Therefore, investigation of extreme wave impact on coastal regions is essential. In this study, a mathematical model is presented to analyse the impact of transient long waves on coastal structures. The mathematical model is constructed based on the Boussinesq equation (BE) with variable water depth including dispersion properties. The numerical solution of BE is constructed by using FEM. The present numerical model is validated through the existing study of Lepelletier (1981) and convergence analysis is also conducted to determine the convergence rate. The present FEM model is implemented on realistic Paradip port, Odisha, India to determine the wave amplitude at various record stations. In addition, the impact of incident waves with angular variation is analysed in the Paradip port. The causes and countermeasures have been proposed based on the simulation results to improve the resonance in the port.

Spectral wave modeling of tsunami waves in Pohang New Harbor (South Korea) and Paradip Port (India)

A coupled numerical model is developed based on the spectral element method (SEM) and boundary element method (BEM) to predict the characteristics of tsunami wave response on Pohang New Harbor (PNH), South Korea, and Paradip Port, India. The current numerical model is developed to analyze the impacts on the coastal region with slowly varying bathymetry under the resonance conditions. In this method, the boundary integral equation of each boundary segment is discretized into the spectral elements using the Chebyshev’s polynomial, and the corresponding boundary integrals are transformed using the Jacobian of transformation. This leads to a highly accurate depiction of the boundary edges or corners of the complex domain. Convergence and error analyses are conducted on the rectangular port using the BEM and the present method, which shows that the later approach enhances the overall numerical accuracy of the model. The simulation results for normal day wave (ordinary wave propagating in the ocean under normal conditions) and tsunami waves are validated with previous studies and measurement data at Pohang New Harbor (PNH), South Korea. In addition, the calculated spectral density for tsunami waves at PNH is also compared with the Hokkaido tsunami (reported on July 12, 1993) data at tide gauge record station in Pohang. The amplification factor is determined for normal day wave and tsunami waves at key locations inside the PNH and Paradip Port for different directional incident waves. Further, the spectral density is also estimated at the same locations with respect to the wave period to understand the consequences of tsunami waves on the coastal ports. Therefore, the coupled numerical model is an efficient tool to predict tsunami wave impact on a realistic port. The causes and countermeasure are suggested to reduce the risk of normal day waves and tsunami waves.

Whole genome characterization and phenanthrene catabolic pathway of a biofilm forming marine bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PFL-P1

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a small rod shaped Gram-negative bacterium of Gammaproteobacteria class known for its metabolic versatility. P. aeruginosa PFL-P1 was isolated from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated site of Paradip Port, Odisha Coast, India. The strain showed excellent biofilm formation and could retain its ability to form biofilm grown with different PAHs in monoculture as well as co-cultures. To explore mechanistic insights of PAHs metabolism, the whole genome of the strain was sequenced. Next generation sequencing unfolded a genome size of 6,333,060 bp encoding 5857 CDSs. Gene ontology distribution assigned to a total of 2862 genes, wherein 2235 genes were allocated to biological process, 1549 genes to cellular component and 2339 genes to molecular function. A total of 318 horizontally transferred genes were identified when the genome was compared with the reference genomes of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and P. aeruginosa DSM 50071. Further comparison of P. aeruginosa PFL-P1 genome with P. putida containing TOL plasmids revealed similarities in the meta cleavage pathway employed for degradation of aromatic compounds like xylene and toluene. Gene annotation and pathway analysis unveiled 145 genes involved in xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism. The biofilm cultures of P. aeruginosa PFL-P1 could degrade ~74% phenanthrene within 120 h while degradation increased up to ~76% in co-culture condition. GC-MS analysis indicated presence of diverse metabolites indicating the involvement of multiple pathways for one of the PAHs (phenanthrene) degradation. The strain also possesses the genetic machinery to utilize diverse toxic aromatic compounds such as naphthalene, benzoate, aminobenzoate, fluorobenzoate, toluene, xylene, styrene, atrazine, caprolactam etc. Common catabolic gene clusters such as benABCD, xylXYZ and catAB were observed within the genome of P. aeruginosa PFL-P1 which play key roles in the degradation of various toxic aromatic compounds.

Spatio-Temporal Variation in the Macrobenthos of Paradip Port, East Coast of India

The spatio-temporal variation in the abundance and community structure of macrobenthic invertebrates, which are useful ecological indicators, was assessed along with associated environmental settings and sediment characteristics in Paradip port, Odisha along the east coast of India. The Paradip port is a coastal port directly connected to the Bay of Bengal and is influenced by tropical monsoons. The maximum diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates was reported during monsoon season, whereas it was minimum during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon and attributed to higher organic carbon in the sediments. The sediment characteristics (sediment composition and total organic carbon) were the major factors influencing the abundance and community composition of benthic organisms. Silty-sand was dominant throughout the port environment. The polychaetes were the dominant macrobenthos organisms followed by Pantopoda and Crustaceans. Organically rich and sandy-silt sediments have led to the dominance of pollution indicator taxa such as Tharyx sp., Prionospio sp., Cossura sp., Magelona sp. and Mediomastus sp. The multivariate index of trophic state indicated good water quality in near bottom water; however, high organic carbon load in the sediments could have resulted in a stressed environment. This study will serve as a baseline for future studies on the diversity of macrobenthic invertebrates and benthic ecology of the monsoon influenced coastal habitats, especially in a busy port subjected to rigorous physical and anthropogenic stress.

Bio-nematicidal activities by culture filtrate of Bacillus subtilis HussainT-AMU: new promising biosurfactant bioagent for the management of Root Galling caused by Meloidogyne incognita

Root galling caused by Meloidogyne incognita causes dramatic yield reduction in a wide range of crops, especially vegetables, at most 15–25%, however, in severe cases it can reach upto 75%. A new biosurfactant bacteria characterized through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and biochemically as Bacillus subtilis HussainT-AMU that was isolated from oil contaminated soil from Odisha coat line near Paradip port exhibiting significant biosurfactant activity in all screening assays. Most of the in vitro experiments were carried out at room temperature. Exposure of fresh culture filtrate from new bioagent to M. incognita caused substantial mortality of the second stage juvenile (J2) and significantly reduced egg hatchability. 100% of culture filtrate collected from B. subtilis HussainT-AMU caused J2 mortality and reduced hatching (p < 0.05). Hatching was defective by 97–99%. More than 90% J2 mortality occurred after 24 h of exposure in 100%. Significant reduction (58.79%) in number of galls/plant in tomato roots in combined application leading to reduction in root galling was recorded. This novel biosurfactant bacterial strain seems to be a safe and effective bio-nematicide potential that needs to be explored more both at field study as well genomic level.

Moored ship motion analysis in Paradip port under the resonance conditions using 3-D boundary element method

Loading and unloading of moored ship is difficult task during the extreme wave oscillation in a port during the seasonal weather conditions. Therefore, a mathematical model is developed based on Laplace equation to analyze the six different modes (surge, sway, heave, roll, pitch, and yaw) of the moored ship motion under resonance conditions utilizing the 3-D boundary element method (BEM). The domain of interest is divided as bounded (port region), unbounded (open sea) and ship region. The equation of motion with six degree of freedom is solved to analyze the moored ship motions with variable water depth. The present numerical scheme is validated with existing well-known studies. The current numerical model is implemented on realistic Paradip port to determine the resonance frequency for the moored ship motion at key location. In additional, the wave field with different resonance modes is also estimated inside the Paradip port. The safe locations inside the Paradip port are identified for the moored ships under the resonance conditions.

Spectral boundary element modeling of water waves in Pohang New Harbor and Paradip Port

A novel mathematical model formulation based on spectral boundary element method (SBEM) is presented to examine the wave response in the Pohang New Harbor (PNH), South Korea and Paradip port, Odisha, India. In SBEM, the boundary element method (BEM) is coupled with the spectral element method (SEM) to enhance the numerical accuracy of the present numerical scheme. The numerical solution on each boundary element is obtained by using boundary integral associated with Chebyshev point discretization. The boundary Integrals are transformed using Jacobians and evaluated with Clenshaw Curtis Quadrature rule. Convergence analysis is performed on rectangular domain for present scheme, BEM and hybrid finite element method (HFEM), which shows that the present numerical scheme is better as compared to other traditional numerical schemes. Further, the simulation results are validated with BEM, analytical method and experimental data from Lee (1971) and Ippen and Goda (1963). The wave amplification is obtained at six record stations inside the PNH, South Korea and Paradip port, Odisha, India. In addition, the spectral density is also determined for multidirectional random waves propagating towards the PNH and Paradip port at the same record station. The resonant frequencies are estimated in PNH and Paradip port for the safe navigation of moored ship.