Paradigmatic Relations Research Articles

관광 기호 체계와 의미 생성 : 소쉬르의 구조언어학에 기반한 개념적 접근

This study explores the objective structures and mechanisms that generate meaning in tourism through a semiotic approach. It conceptualizes tourism as a non-linguistic sign system and reconfigures the tourism framework accordingly. Drawing on Saussure’s structural linguistics, the research examines the structures that underpin meaning creation in the tourism sign system. First, Ferdinand de Saussure’s views on language and epistemology are reviewed, along key concepts such as langue and parole, signifier and signified, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, and synchrony and diachrony. The study differentiates between signifier and signified in tourism signs, emphasizing that the ‘langue of tourism’ is not an independent 'substance' with inherent “content” but rather a “form” and “social fact” collectively constructed in the minds of potential tourists’ mind. Meaning in tourism emerges through syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, demonstrating how meaning is produced in the tourism sign system. Through this process, the objective structures and mechanisms of meaning creation in the tourism sign system are revealed. This study complements prior semiotic research by providing a framework for understanding the objective foundations that enable subjective tourist experiences. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study are discussed.

Unlocking meaning: Truth-conditional semantic and syntactic analysis in the Bible

This research focused on complex conditional sentences in the Christian bible, employing truth-conditional semantics and syntactic analysis to uncover their theological messages. A qualitative study analyzed 20 verses, categorized into four types of conditional sentences according to Ferdinand de Saussure's syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. It involved word analysis, structural classification, context correlation, synonymous exploration, and historical and theological consideration. The findings revealed several key insights. First, conditional sentences in the Christian bible predominantly featured compound-complex structures with an active voice, highlighting subjects and actions in religious verses. Second, they adhered to declarative formats, aligning with truth-telling principles in religious contexts. Third, complex structures and subordinate clauses conveyed conditional details, reasons, and situations, elaborating on the interplay between syntax and semantics. This research enriched our understanding of the relationship among verb forms, modal verbs, and diverse meanings within English conditional sentence types in the Christian bible. Fourth, this research had a significant social impact on human development from a theological perspective by enhancing spiritual growth, critical thinking, and ethical understanding. It promoted personal transformation and reflective faith, providing religious leaders with tools to interpret scripture more accurately. Additionally, the research clarified how biblical language communicated moral imperatives, supported ethical frameworks, and facilitated interfaith dialogue. Preserving theological heritage contributed to the holistic development of individuals and communities. Ultimately, this study aimed to ensure the Bible's relevance in shaping social behavior aligned with Christian teachings.

Lexical associations in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Two case studies: A patient with spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA-1) and a patient with Parkinson’s disease (PD

This article presents case studies of the relative ability of two subjects (OB1 and OB2) to make lexical associations; they have spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 and Parkinson’s disease, respectively. Test method: subjects gave associations (orally, with no time limit) to 63 verbal stimuli presented on a computer screen. Verbal stimuli were selected from Gatkowska’s experimental study (Gatkowska 2017). Responses were recorded on an Olympus 650 digital voice recorder, then analysed linguistically and psychologically. Results: psychological analysis – subjects within intellectual norm (Raven’s Matrices test), dysarthric disorder, difficulty in implementing instructions. Linguistic analysis: OB1 – predominance of paradigmatic relations (hyponymy, meronymy, synonymy) over syntagmatic relations (diffi culty building context), lack of causality. OB2 – richer paradigmatic relations (hyponymy, meronymy, synonymy, antonymy, complementarity), syntagmatic relations diverse. Conclusions: possible complex background of language disorders (executive, emotional), higher level of language functioning of OB2 compared to OB1. The study illustrates the need for an interdisciplinary and holistic approach in diagnostic and therapeutic management.

Контаминация фразеологизмов как средство речевой характеристики персонажей в романе М.А. Шолохова «Поднятая целина»

This article dwells on the contamination of phraseological units in Mikhail Sholokhov’s works using his novel Virgin Soil Upturned as an example. The writer pays much attention to the choice of language units and the ways of their organization in the context. One of the most striking features of his style is the concentrated use of phraseological units within a short text fragment. Based on semantic identification and component analysis, it is concluded that the created sets of phraseological units are connected by paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations, which determine their interaction and the degree of influence on each other as well as contribute to structural and semantic contamination. The characters’ speech in the novel contains phraseological units that have been contaminated. Sholokhov’s use of contaminated units to describe characters allows us to identify such characteristics as their social status and level of education, as well as emotional state, temperament, etc. The image is being detailed, expanded and refined by shifting accents and adding semes and connotations. Sholokhov combines the features of various phraseological units, thus enhancing the aesthetic function of the text. Such categorical properties of phraseological units as integrity of meaning and constancy of structure as well as imagery and expressiveness of the original phraseological unit are reinterpreted and transformed during contamination, thereby updating the image and intensifying the aesthetic potential of language units in the context and, consequently, in the text as a whole. Contamination of phraseological units, which is a result of their concentrated use, in Sholokhov’s works is nothing other than a conscious departure from the traditional forms of text organization, aimed at achieving creative goals and implementing the author’s idea. Further research in this area may be of interest to specialists dealing with stylistics, text theory, phraseology and the study of linguistic personality.

THE IMPLICATION OF PARADIGMATIC AND SYNTAGMATIC RELATIONS IN MORPHOLOGY TO LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING

English Language has many unique properties among which are words; the most tangible elements of a language. Morphology has an impact on Language learners’ ability to both listen and speak efficiently in English. Indeed, the most serious problems of teaching English have to do with the quality of the teachers available for teaching the language as nearly all such teachers are L2 speakers. The paper aims to broaden the scope and knowledge of students and their teachers on word use and word formation through paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. Accordingly, the possibility of effecting appreciable improvement in the quality of the English spoken in the country as a whole would appear very remote if the study of words and their relationships continue to be neglected in schools. The paper recommends the training of teachers in Contractive Linguistics who are unable to understand and consequently devise effective pedagogical strategies for combating the mostly mother-tongue-induced kinds of learners' errors that recur in students' written and oral performances in the language.

Contribution of Culture-loaded Loanwords to the Class of Etymological Doublets in the Contemporary English Language

The article examines the loanwords from the autochthonous languages of South Asia and (or) regional variants of English into the Inner Circle English (according to Br. Kachru) – ayah, baboo / babu, baksheesh, feringhee / feringhi / ferinji / firanghi, gooroo / guru, maharaja / maharajah, maharani, maharishi, mahatma, mandarin, mantra, pagoda – and their role in expanding doublet pairs in contemporary English. The topicality of the study is due to the replenishment of the class of etymological doublets as a result of extensive borrowing process from the languages of the postcolonial space into pluricentric English due to increased population mobility, dispatriation, growing bilingualism, and expansion of global contacts. The scientific novelty is explained by the insufficiently studied subject of the research – the distinctive features of new doublets (native word vs. loanword, loanword vs. loanword) and the dynamics of their usage in contemporary English. The continuous sampling, statistical, descriptive methods are used in order to determine the role of culture-loaded loanwords in expansion of rows of etymological doublets. The major conclusions of the conducted research can be summed up as follows. The conditions for the formation of etymological doublets can be classified into mandatory (etymological similarity, i.e. relation to the same etymon: *awo-; *bhag-; *gwere-; *meg-; *men-; *pəter-; *preg-, *pregn-; *ten-;) and additional (acceptable graphical, phonetic, morphological variation and semantic identity). The study of empirical material allows us to identify trends towards, firstly, maximum divergence of the components of etymological doublet pairs and, secondly, increased frequency of culture-loaded loanwords due to the development of polysemy, strengthening of word-formation potential, formation of syntagmatic connections and inclusion in paradigmatic relations. Using the example of etymological doublets, one can trace the formal (mainly phonetic) and functional (mainly semantic) evolution of prototype words in donor languages.

The Unconscious as Cinematographic Form: A Psychoanalytic Reading of Inception

Freud’s “unconscious,” a lauded seminal psychological contribution, has transitioned into an efficacious narrative device in cinema, evolving into a paradigmatic relationship. This article scrutinizes Inception (2010), a quintessential psychoanalytical film written and directed by Christopher Nolan. It explicates the director’s linkage to psychoanalysis and reveals how he demystifies the unconscious through its utilization both as a cinematic form and thematic device, manifested in discernible dream layers. It is ascertained that these layers perform a bifunctional role as cinematic and narrative elements. Intriguingly, this multifaceted structure extends to character development as well, exploiting the complexities of the characters’ pathologies. Since the filmic structure leverages the pathologies exhibited by the characters, they constitute secondary data for the analysis. The pathologies are aligned with the mental disorder classifications the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TRTM) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Pertinent character data are analysed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings, subsequently subjected to psychoanalytic film analysis, enrich a deeper understanding and fuller appreciation of the representation of the unconscious in the cinematic domain.

복식 발기[件記] 수록 복식명 구성요소의 계열관계와 결합순서

The purpose of this paper is to delves into the paradigmatic relationships and syntagmatic order of components within costume names listed in 'Costume Balgi[件記].' For this purpose, we looked at the principles of writing ‘Costume Balgi’ through the format of Costume Balgi, and analyzed the components that make up the costume name included in Costume Balgi. Then we categorize each component into groups and explore their paradigmatic relationships. This not only classifies the costume names used in the royal court by vocabulary but also confirms how individuals from the late 19th to the early 20th century perceived and distinguished costumes based on vocabulary related to color, refining stats of the yarn, fabric, manufacturing methods, and types of clothing. Additionally, by examining the syntagmatic order of components within costume names and identifying the cognitive principles of compounding that influenced the order of combination, we gained insights into the cognitive system of understanding costumes that people of that time possessed. This study sheds light on one aspect of the cognitive framework regarding the perception of costumes that people of that era had by examining the paradigmatic relationships and syntagmatic order of components that constitute the units for discriminating and recognizing costumes, namely, the components of costume names.

Paradigmatic Properties of Foreign Language Lexical Units in Russian and Uzbek Languages (Based on the Material of Internet Media)

The purpose of this article is to identify and describe the paradigmatic properties of foreign language lexical units in the Russian and Uzbek languages, which are actively functioning in the Internet media. The article examines both the theoretical concepts of "lexical system", "paradigmatics" and synonymous paradigms, structures of LSP, where the core (lexeme-concept or group of lexeme-concepts), the center (classes of basic concepts, words with their paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations) and the periphery are distinguished.

Особенности семантических отношений стимулов и реакций в ассоциативной деятельности учебных билингвов

The article examines the type of semantic connections between stimuli and responses shown during free association in an experimental situation with the participation of educational bilinguals — Chinese students studying Russian. It was assumed that the predominance of certain methods of response in educational bilinguals is due not only to the syntactic connections of words of different parts of speech, but also to a greater or lesser breadth of mastery of the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations of units of the language being studied. Analysis of the results of the associative experiment in the aspect of classifying semantic relations with stimuli showed the highest frequency in any associative field of the deployment reaction, which is associated with the dominance of the tactic of “attributing a sign to an object”, as well as with the educational nature of bilinguism — foreign speakers reproduce the syntax (S — R) used by them in Russian language classes in various exercises and texts.

MEANING RELATIONS BETWEEN IDEAS IN EXPOSITION TEXTS BY GRADE X STUDENTS OF SUNAN KALIJOGO JABUNG

This research focuses on the types of meaning relations and grammatical units that relate between ideas. This research uses a qualitative approach. The source of data in this research is the exposition text by students of class X SMA Sunan Kalijogo Jabung. The paradigmatic meaning relations found are four kinds. Grammatical units that relate between ideas found five types.

Interaction of Language Units. Syntagmatic, Paradigmatic and Hierarchical Relations

The article illustrates some language units and interactions between them. Moreover, it researchs syntagmatic, paradigmatic and hierarchical relations in linguistics.

Behavioural evidence for implicative paradigmatic relations

Abstract Form predictability has long been known to influence speaker behaviour in language learning and use. However, this observation has largely remained dissociated from the question of the most apt theoretical framing of the effects observed. We set out to seek evidence that speakers’ relationship to form predictability is best characterised in paradigmatic terms: in an experimental task comparable to prediction of one word form from a related one, speakers appear sensitive to the probabilistic, implicative relations that make up a morphological paradigm. We find this effect to be omnidirectional, from any paradigm cell to any paradigm cell. Form predictability does not impact speaker behaviour in a vacuum, but instead works together with aspects of memory and learning to organise the mental lexicon and inform language use. In a corpus study, we map out the complex relationships that exist between paradigmatic form predictability, lexeme frequency and cell frequency in the context of naturalistic language use. Speakers appear to exploit all available probabilistic relationships between the word forms of a language in a way that is predicted by Word and Paradigm theories of morphology, with memory and predictive processing playing a mediating role in all aspects of language use.

How visualisations with typography are used in Persian and English corporate identity logos

Abstract Typography simplifies and facilitates the information transfer process, and establishes a quick and straightforward connection between text and audience. Combining writing with images provides the basis for creating symbolic relationships in typography. This study intends to define the paradigmatic relationships between visual signs and writing in integrated Persian typographies and English logotypes. In this study Persian and English logotype samples are compared. It is observed that in the Persian sample, logotype letters are often affected by the visual elements; however, only one letter is usually replaced with an image in the English samples.

SYSTEMICITY OF THE LEXICAL LAYER OF THE LANGUAGE

The article contains an overview of approaches to the study of the concept of «field» as a marker of the immanent systemic nature of language, to the typology of field formations. In modern linguistic studies, there is a distinct tendency to study vocabulary as a complete system, which is determined in the works of T. Kosmeda, H. Mezhzherina, L. Lysychenko, O. Selivanova, O. Malenko, V. Tarasova and other famous scientists. The main proof of the systemic nature of vocabulary is the creation of special microstructures, or semantic subsystems, organized on the basis of paradigmatic, syntagmatic and epidigmatic relations. With this in mind, researchers offer various options for combining vocabulary: lexical-semantic groups, semantic fields, thematic groups, thematic classes, etc. The projection of such a position onto the lexical layer of the language actualizes the concept of lexical-semantic fields, which are united by a content commonality and reflect the conceptual, substantive or functional closeness of the indicated phenomena. In the article, we focus our attention precisely on the concept of the lexical-semantic field, since it most vividly reflects the hierarchical structure of fragments of the lexical-semantic system and expresses the relationship of traditional language categories, preserving the natural systematicity of the language phenomenon.

СЕМАНТИЗАЦИЯ МОЛОДЕЖНЫХ СЛЕНГИЗМОВ И ЖАРГОНИЗМОВ СФЕРЫ ВИДЕОИГР И АНИМЕ

The article describes the problem of semantization of youth slangisms, video games and anime jargonisms. In the course of the study, the actual functional meanings of thematically related slangisms and jargonisms were established by identifying the frequencies of thematically related words at the level of their paradigmatic relations, as well as at the level of their linear expansion, presented in syntagmatic reactions (short texts), which were obtained during an online survey among schoolchildren and college students in Biysk, the Altai Territory.

Paradigmatic relations in Construction Morphology: the case of Dutch Noun+Verb compounds

The formal and semantic properties of Noun+Verb compounds in Dutch can be accounted for by means of paradigmatically related word-constructional schemas. We can form verbal compounds with an infinitival head from nominal compounds with a deverbal head noun, for instance boekbespreken ‘to book-review’, derived from boekbespreking ’book review’ through substitution of ‑ing by ‑en. The paradigmatically related constructions of verbal compounds with an infinitival head and nominal compounds with a deverbal head thus constitute a paradigm for word formation. The paradigmatic origin of verbal compounds makes the rare use of finite forms of these compounds understandable. The form of nominalizations for Noun+Verb compounds provides additional evidence for the paradigmatic origin of these verbal compounds. The analysis proposed lends support to morphological frameworks in which paradigmatic relations between words play a crucial role, such as Construction Morphology.

TWO-COMPONENT TERMS-PHRASES IN THE UKRAINIAN TERMINOLOGY OF SUGAR PRODUCTION

The article is devoted to the linguistic description of the modern Ukrainian terminology of sugar production in the aspect of term formation. Terms and phrases of sugar production are analyzed according to such a criterion as the number of components. Models of two-component terms-phrases are considered. Based on the results of a sample of two-component terms-phrases, it was found that in the texts on sugar production, these terms constitute the most numerous group and are the most productive. This structural type is represented by the following models: "adjective + noun in the nominative case" (Adj + N n. c.); " participle + noun in the nominative case" (Part + N n. c.); "noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case" (N n. c. + N g. c.); "numeral + noun in the nominative case" (Num + N n. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition in + noun in the local case" (N n. c. + in + N l.c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition with + noun in the genitive case" (N n. c. + with + N g. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition with + noun in the instrumental case" (N n. c. + with + N i. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition from + noun in the genitive case" (N n. c. + from + N g. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition in + noun in the accusative case" (N n. c. + in + N a.c.); "noun in the nominative case + adjective" (N n. c. + Adj); "noun in the nominative case + numeral" (N n. c. + Num); "noun in the nominative case + preposition on + noun in the local case" (N n. c. + on + N l. c.); "noun in the nominative case + noun in the dative case" (N n. c. + N d. c.); "a noun in the nominative case + a noun in the instrumental case" (N n. c. + N i. c.). The most productively used is attributive model «adjective + noun in the nominative case" (Adj + N n. c.), which is formed on the basis of the genus-species relationship, i.e., a definition is added to the term, which is a generic concept, representing types of the concept and specifies the generic. The terms of this model serve as expressions of lexical paradigmatic relations in the term system, in particular antonyms. Substantive two-component models "noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case" (N + N g. c.), "participle + noun in the nominative case" are also productive. A small number of terms are presented by models of prepositional and prepositional structures. Two-component syntactic constructions can be replaced by single words, most often composites, as a result of linguistic economy. So, among the analyzed two-component structural models, the models "adjective + noun in the nominative case" and "noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case" and "participle + noun in the nominative case" dominate. Other structural models are less productive.

THE NATURE OF LINGUISTIC UNITS IN THE CONCEPT OF “HUMAN-WORLD-TIME” IN M. KASHKARI'S WORK “DIVANI LUGAT-IT-TURK”

The concept of “Human-World-Time” is a trinity that informs about the knowledge, existence, lifestyle, national character, civilization and culture, language, religion, and linguistic richness of the entire humanity. Recognition of this trinity through historical records and the study of language history based on the written literature of the Middle Ages contributes to the recognition of lexical, semantic, pragmatic and paradigmatic relations of the language. The article deals with the peculiarity of the Turkic worldview through the linguistic analysis of the nature of linguo-cognitive units in the concept of “Human-World-Time” in M. Kashkari's work “Divani Lugat-it-Turk”. During the research, an overview of the history of the study of Kashkari's works in Kazakh linguistics was made. The main novelty of the research is that the concepts of "Human-World-Time" in the general human knowledge are considered as a trinity for the first time. Although the concept of “Man-World” is widely considered in world linguistics, it is one of the new topics not studied in Kazakh linguistics. Therefore, taking time as a force connecting the world and man, the linguistic units representing the relationship “Human-World-Time” were described in the article. In order to recognize the nation through the frequency of use of the concepts of “Man-World-Time” in the Turkic worldview, examples are given in the form of a table, and an index of human values in the Turkic worldview is presented. The examples are taken from M. Kashkari's “Divani lugat-it-Turk” section titled proverbs and wisdom. It is clearly proven that it is possible to recognize the advanced model of the Turkic worldview and civilization only from this section.

Kisah Nabi Luth dan Kaum Sodom dalam Al-Qur’an (Analisis Semiotika Saussure dan A.J. Greimas)

This research aims to examine more deeply the study of semiotics on the story of people who were doomed in the Qur'an, one of them being the Sodomites. Examining the values and messages conveyed through the signs and symbols in the story with a semiotic approach initiated by Ferdinand de Saussure in the form of signifiers and signifieds, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. As well as with the narrative semiotic approach initiated by A.J. Greimas in describing the storyline of the Prophet Luth. This study uses a descriptive-analytic method which is based on qualitative data about the story of Prophet Luth and the people of Sodom in the Qur'an using the semiotic approach of Saussure and A.J Greimas. Many studies of the Qur'an have begun to be carried out using a semiotic approach in its interpretation. Deeper research on one of the stories in the Qur'an with a semiotic approach will lead us to many lessons and reveal the secrets behind the symbols and signs that exist in it. The result of this research is, it is found that the story of Prophet Luth and his people in the Qur'an is repeated many times by Allah with different verses and different storylines. In fact, it is part of the symbol that repetition occurs to give its respective purpose in several different places and as a complement to one another. Likewise, with Saussure's theory, there are many symbols and signs that God sent to commemorate them as well as us. The actions they commit are called heinous acts because they are the same as adultery, so the punishment for them according to fiqh scholars is the same as haad for adultery. As well as the narrative story of Prophet Luth which is more directed in a more directed manner with the Greimas narrative. Then the teachings and moral messages from the story of Prophet Luth can be wisdom and lessons for the people after him. This research is still limited to symbols in general, so future research can reveal symbols and signs and the secrets behind the language and every word in the verse.