Paradigmatic Relations Research Articles

Проблемы парадигматических отношений в терминологии

The book under review is of interest as it outlines the author’s approach to understanding the paradigmatic relations in terminology. The structure of the terminological field and terminological system is differentiated, which makes it possible to use them in describing the processes of transterminologization and determinologization. In addition, the reasons for restricting synonymy, homonymy and polysemy in terminology are explained. Considering the issues of hypo-hypernymic relations in the terminological system, the author argues that the genus–species and dichotomous classification relations are the optimal type of terminological relations. Variation and synonymy are defined as zones of development for terminological systems. Homonymy and paronymy are considered by the author as totally undesirable phenomena in terminology.

WAYS OF PRESENTING THE ASSESSMENT OF THE SUBJECT / OBJECT OF VISUAL PERCEPTION IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE VERB ‘ЛЮБОВАТЬСЯ’ {LYUBOVAT’SYA})

The article discusses the features of the use of verbs of visual perception, in particular, the verb ‘любоваться’ {lyubovat’sya}, in Russian and English. In order to identify the specifics of the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations of this lexeme with adjacent linguistic units, to determine its place in the structure of the semantic field "visual perception of an object", a study of its semantic content, pragmatic functions determined by the author's intentions, features of contextual use and participation in the formation of figurative language tools was carried out. As a result of the study, we came to the conclusion that the specific use of the verb under consideration is due to the syncretism of its grammatical functions, which include: the nomination of the process, the characteristics of the relationship between the participants in the situation, and the expression of the axiological assessment of both the object and the subject of visual perception. The representativeness of the study is provided by examples from the texts of classical literature of different time periods. Illustrative examples are taken from the National Corpus of the Russian Language [https://ruscorpora.ru] and the Corpus of Contemporary American English [https://www.english-corpora.org/coca/].

Dancing Cross

Religious symbol is the generic word for all kinds of religious signs of the divine. It includes myths and religious narratives, theological ideas, particular notions such as karma or sin which are defined in one or more symbol systems, religious acts such as liturgies or private meditations that move through and overlay various symbol systems, as well as architectural and artistic symbols with religious content, books, songs, devotional objects, and the like. Generally, it can be referred to a religious object and can bear a religious meaning. This study aims to identify the meaning of a contextualized religious symbol in the Bali Church which is known as ‘the dancing cross’. The theory applied in this study is semiotic theory which in this case is structural semiotics. The source of the data are texts that discuss about the cross symbol as well as the results of interviews with the creator of the dancing cross symbol, Nyoman Darsane. This study confirms that the dancing cross, which is widely used by Christians who are members of the Protestant Christian Church in Bali is considered as the product of regionalization or contextualization of the cross which is the crux of Christian life and worship. The shape of the dancing cross is transformed from the universal shape of the cross which is consisted of two bars leading to a T-shaped cross which base stem is longer than the other three arms but crooked at the bottom like a dancer who is in left agem position. The results of the analysis through the utilization of structural semiotics in terms of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations revealed some important points namely the contrastive meaning of the cross before and after the time of Jesus Christ as the sign of shame which covers a curse, a stumbling block and foolishness and the sign to be glorified which covers salvation victory and obedience. Other important points to be revealed are the contextual shape of the cross that can be aligned as a dancer who is in left agem position and the contextual meaning of the cross which leads to the sign of obedience of God’s people or the disciples to carry or dance the cross in accordance with the example given by Jesus Christ.

Абстрактность и конкретность значения слова как лексико-семантическая категория

The aim of the study is to determine the abstractness and concreteness of a word at the lexico-semantic level (involving the material of the German language). The paper sheds light on the notions of the abstractness and concreteness of the meaning of a word, which will make it possible to see a lexico-semantic category in these phenomena. The scientific novelty lies in establishing a category derived not only from the nominative function of words, but also from the properties of the lexico-semantic level of the language system and manifested in the properties of the meanings of words. The main characteristics of the meanings of words depend on whether a verb is the head in the paradigm and also on the order of the paradigm or if it is a verb member of the paradigm and in this case, the order does not matter. In the process of examining the system of verbal meanings of the modern German language, the hierarchy and structure of lexico-semantic verbal paradigms were revealed. As a result, it was proved that the criteria for determining the abstractness or concreteness of the meaning are the abstraction of paradigmatic and syntagmatic properties of some verbs, the abstractness of verbs expressed in the extensive nature of their syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in the language system and the definiteness of the same properties in specific verbs with clear paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.

GERMAN COMPOUND NOUNS WITH A VERBAL COMPONENT: SEMANTIC AND PARADIGMATIC ANALYSIS

German as an active process that allows not only to create new designations, but also to clarify the existing ones and to express the maximum of meaning with one unit. Such units include composites with the V + N model, which have been examined on the material of three styles (belletristic, publicistic and scientific). The combination of traditional and quantitative methods in the study allows us to speak of greater evidence of the data obtained. For example, the chi-square criterion helps us determine the existence of a stable connections between the components of a complex unit, the correlation coefficient K shows its degree, and the correlation coefficient r reveals paradigmatic relationships. The study has revealed that the lexico-sematic subclasses (LSS) of verbs in the models under study are characterised by high unit productivity, unlike nouns, which tend to have a quantitatively large filling of subclasses. Thus, the limited but active toolkit of determinants clarifies, explains, and supplements the meaning of the main words. At the model level, a stable connection was established for: LSS of verbs "Location" + LSS of nouns "Buildings and structures", LSS of verbs "Sound and communication" + LSS of nouns "Language, speech". At the same time, the verbs of the LSSs "Processing of an object" and "Movement" are perhaps the most important for the analysed construction as they demonstrated the largest number of word uses among the subclasses and combinations in the word-formation models; in combination with the LSSs of nouns, stable connections in them have been recorded; the correlation analysis also confirmed the presence of paradigmatic relations both among themselves (the closest relation) and as part of a larger grouping.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ІСТОРИКО-ЛІНГВІСТИЧНИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ

The theoretical and methodological concept of the investigation is based on the following provisions: the lexical items for the denomination of human emotions and emotional states are anthropocentrically marked, they require consideration of the basic approaches to the definition and classification of emotions in psychology, and corresponding lexical items in linguistics; the semantic lexical item structure of a certain period is formed in line with the general processes and laws of linguistic development, and is the result of semantic transformations of protoforms; formation and development of language vocabulary occurring under the influence of extralingual factors are considered taking into account the historical, cultural and historical context of the era; reconstruction of the lexical item internal form and semantic structure is carried out taking into account paradigmatic and syntagmatic links. The analysis showed that the corpus of “human emotions and emotional states” lexical-semantic field consists of 207 words of the XIV–XVI centuries. It consists of nine lexical-semantic groups (“joy”, “excitement”, “irritation”, “sadness”, “shyness”, “disdain”, “surprise”, “repentance”, “aversion”), and has a clear structure with developed structural and semantic, paradigmatic relations between lexical items.

ABOUT TERMINOLOGY OF UZBEK FOLKLORE STUDIES

<p><span>In world linguistics, initially the scientific and practical significance of terms in the creation of various terminological dictionaries related to the terminological systems of the field was researched in several directions, but in recent years, including from the beginning of our century, attention has been paid to researching the language system, especially terminology, based on the principles of a new scientific paradigm. In linguistics, the important role of the folklore term in language development and issues of terminology are still in the focus of researchers’ attention. Clarifying the issue of the folklore term and its linguistic status, creating a linguistic and cultural interpretation of various terms, as well as their linguistic nature, etymology, methods of formation, lexical-semantic features, their paradigmatic relations, and standardization of synonymy and doublet possibilities have also become one of the main issues of world linguistics.</span></p><p><span><strong>Keywords:</strong> term, folklore terminology, language, specific terminological system, dictionary, history.</span></p>

REPRESENTATION OF EXISTENTIAL FEMINISM IN THE LYRIC OF ‘I MADE YOU LOOK’ SONG BY MEGHAN TRAINOR

This is a descriptive qualitative study that aims to describe how existential feminism is represented in the lyrics of a popular song entitled 'I made you look' sung by Meghan Trainor. Lyrics are a series of related poems in which some sort of broad narrative is tantalizingly offered (Culler, 2017). The aims of the research are 1) to find out the meaning of the lyric of ‘I made you look’ song and 2) to describe the existential-feminism represented in the lyric of ‘I made you look’ songThe method used in this research is descriptive with the approach of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relation by Ferdinand de Saussure (1983) and the theory of existential feminism by Beauvoir (1949). The results obtained are from the 5 stanzas of the lyrics, there are phrases containing existential feminism that is being self-confidence about femaleness, about sexual roles, about community, and about body.

THE SEMANTIC FIELD OF THE “RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR” CONCEPT IN THE UKRAINIAN INFOMEDIA SPACE OF THE WAR PERIOD

The article presents the results of the study of the “Russian-Ukrainian war” concept semantic field based on the material published by leading Ukrainian informational Internet resources. The researched concept is important in the modern conceptual sphere. It will keep a special place in the picture of the world of the Ukrainians’ next generations. Content analysis and statistical analysis were used as the main research methods. The second one was implemented with the Google search engine tools that specialized in the mathematical calculation of the frequency of language units use. The analysis of the semantic organization of the concept of “Russian-Ukrainian war” is based on the theoretical foundations of the field conception. Since the verbal explication of the concept of “Russian-Ukrainian war” in the info-media space goes beyond the linguistic grouping, united by paradigmatic semantic relations between words, and is determined by a non-linguistic situation that has various aspects, the description of this linguistic and mental construct is carried out in terminology semantic field. It has been determined the analytical semolex, which is the titular name of the concept – a full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. Moreover, it was found that the content of the linguistic and mental construct objectifies the semantic field, in which the thematic groups of language embodiments of the main content components are clearly distinguished: “aggressor”, “defenders of Ukraine”, “weapons”, “Ukrainians at war”, “actions occupiers”, “crimes of the occupiers”, “consequences of the war”, “tragedies of the war”, “events of the war”, “international reaction to the Russian-Ukrainian war”. Lexical units, analytical semolexes, and word combinations belonging to thematic groups do not occupy the same positions in the structural model of the studied concept. Eleven nominations represent the core of the linguistic and mental image of the Russian-Ukrainian war in the Ukrainian picture of the world. It is supplemented and detailed by the core zone of the concept, which includes twenty-eight verbalizers of the conceptual features of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which are currently relevant in the public consciousness of Ukrainians.

Words in Mental Lexicon: A Comparative Analysis of Word Association (WA) Responses of Pakistani L1 and Afghan L2 Speakers of Urdu

Vocabulary acquisition in both L1 and L2 has depended on the opinion of associative language learning to help recognize and elucidate the procedures of lexical acquisition and development in the mind of language learners. To date, L2 studies in this area have delivered relatively controversial findings. The current study revisited certain corresponding issues in order to gain insight into the restoration of words in the mental lexicon. Moreover, it also strived to understand the relationship between lexical development and the process of word association (WA). To better understand the relationship between lexical meaning and mental lexicon, this study explored and compared the word associations of a group of Afghan Urdu speakers and a group of Urdu native speakers. It aimed to understand how mental links are developed between lexical items in the mental lexicon, a process commonly believed to partially support vocabulary acquisition. The findings revealed that paradigmatic relations created by L2 learners are dominant in their data sets, while syntagmatic relations are leading in L1 data sets. The findings support general trends in this area of research, that is, learning of Urdu language in Pakistan by foreigners. Moreover, the findings further highlight the importance of lexical associative processes employed in second language acquisition. To conclude, the study contributes to WA research, the description of mental lexicon, and L2 language learning and teaching.

The paradigmatics of a compound abbreviation as a means of predicting equivalence relations

The author describes the methods of finding and predicting compound word correlates in its equivalence nest on the basis of paradigmatic relations between the abbreviation and its decoding stimuli. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that it established the principles of dictionary entries formation for the Exploratory Dictionary of Russian Word Abbreviations compiled by Exploratory Laboratory of Abbreviation Trends Research at the Russian Language Department of Donetsk National University. The paper gives general idea of the multiple motivation possibilities of abbreviated words in the modern language. The aim of the study is to generally represent the dictionary methods of finding and predicting the content of compound abbreviation equivalence nests. The author considered pure search models in existing dictionaries of abbreviations and texts, where abbreviations and their equivalents are presented as absolute synonyms, as well as extrapolation prediction methods by decoding matrices models of word equivalence nests, connected with the described abbreviations and their decoding stimuli through their paradigmatic relations. The latter led to forming compound abbreviations paradigmatic associations typology, including an abbreviation nest, an abbreviation-onomasiologic field, an abbreviation group and an abbreviation paradigm. The novelty of the study has been determined by the fact that for the first it provides a set of methods for finding and predicting the equivalence nest of abbreviated words; the methodology of the obtained results verification is also described. The results have provided the possibility of a full-fledged comprehensive dictionary description of compound abbreviated appellatives. In the future, the author is planning to develop methods of searching for equivalents of other formal onomasicologic abbreviation types - initial abbreviations and onym compound abbreviations.

Speaking in structure and transitivity: politeness in “Abiku” by J.P. Clark

This study examines some pragma-linguistic features in Clark-Bekederemo’s “Abiku”. The examination is relative to their function as elements foregrounding politeness in interlocution. The analysis focuses mainly on the structure and partly on transitivity; and offers an interface between two referents the speaker (S) and the hearer (H). The poem is analysed to account for the significance of thematic structure and transitivity. While structure offers an in road into the syntagmatic presentation, transitivity examines the paradigmatic relation among certain words applied in the poem. The incident of the marked thematic structure becomes congruently productive in the transmission of a certain pragma-linguistic inclination on the part of the speaker. Central to the pragma-linguistic inclination, as observed in the analysis, is the depersonalization or de-emphasis on the beingness of the abiku. This is evinced in the preponderance of disproportionately marked forms of sentence constructions in situations where the abiku should function as a Subject. This marked form of expression construction is duly sustained and significantly applies to both the entry and exit statements in the poem. The markedness in the deliberate thematization of processes and circumstances rather than a participant in transitivity is an extension of communicative features in the poem.

Ассоциативно-вербальная сеть языка PLAUTDIETSCH немцев-меннонитов Сибири

The paper examines the language of the Mennonite Germans Plautdietsch from a psycholinguistic view point. First, the article describes the history of the Mennonite Germans, discusses the problem of determining their linguistic status in the dialect-Mundart- language paradigm and singles out Plautdietsch as an independent language. Further, a brief description of Mennonite lifestyle is given, in particular, that of the inhabitants of Neudachino village in Novosibirsk region, where the research material was collected. Due to the absence of an established written tradition, it was not possible to conduct the associative experiment in written form, both stimuli and reactions were recorded and then transcribed in Cyrillic, the spelling understandable to the informants. Based on the results of a pilot associative experiment conducted with 13 Plautdietsch speakers in 2021, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations of stimuli and reactions were studied. By calculating the total brightness index, the core, semi-periphery, and periphery of Mennonite Germans’ linguistic consciousness have been distinguished. According to the semantics of the associations, a verbal-associative network that consists of five thematic groups and expresses the linguistic consciousness of Mennonite Germans (Everyday Life, Possessions, Space, Time and Conceptual Categories) was formed. Already at the stage of the pilot experiment, the conducted research allows us to draw conclusions about the uniqueness and autonomy of Plautdietsch, as well as to highlight the key features of the native speakers’ linguistic worldview.

TRANSTERMINOLOGISATION AS A SECONDARY NOMINAL PRODUCT

Changes in terminology as a result of sharp changes in the state and society, the rapid development of science, terms that create new meanings are gaining a stronger place in the vocabulary of the Uzbek language. The terminological system, in turn, is an open, stable, independent system divided into thematic groups, with various paradigmatic relations between the fields and their elements, and at the same time, it is micro-system in relation to language and macro-system in relation to its semantic groups.

How Prophecy Works: A Study of the Semantic Field of נביא and a Close Reading of Jeremiah 1:4–19, 23:9–40 and 27:1–28:17. By William Kelly

This monograph, the author’s published PhD thesis from the University of Edinburgh, sets out to explore ‘how prophecy works’. As the subheading clarifies, though, its aims are more modest: it investigates how prophecy works in three selected passages in the MT of the book of Jeremiah (1:4–19, 23:9–40, and 27:1–28:17). Chapter 1 summarizes the scholarly debate pertaining to the meaning of the Hebrew word ‘prophet’ (נביא) and its associated verb forms. Influenced by especially Barr’s cautionary words, Kelly argues the answer to the questions ‘how prophecy works’ and the related ‘what a prophet does’ should not be sought in the etymology of the root נבא. Rather, it can be obtained by exploring its semantic fields and its syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Part I, consisting of chapter 2, reveals the fruit of this exploration. Kelly painstakingly analyses every single instance of the Hebrew root נבא in the book of Jeremiah. This investigation, which in my view could have been presented more succinctly, reveals several notable (but not necessarily novel) insights. First, prophets are predominantly associated with verbs that denote oral communication, through which they reveal the outcome of the divine revelation. Second, prophets and priests share similar functions. Third, the verbal forms of נבא nearly always take an indirect object: one does not prophesy ‘something’ but ‘about something’. For instance, one does not predict doom or salvation but speaks about people and their relationship with God. Fourth, there is no salient semantic difference between the Niphal and the Hithpael forms of the root נבא. Lastly, the semantic associations of ‘prophesying’ are akin to those related to ‘dreaming’, something which, in turn, suggests that auditory and visual divine communications are mutually complementary.

A Paradigmatic Lexical Relation Study of Analysing Entailment in Identity and Inclusion Relations

While paradigmatic lexical/sense relations are traditionally used to analyse the relations between lexical items, the present article adopts a descriptive qualitative method, based on Cruse’s (2000) classification of lexical/sense relations, to find the identity and inclusion relations of two lexical items in two different texts by using the logical entailment relation. The article aims at finding out whether or not lexical items can be substituted by another without changing their meaning; the meaning of one lexical item is included in the meaning of the other; and the validity of these relations in one context can be tested as entailment relations. The study concludes that entailment has a context-bound relation with regard to identity and inclusion relations. Entailment occurs freely with propositional synonymy. Although the two lexical items in near synonymy are close in meanings or related, entailment relation cannot be attained. Entailment in hyponymy is a unilateral relation. i.e., the meaning of one hyponym entails the meaning of the superordinate, but the meaning of the superordinate does not entail the meaning of each hyponym. Entailment in meronymy relation stands if the relation is between patronym to holonym, i.e., the entailment relation does not stand under holonym to partonym.

THE TERM FIELD OF THE LANGUAGE PERSONALITY

The main vectors of interpretation of the concept of «linguistic personality» are determined in the article. The syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations of the analyzed term in modern scientific discourse are characterized. The term field of this concept is outlined by the vector of interpretation (horizontal structure of the term field) and by the level of structuring (vertical structure of the term field).

Syntagmatic-Paradigmatic Relations in Charles Dickens` Hard Times

This research will be examined De Saussure`s syntagmatic-paradigmatic relations On Charles Dickens` Hard Times. Dickens in this novel uses a character and episodes that stand in paradigmatic relation to him and his surrounded society. A character turns to be a carrier of his views and philosophyand conveys many autobiographical events from his actual life. Besides, he depicts personal attitudes to be presented as events in the novel. Thus, the novel shows a literary substitution of a character as well as events with Dickens` real life. This seems a fertile arena to study a paradigmatic relation. At the same time, linear relation can be applied between characters and actions to have a horizontal reflection besides the vertical one.

Investigating Language and the Interdependency of Paradigmatic & Syntagmatic Relations i.e. Structuralism over Stylistics & Semantics: A Review

Language, erudition, and philosophy are all unified. Language facilitates the complicated process of learning, which consists of discovery, collaboration, and inquiry. However, from an internal perspective language is a set of closely-knitted units which are restricted for their use, meanings and styles. Language, which is made up of related and regulated symbol systems, is also a social and only distinctively human way of representing, examining, and communicating meaning. The study of language is incomplete without structuralism, semantics and stylistics where structuralism is about sentence constructions, semantics is about meanings and stylistics is about styles of language. On the first go, this review paper explores the nature and various surfaces of language to help understanding the process of language production and perception. Secondly, this review study explores the role of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in structuralism. It also explains how structuralism is dependent on semantics and stylistics to produce meaningful sentences. This study concludes that language neither can be fully mastered nor explained unless these three areas are not given well-deserved space whereas the meaningfulness of every sentence requires the accurate command on syntagmatic and paradigmatic sentence relations. The theoretical analysis presented in this study also sheds light on the importance of the learning of correct language structures for students to actively participate in a variety of learning activities both inside and beyond the classroom.

The semantics of applicativization in Kinyarwanda

This article explores the role of semantics in argument realization by providing a lexical semantic account of the contribution of applicative morphology in the Bantu language Kinyarwanda (Rwanda). I propose that applicativization is best analyzed through a constraint on the paradigmatic relationship between applied and non-applied variants of a verb. Specifically, I argue that the applied variant requires an increase in lexical entailments associated with an internal argument of the predicate, and verb classes have varying lexicalized strategies for how they satisfy this constraint. Building on earlier work on Bantu applicatives, I argue that the syntactic and semantic contributions of an applicative operate independently but with all outputs being subject to the constraint on applicativization that I propose. Taking these facts together, this predicts a typology of three possible outputs for applicativization: one in which the applicative adds a new argument and associated thematic role (the function that is most frequently discussed), one in which the applicative has the effect of giving license to an unrealized participant entailed by the meaning of the verb, and one in which the applicative does not increase valence but rather modifies the thematic role of an existing internal argument. I describe three verb classes in Kinyarwanda which exemplify these three predicted types of output of applicativization. This approach thus subsumes previous observations about the varied functions of applicative morphology under a single analysis as well as builds on earlier work on paradigmatic argument alternations (such as the oblique alternations) by extending such approaches to valency-changing morphology.