Parachute Jumping Research Articles

Back to the Future: Revisiting Barometric Levelling

Abstract. Barometric levelling, traditionally employed in aviation, parachute jumping, and mountain climbing, has undergone a transformative shift with the technological advancement of state-of-the-art atmospheric pressure sensors. This evolution has rendered these sensors more accurate and affordable, broadening their applications within the realm of Intelligent Systems. The integration of barometric altimeter modules into electronic devices, coupled with GNSS and mapping systems, has significantly enhanced their versatility, making them complementary components in various consumer electronics like smartphones, watches, sports bands, bicycle computers, and motor vehicle tracking devices. Moreover, they play a pivotal role in emerging technologies such as drone mapping projects and modelling. This because of their capabilities of measuring elevations in GNSS denied areas such as caves, canyons, and tunnels. The significance of barometric levelling lies in its capacity to determine relative elevation between two points through the measurement of atmospheric pressure. This technique leverages the fact that atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude, enabling the calculation of elevation differences by comparing pressure readings at different locations.In this study, 25 elevations within a 3 km radius were independently measured using barometric levelling, highlighting its practical usage. These elevations ranged from 2 m to 140 m. Readings of time of measurements, temperature, air pressure, and humidity were taken at each of these stations and were synchronized with the readings obtained from a fixed reference station of known elevation. The measurements at this reference station were carried out with an instrument with data logging capabilities, able to record relevant weather data at pre-established intervals of time without human intervention. The results of these measurements were compared to fixed reference stations of known elevation, and the subsequent differences were analysed. The study employed a portable weather monitoring instrumentation with data logging capabilities, emphasizing the importance of automated data collection practices. The comparison of the 25 elevation readings with true elevations, determined by conventional surveying methods, revealed an RMSE of +/- 0.49 meters, affirming the accuracy of barometric levelling.Additionally, a distance-dependent test demonstrated a predictable decrease in positional accuracy as the distance from a reference base station increased, providing valuable insights into the system's limitations. The barometric levelling tests presented here offer results that can inform future applications. The conclusions and recommendations derived from this study provide guidance for optimizing the use of barometric levelling within the broader landscape of Intelligent Systems.

A prophylactic lumbosacral brace and the biomechanics of parachute landing.

Lumbar injuries are common among paratroopers during landing maneuvers. Although bracing is widely advocated to increase spine stability, the effect of lumbar bracing on parachuting has yet to be quantified and the Chinese parachutist does not have a uniform prophylactic brace. The aim is to compare the effects of a novel, self-designed and self-manufactured lumbosacral brace with two ordinary lumbar braces based on biomechanical assessment of the lumbar and lower extremity joints during parachute landing. The study cohort consisted of 30 elite male paratroopers. Each participant was instructed to jump off a platform at two different heights (60 and 120 cm, respectively) and land on the force plate in a half-squat posture. Participants at each height were tested under four different conditions (no brace, elastic brace, semi-rigid brace, and lumbosacral brace). The Vicon 3D motion capture system and force plate were used to record and calculate biomechanical data, such as vertical ground reaction forces (vGRFs), joint angles, moments, and energy absorption. After the experiment, every participant completed the study questionnaires. The increase of the jumping height raised all the parameters significantly (P<0.01). The use of all three braces slightly decreased vGRF, and reduced the lumbar angle, moment, and angular velocity in the sagittal plane. The use of lumbosacral and semi-rigid braces restricted lumbar flexion more efficiently (P<0.05), and significantly increased the energy absorption of the hip joints (P<0.01) and hip flexion (P<0.01) at 120 cm. No significant effect of braces was found on the motion of knee and ankle joints. The subjective scores suggested that the lumbosacral brace was softer and more comfortable than the semi-rigid brace, and more effective than the elastic brace. The lumbosacral brace markedly restricted the lumbar motion in the sagittal plane than the elastic brace and was more comfortable than the semi-rigid brace. Therefore, the innovative design, high efficiency, and comfortable landing of the lumbosacral brace represent a reliable option for parachute jumping and training.

Pasternatskyi Vyacheslav. Theoretical aspects of formation of psychophysical readiness of servicemen of special purpose units to perform parachute jump

Taking into account the results of the analysis of scientific-methodical, special and reference literature, members of the research group found that the issue of identifying key components and components (leading dominants) needed to develop future methods of forming psychophysical readiness of security and defense institutions of Ukraine (SDIU), in particular, servicemen of the National Guard of Ukraine (NGU) units of special purpose to perform parachute jump – is devoted to the lack of scientific and methodological work, which requires further research and emphasizes the relevance and practical component of the chosen area of scientific research. The main purpose of the study is to determine the key components necessary for the development of methods for forming the psychophysical readiness of NGU servicemen of special purpose units to perform parachute jumping. In the process of research and analytical work, the following methods were used: axiomatic, idealization, historical and logical, convergence from the specific, formalization, and so on. As a result of theoretical research, we have identified the key components (forming blocks) necessary for the development of future methods of forming the psychophysical readiness of NGU servicemen of special units to perform parachute jump, namely: 1) block of physical and special physical training; 2) psychological block; 3) parachute training unit; 4) psychophysical unit; 5) practical unit. The members of the research group are expected to take into account the above key components (forming blocks) to provide high-quality mastering by SDIU institutions of the studied category of theoretical and practical material necessary for them to perform their assigned tasks using parachute jumps in various combat (operational) conditions. activities.

An Unusual Case of Trauma: Pseudo Aneurysm of Superior Mesenteric Artery after Parachute Jumping

Pseudo aneurysms of visceral arteries which occur due to blunt abdominal trauma are rare. There are different modalities of blunt abdominal trauma which are seen in seat belt injuries secondary to motor vehicle accidents. We present the case of a 39 year old woman with history of abdominal pain and vomiting following a parachute jump. She was diagnosed with a pseudo aneurysm of superior mesenteric artery. She underwent open exploration and a vein interposition graft was used for the repair of the pseudo aneurysm. The pseudo aneurysm of superior mesenteric artery after a parachute jump has never been reported earlier. This case report highlights the possibility of pseudo aneurysm of superior mesenteric artery even in car seat belt injuries as the mechanism of injury is comparable in both.

A novel prophylactic Chinese parachute ankle brace.

BackgroundThe objective is to compare the effects of a self-designed and self-manufactured novel prophylactic ankle brace [Chinese parachute ankle brace (CPAB)] and two ordinary ankle braces on the ankle joint during a half-squat parachute landing (HSPL) via biomechanical assessment.MethodsTwenty elite paratroopers were in four different conditions: no brace, elastic brace, semi-rigid brace, and CPAB. Each participant was instructed to jump off a platform with three different heights, 40, 80, and 120 cm, and land on the force plate in a half-squat posture. The vertical ground reaction forces (vGRFs), joint angles, moments, powers, and works were calculated. After the experiment, every participant completed the questionnaires designed for this study.ResultsIncreasing the dropping height increased all of the parameters significantly (P<0.01), except for time to peak vGRF (T-PvGRF). Applying three braces can all slightly increase vGRF (P=0.237) and reduce T-PvGRF by 6–10 ms, as well as decrease the joint angles, velocities, and moments on the sagittal and coronal planes. Wearing CPAB and a semi-rigid brace more efficiently restricted dorsiflexion and inversion (P<0.05), and they both significantly reduced ankle work (t=5.107, P<0.01; t=3.331, P<0.01) and peak power (t=7.237, P<0.01; t=6.711, P<0.01) at 120 cm. The total scores from low-to-high were semi-rigid brace (19.20±2.99), elastic brace (21.91±3.25), and CPAB (23.37±3.08).ConclusionsThe CPAB was more effective at restricting ankle joint motion on the coronal and sagittal planes than the other two prophylactic ankle braces. Therefore, the CPAB had the advantages of a novel appearance, high efficiency, and superior comfort, providing a reliable choice for parachute jumping and training in China.

TOOLKIT FOR IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL SIMULATORS WITH BIOFEEDBACK

The architecture of the instrumental complex for the creation and reproduction of immersive virtual simulators using biological feedback is proposed. An overview of existing solutions such as tools for the development and reproduction of virtual simulators is considered. The analysis of the use of virtual reality in different areas such as aircraft control, parachute jumping, various medical procedures, and operations which require preliminary preparation is considered. The concept of an immersive virtual simulator with biological feedback has been introduced. The use of virtual reality and biological feedback equipment as well as the applicability of the software-hardware complex in the field of interaction and control of objects of the virtual environment based on the state of a person and the state of objects are determined within its framework. The following principles of the instrumental complex development based on the use of the ontological approach are proposed: the use of various mechanisms to describe the learning scenario, the support for various control mechanisms of the simulator, the inclusion of specialists of different profiles in the development process of the simulator, and the automatic generation of the components of the virtual environment based on the declarative model of the virtual simulator to simplify the creation of a virtual environment. The description of the architecture and all interested participants is provided. The connections between the participants and the components of the tool complex are shown. The information and software components of the instrumental complex aimed at automating the process of creation, launch, control, and monitoring based on biological feedback are considered. A complex of ontologies is described: the ontology of an immersive virtual simulator with biological feedback and the ontology of knowledge about human states. The interfaces of the instrumental complex are demonstrated, such as interfaces of the equipment editor, monitoring tools, and launching tools.

A descriptive study of orthopaedic injuries due to parachute jumping in soldiers

BackgroundWhile parachute jumping, soldiers may suffer minor or life-threatening injuries in various parts of the body. Several trauma scoring systems assess the severity of such injuries. The primary goal of this study was to assess clinical characteristics and the severity of orthopaedic, musculoskeletal, and other injuries from military training-related parachute jumping using two trauma scoring systems (AIS and ISS). Our secondary goal was to assess whether there was an increase in injury rates with age.MethodsIn total, 185 military personnel between 19 and 51 years old who were injured as a result of daytime static parachute jumping during 44 months between January 2016 and August 2019 were included in the study. Demographic data; vital signs; the level of consciousness; the Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS trauma region classifications; anatomical injury sites; AIS and ISS scores; diagnoses; treatment methods; hospitalization status; and duration of hospital stay were examined descriptively.ResultsThere were 184 male and one female participant. The most commonly injured body site was the foot (33.5%), and the most common diagnosis was soft tissue trauma (64.3%). The most commonly injured body site was the foot (33.5%), and the most common diagnosis was soft tissue trauma (64.3%). Regarding treatment methods, 51.4% received analgesic pills and cold pack application, 42.7% received a plaster splint, and 5.9% had orthopaedic surgery. The mean ISS score was 5.16 ± 3.92. The hospitalization rate was significantly higher for patients with a critical AIS score than those with a severe AIS score (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe use of trauma scoring systems to assess injury severity among patients admitted to an ED due to a parachute jumping injury may facilitate treatment selection. We found that AIS and ISS were useful in determining injury severity. Therefore, we recommend the use of trauma scoring systems for assessing the injury severity and the therapeutic approach, and we advocate for the use of the 17 anatomical regions we used in this study. We also found that with increasing age, the severity of injury could increase.

Water Treadmill Therapy After Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament ACL – Case Report

Introduction: The knee joint is one of the most commonly injured joints, especially among physically active persons. In turn, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the knee ligament which is most frequently torn. Water treadmill therapy is one of the forms of rehabilitation available for patients after ACL reconstruction. Materials and Method: The case of a 38-year-old woman is presented who during parachute jumping sustained injury to the knee joint on landing. Using the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) a tear of the ACL was diagnosed. Physiotherapeutic examination was performed: palpation and visual observation of both knee joints: assessment of position of the patella and the axes of the lower limbs, assessment of joint temperature, patella ballottement sign, and tenderness. In order to objectively monitor the progress of therapy measurements were taken of the circumference of the lower limbs, and pain complains assessed according to the VAS scale. Eight weeks after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, the patient underwent 30 treadmill therapy treatments. Results: Quadriceps muscle mass gain and reduction of the knee joint swelling were observed. Full range of knee joint motion was confirmed, and lack of pain in the medial compartment of the knee joint. Conclusions: Water treadmill therapy is an effective supplementation of the process of patient rehabilitation after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.

Prophylactic Ankle Braces and the Kinematics and Kinetics of Half-Squat Parachute Landing.

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of dropping heights and prophylactic ankle braces on ankle joint biomechanics during half-squat parachute landing from two different heights. There were 30 male elite paratroopers with formal parachute landing training and more than 2 yr of parachute jumping experience who were recruited for this study. The subjects tested three different ankle brace conditions (no-brace, elastic brace, semirigid brace). Each subject was instructed to jump off a platform from two different heights of 0.4 m and 0.8 m, and land on a force plate in a half-squat posture. The Vicon 3D motion capture system and force plate were used to record and calculate kinematic and kinetic data. Dropping height had a significant effect on peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), maximum ankle angular displacement, and time to vGRF. As compared with the no-brace group, use of an elastic ankle brace significantly reduced peak vGRF by 18.57% and both braces significantly reduced the maximal angular displacements of dorsiflexion. The semirigid brace provided greater restriction against maximal angular displacement of inversion. The elastic and semirigid ankle braces both effectively restricted motion stability of the ankle joint in the sagittal plane, and the semirigid ankle brace prevented excessive inversion, although the comfort of this device should be improved overall.Wu D, Zheng C, Wu J, Hu T, Huang R, Wang L, Fan Y. Prophylactic ankle braces and the kinematics and kinetics of half-squat parachute landing. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018; 89(2):141-146.

CURRENT CONDITION AND PROSPECTS FOR PROVIDING THE TRANSPORTATION OF TOURISTS OF THE LVIV REGION WITH AIR TRANSPORT

The assembly of functioning of the complex of air transportation of tourists in Lviv region are analyzed. For the study, we used both primary methods of collecting information from direct objects of research and official information sites, and a secondary analysis of the dynamics of indicators, which allows us to draw conclusions for the future. The development of tourism in the region, both international and domestic, directly depends on the efficiency of the functioning of the Lviv International Airport named after Danylo Galytsky. Danylo Halytskyi International Airport ‘‘Lviv’’ is the biggest airport in Western Ukraine according to passenger flow and destination network. Nowdays direct flights from Lviv airport, which connect Lviv with 20 countries of the world and regular domestic flights, provides the transportation of one million passengers of Lviv airport in 2017 and tend to expand. If we compare the structure of air traffic with the structure of the tourist market of Lviv and dynamics of tourist arrivals to Lviv, then a directly proportional of dependence will be observed. 2.6 million tourists arrived to Lviv in 2017 according to the official report of the Lviv Tourist Office. It is the biggest figure for the last ten years, of which 41% are Ukrainians, particularly Kiev’s residents, the second place are Polish residents, 22% of all Lviv tourists. At the same time 47% of the growing of the Polish segment of visitors is observed, followed by the Turkish with a market share of 7.3% and 77% gaining in the tourist market of Lviv. The remaining segments of the tourist market of Lviv also correlate with the structure of air transportation. Also, animation air transport, in particular, ballooning, parachute jumping and others, are playing an important role as an entertaining form of transport in places of leisure and has great potential for intensive development. The ballooning has a deep historical traditions in the Lviv region and can attract many tourists both its price and excising landscapes. Key words : complex of air transportation, airport, direct flights, parachute jumping, ballooning.

Research on operational model of PUBG

This paper mainly studies operational model of the famous Computer Games - PlayerUnkown’s BattleGrounds (PUBG), be aimed at human beings in the game or human beings regarded as intelligent robots, including the influence of objective factors and subjective factors on the game results, linear programming model is established for the various factors and the game results, using Excel software, realized in different situations the relationship between various factors and the result of game problem solving and plotting table. To solve the problem 1, the paper find out the trend of the safety area and the random coverage circle of the safety area through statistical data and analyze the data, and then push it to the parachute jumping time and the parachute jumping place. To solve the problem 2, the paper build a game model based on the analysis of the distance between two sides, the judgement of the azimuth and the random running and attacking each other caused by the psychological state of the bullet avoidance, and then, according to experience, how to perform micro manipulation to improve the hit rate. To solve the problem 3, the paper make KDA as a measure of bureau of the game in the best performing team and the best individual (MVP) of the key indicators, through the calculation of KDA for the game and the individual scores and rankings, distribution to determine the winners of the prize gaming contest.

Protective Knee Braces and the Biomechanics of the Half-Squat Parachute Landing.

Knee injuries are common among paratroopers and skydivers during landing maneuvers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dropping height and the use of protective knee braces on parachute landing biomechanics. The study cohort consisted of 30 male elite paratroopers with formal parachute landing training and more than 2 yr of parachute jumping experience. Each participant was instructed to jump off a platform at two different heights (40 and 80 cm, respectively) and land on force plates in a half-squat posture. All participants tested three different knee brace conditions (no-brace, elastic brace, and semi-rigid brace) at each height. With an increase in dropping height, peak vertical ground reaction forces (GRF), peak flexion angle, peak flexion angular displacement, peak abduction angle, peak abduction angular displacement, peak extorsion angle, and peak extorsion angular displacement of the knee joint all increased. As compared without the use of a brace, use of an elastic or semi-rigid knee brace significantly reduced peak flexion angle, peak flexion angular displacement, peak abduction angular displacement, and peak extorsion angle, while there were no significant differences in peak vertical GRF or peak extorsion angular displacement. The semi-rigid brace provided the greatest restriction against peak abduction angle (3-6°). The elastic and semi-rigid knee braces both effectively restricted motion stability of the knee joint in the sagittal and coronal planes. The semi-rigid brace had a more marked effect, although the comfort of this device should be improved.Wu D, Zheng C, Wu J, Wang L, Wei X, Wang L. Protective knee braces and the biomechanics of the half-squat parachute landing. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018; 89(1):26-31.

Parachute Jumping Induces More Sympathetic Activation Than Cortisol Secretion in First-Time Parachutists.

Background:The word “stress” describes the status of the body affected by external or internal forces, or “stressors”, threatening to alter its dynamic balance or homeostasis. The adaptive changes which occur in reply to stressors are either behavioral or physical. Once a given threshold is surpassed, a systemic reaction takes place involving the “stress system” in the brain together with its peripheral components, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic sympathetic.Objectives:Stress induces an activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the SNS and the HPA axis would show parallel or divergent stress response patterns in a session of first parachute jump.Patients and Methods:Activation of the SNS was evaluated by dosage of salivary alpha-amylase, galvanic skin responses, and heart rate in seven male novice parachutists. Activation of HPA axis was tested by dosage of cortisol. These variables were measured before and 1 minute and 90 minute after the jump.Results:All variables reached a peak at 1 minute post-jump. Salivary alpha-amylase, galvanic skin responses and heart rate did not return to basal value at 90 minutes post-jump, while cortisol returned to basal value at 90 minutes post-jump.Conclusions:This evidence indicates that parachute jumping is accompanied by a dissociation of SNS and HPA response patterns in novice parachutists, showing a slower recovery in sympathetic activity than in cortisol secretion.

Heart rate variability and critical flicker fusion frequency changes during and after parachute jumping in experienced skydivers.

The purpose of this study was (1) to further explore the heart rate dynamics and assess a potential cardiovascular risk in response to 4000 m jumps in experienced skydivers; (2) to assess whether there is an impact of such jumps on skydivers' cortical arousal or not, which may impact their decision making processes. 18 experienced skydivers performed successive jumps from a plane at 4000 m of height. Heart rate dynamics and cortical arousal were assessed by the use of heart rate variability and Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency (CFFF), respectively. CFFF did not differ between the three measurement time points (p > 0.05). Mean heart rate increased during the jump (p < 0.001) and came back to pre-jump values after the jump (p < 0.001). Percentage of the differences of successive NN intervals greater than 50 ms (pNN50) decreased during the jump (p < 0.001) and kept lower values after the jump compared to pre-jump (p < 0.05). High-frequency power (HF) did not differ during the jump (p > 0.05) but decreased after the jump compared to both pre-jump (p < 0.01) and jump (p < 0.05). Sample entropy decreased during the jump (p < 0.001) and came back to pre-jump values after the jump (p > 0.05). These results confirm a vagal input reduction associated with a rise of the sympathetic tone during the jump and suggests that the experienced skydiver is not exposed to a high cardiovascular risk. This study also shows that environmental stresses induced by free fall could not hamper the perceptual vigilance of experienced skydivers.

Effects of Emotional Stress on Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Functions in Skydiving

By using a psycho-physiological approach we investigated the stress response during parachute jumping, a wellcharacterized stress model to study emotional and physical stress in humans. Besides the observation of hormone reactivity in response to such a short-term stressful event, this study focused on the correlations among competitive state anxiety components, hormonal and autonomic responses. Seven male sport-parachutists, aged 35.7 ± 17.5 years, took part in the study after giving their informed consent. Neuroendocrine and autonomic variables were measured 12 h before jumping (basal), within 60 s (jump) and 90 min after touching the ground (post-jump). Prior to boarding, participants were administered the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) questionnaire. Salivary cortisol (Cort) and α-amylase (A-A) concentrations were measured by spectrophotometry using commercial kits. For heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin response (GSR) assessments data were acquired by holter recording, within an interval time of 5 min following saliva collection. Parachute jumping led to a strong response of Cort, A-A, as well as HR and GSR, as shown by the values noted as basal and at jump, meaning that the psychological arousal linked to this condition acts on different systems. In examining bioumoral correlates and psychological measures of stress and anxiety we found correlations between neuroendocrine parameters and anxiety components. However, no relationship between Cort and somatic or cognitive anxiety was noted, suggesting that this physiological measure is not a good index of stress during parachuting. As revealed by the differences in cognitive or somatic state anxiety, stress related to sport parachuting differentially affected salivary indices. Alpha-amylase seems to be a better physiological indicator than cortisol to examine the relationship between neuroendocrine parameters and state anxiety components. Finally, this is the first report that GSR significantly correlated with A-A and the somatic component of competitive state anxiety, confirming its potential to provide researchers with a tool for objectively measuring stress during operational conditions. On the whole, these findings have contributed to our understanding of hormone-behavior relationships.

Injury Rate in a Helicopter Underwater Escape Trainer (HUET) from 2005–2012

Helicopter underwater escape training (HUET) carries a potential for injury and this paper identifies the injury rate. A marine survival training school registry of all students trained between 2005-2012 in HUET and the coinciding accident records were examined. There were 8902 students trained in a helicopter underwater escape simulator for a total of 59,245 underwater escapes. There were 40 cases where only first-aid was required and 3 serious injuries (a laceration requiring 5 sutures, 1 dislocated shoulder, and 1 water aspiration requiring hospitalization). There were no deaths and no problems reported with using the Emergency Breathing System (EBS) or Air Pocket. Of the injuries, 11 were due to the student using a poor escape technique. The overall probability of injury was 0.74 per 1000 ascents. In HUET training, there is a very low injury rate with almost no significant severity. Although not scientifically proven, this would suggest that the low incident rate is due to good medical screening and the attention given by instructors to anxious students. Compared to other training such as diving, parachute jumping, and submarine escape training, the rate of injury was considerably lower.

Trainee Update May 2014

You may have seen in the Springspring newsletter that there was a plan to do a “virtual marathon” from Edinburgh to Brighton for this year’s AMAW using a GPS tracker App. However, this has now been changed back to same format as in previous years but you can arrange any event you like from parachute jumping to a cake stall. In order to register your AMAW event contact SAM via communications@ acutemedicine.org.uk.

Proximal end clavicle fracture from a parachute jumping injury

Fractures of the medial end of the clavicle are the least common type of clavicle fracture. We report a 29-year-old military parachutist who presented with medial end clavicle fracture after a bad landing. He was first treated non-operatively in a tertiary center and was then referred to our center by his general practitioner. Surgery was indicated since the fracture was displaced and the patient needed anatomical reconstruction to promote rapid bone healing and a prompt return to work. The medial fragment being comminuted, K-wires were used for internal fixation instead of a plate. The two K-wires were bent 180°to avoid risk of migration and were removed 3 months after surgery when the patient had begun to perform all activities without pain. Aggressive treatment is recommended for medial end clavicle fracture in case of displacement and facilitates rapid functional recovery, notably in patients with considerable clavicular demand.

The regulatory-adaptive state and evaluation of stress resistance in humans

The method of estimating human stress resistance by the dynamics of the regulatory-adaptive state is described. The regulatory-adaptive state has been evaluated by the parameters of cardio-respiratory synchronism in the normal state and in stress. Subjects with no changes in the regulatory-adaptive state or with its decrease by 5–6% have been included in the group with a high level of stress resistance. Subjects with a decrease of the regulatory-adaptive state by more than 50% in response to stress have been included in the low stress resistance group. The method has been tested in three models of stress: (1) examination (58 students); (2) parachute jumping (35 beginner parachute jumpers); (3) entrance to an emergency zone (30 rescuers). All three models are highly informative. Stress resistance levels have also been estimated by psycho-logical methods. The estimation of stress resistance by the dynamics of the regulatory-adaptive state allows characterizing the ability of a person to endure stress and can be included in the set of tests for staff recruitment in extreme professions.

Effects of Emotional Stress on Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Functions in Parachute Jumping

Effects of Emotional Stress on Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Functions in Parachute Jumping