Paracetamol In Pharmaceutical Samples Research Articles

An on-site and portable electrochemical sensing platform based on spinel zinc ferrite nanoparticles for the quality control of paracetamol in pharmaceutical samples.

In this study, crystalline spinel zinc ferrite nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4 NPs) were successfully prepared and proposed as a high-performance electrode material for the construction of an electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of paracetamol (PCM). By modifying a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) with ZnFe2O4 NPs, the electrochemical characteristics of the ZnFe2O4/SPE and the electrochemical oxidation of PCM were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronoamperometry (CA), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. The calculated electrochemical kinetic parameters from these techniques including electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), peak-to-peak separation (ΔEp), charge transfer resistance (Rct), standard heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants (k0), electron transfer coefficient (α), catalytic rate constant (kcat), adsorption capacity (Γ), and diffusion coefficient (D) proved that the as-synthesized ZnFe2O4 NPs have rapid electron/mass transfer characteristics, intrinsic electrocatalytic activity, and facilitate the adsorption-diffusion of PCM molecules towards the modified electrode surface. As expected, the ZnFe2O4/SPE offered excellent analytical performance towards sensing of PCM with a detection limit of 0.29 μM, a wide linear range of 0.5-400 μM, and high electrochemical sensitivity of 1.1 μA μM-1 cm-2. Moreover, the proposed ZnFe2O4-based electrochemical nanosensor also exhibited good repeatability, high anti-interference ability, and practical feasibility toward PCM sensing in a pharmaceutical tablet. Based on these observations, the designed electrochemical platform not only provides a high-performance nanosensor for the rapid and highly efficient detection of PCM but also opens a new avenue for routine quality control analysis of pharmaceutical formulations.

Fe (III) doped TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by high energy ball milling as booster for non-enzymatic, mediator-free and sensitive electrochemical sensor

In this paper, pure and Fe (III) doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared in order to fabricate a nano sensor for electrochemical sensing of paracetamol. TiO2 nanoparticles as anatase phase were synthesized using a solvothermal method and doped with Fe (III) by mechanochemical planetary ball mill method. For structural and chemical characterization of the as-synthesized nanoparticles, techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed. XRD proved that the nanoparticles, after doping, consist of a mixture of anatase and brookite phases. The performance of the modified electrode was characterized with cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse-voltammetry techniques. The.Fe (III)TiO2/GCE modified electrode represents excellent electrocatalytic activity for paracetamol detection in phosphate buffer (pH = 7) solution, with a considerable enhancing of the peak current and decrease of overvoltage in comparison with the bare GCE. It poses a low limit of detection (LOD) and a good linear relationship. The nano sensor showed good sensitivity, selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and fast response. Furthermore, to demonstrate the rapid and convenient determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical samples, this sensor has been successfully utilized in analyzing real samples, and satisfactory results have been achieved. The response of the nano sensor was linear over the paracetamol concentration range of 1.50–10.2 μM and 10.2–62 μM. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 0.52 μM (S/N = 3).

NiFe2O4 nanoparticle modified electrochemical sensor for the voltammetric study of folic acid and paracetamol

In this work, nickel ferrite nanoparticles (NiFe2O4) were prepared from metal nitrates and capping agent by thermal treatment followed by grinding and calcination, and characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The prepared NiFe2O4 was used for the modification of the carbon paste electrode (CPE). The Electrochemical behavior of the NiFe2O4 modified CPE (NiFe-CPE) for the folic acid (FA) and paracetamol (PC) was investigated using the voltammetric method. The scan rate effect on NiFe-CPE was studied individually for FA and PC, and found to be a diffusion-controlled electrode process. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.39 and 1.3 μM for FA and 0.08 and 0.26 μM for PC, respectively, at the NiFe-CPE. In addition, the performance of the NiFe-CPE for the simultaneous determination of FA and PC was studied. The NiFe-CPE has shown high stability and reproducibility towards the PC compared to FA. Moreover, the prepared sensor was efficiently applied to detect the FA and PC in pharmaceutical samples.

A Facile Fabrication of Poly‐ethionine Film on Glassy Carbon Electrode for Simultaneous and Sensitive Detection of Dopamine and Paracetamol

AbstractAn electrochemical sensor based on poly‐ethionine (Poly‐ET) film modified glassy carbon electrode was developed for sensitive and simultaneous sensing of dopamine (DA) and paracetamol (PA). The electropolymerization of ethionine monomer was carried out to modify the electrode. The modified electrode was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The Poly‐ET/GCE exhibited excellent electrocatalysis towards the sensing of DA and PA. Poly‐ET/GCE showed a linear increase of current response with increase concentration of DA and PA ranging from 0.1 μM–60 μM and 0.1 μM–180 μM, respectively. The LODs were found to be 7 nM and 18 nM (S/N=3) for DA and PA, respectively. This electrochemical sensor was successfully utilized for the detection of DA and PA in pharmaceutical samples.

Determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical samples by spectrophotometric method

It is described the use of 1,3 dinitrobenzene or 2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine is used as coupling agent for the spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol. This method is easy and simple based on the reaction of acid hydrolysis of paracetamol to produce p-aminophenol, which in turn reacts with nitrite in acidic standard to form diazonium ion, which is coupled with coupling agent in basic standard to produce azo dyes. The formed dyes follow Beer’s law in the range of 0.8-20.5 mg mL-1 of paracetamol with 1, 3 dinitrobenzene or 0.5-18.4 mg mL-1 of paracetamol with 2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine with absorption maxima at 429 nm or 430 nm. The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity of paracetamol with 1,3 dinitrobenzene or paracetamol with 2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine azo dyes were 1.965×104 L mol-1 cm-1 or 2.776×104 L mol-1 cm-1, and 7.692×10-3 mg cm-2 or 5.698×10-3 mg cm-3 respectively. The dyes formed are stable for more than 12 h. The optimal reaction circumstances and other analytical parameters are evaluated. Interference due to foreign organic compounds have been studied. The method has been effectively applied to the determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical samples.

Determination of paracetamol in synthetic urea and pharmaceutical samples by shaker-assisted deep eutectic solvent microextraction and spectrophotometry

In the present study, a new, simple and cheap shaker-assisted deep eutectic solvent microextraction (SA-DES-ME) procedure was developed for extraction of paracetamol in synthetic urea and pharmaceutical samples prior to its determination by UV–VIS spectrophotometer. The SA-DES-ME procedure is based on the selective extraction of paracetamol which deep eutectic solvents (DESs) prepared with choline chloride (ChCI)/betaine (Bet) and different hydrogen bond donors (HBDs).The DESs was used as the extraction solvent for the separation of the paracetamol-containing complex from the sample solution. Optimum values of experimental parameters were determined by univariate optimization method. Under optimum conditions, analytical results such as good linearity (50–800 µg L−1), quantitative recoveries (94.2–107.1%), low detection limit (14.9 µg L−1), and high sensitivity enhancement factor (135) were obtained using the proposed method. Additionally, the relative standard deviations (RSDs%) were less than 3.3% for repeatability and reproducibility analysis. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical samples and synthetic urea using standard addition.

Determination of Methyldopa and Paracetamol in Pharmaceutical Samples by a Low Cost Genipa americana L. Polyphenol Oxidase Based Biosensor.

Purpose: Jenipapo fruit (Genipa americana L) is a natural source of polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) whose potential in pharmaceutical analysis is noteworthy. Henceforth, this work reports the electrochemical study of a low-cost PPO-based biosensor produced from the crude extract of Jenipapo fruits and accounts a practical approach to employ this biosensor in the determination of methyldopa and paracetamol in pharmaceutical samples. Methods: In order to investigate the electrochemical properties of the biosensor, theoretical and practical approaches were employed, and both samples and the biosensor were analyzed through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and voltammetric techniques, namely: differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Results: showcased that the biosensor presented good analytical features, as well as low detection limits (8 μmol L-1 for methyldopa and 5 μmol L-1 for paracetamol). The relative standard deviation was less than 5% mid-assay. Conclusion: The use of this biosensor is a reliable, low cost and useful alternative in the pharmaceutic determination of phenolic drugs (e.g. methyldopa and paracetamol).

ZnO/functionalized MWCNT and Ag/functionalized MWCNT modified carbon paste electrodes for the determination of dopamine, paracetamol and folic acid

In this study, functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (FMWCNT), Ag nanocomposite FMWCNT (Ag/FMWCNT) and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared and characterized by different characterization techniques. The prepared materials, pristine-MWCNT (MWCNT), ZnO composite with MWCNT and FMWCNT were used as modifiers of carbon paste electrode (CPE) to study the electrochemical behavior of dopamine (DA) in phosphate buffer solution (pH7.4) by using cyclic voltammetric technique. In that ZnO NPs incorporated with FMWCNT modified CPE (ZnO/FMWCNT MCPE) shows enhanced electrocatalytic activity compared to bare and all other modified CPEs. As a result the ZnO/FMWCNT MCPE was used for further electrochemical studies. From the pH study, it was found that an equal number of electrons and protons are involved in the electrochemical reaction of DA. The calibration curve for DA was obtained in the concentration range of 0.2–5μM. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.025 and 0.08μM, respectively. The ZnO/FMWCNT MCPE showed good stability, repeatability and reproducibility towards DA. Moreover the ZnO/FMWCNT MCPE, Ag/FMWCNT MCPE and bare CPE were used for the study of electrochemical response of paracetamol (PC) and folic acid (FA). At Ag/FMWCNT MCPE, no characteristics voltammetric peaks appeared for PC and FA. The ZnO/FMWCNT MCPE showed good electrocatalytic activity towards PC and FA when compared to bare CPE. The effect of scan rate shows that the electrode process is diffusion controlled for DA, PC and FA. The LOD and LOQ for PC were found to be 0.23 and 0.79μM with a linear range of 0.5–13μM. ZnO/FMWCNT MCPE was effectively applied towards the determination of DA and PC in pharmaceutical samples. The fabricated electrode proved to be an effective sensor for electrochemical investigation of DA in presence of PC and FA.

Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Paracetamol at Carbamazepine Film Coated Carbon Paste Electrode

AbstractThe electrochemical behavior of paracetamol (PC) was investigated at carbamazepine (CBZ) film coated carbon paste electrode in 0.2 M PBS of pH 7.4 by cyclic voltammetric technique. The modified electrode was exhibited a good electrochemical activity towards the oxidation of paracetamol, which results in a noticeable improvement of the peak currents and feasible oxidation as compared to the bare carbon paste electrode. Under optimal experimental conditions the electrochemical response to PC was linear in the concentration range from 1.0×10−4M to 3.94×10−4M with a detection limit of 0.24 μM by cyclic voltammetric technique. The sensitivity, long-term stability, reproducibility was shown by the modified electrode. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to determine PC in pharmaceutical samples.

Determination of Paracetamol in Presence of Ascorbic Acid in Pharmaceutical Products by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

AbstractThe selective amperometric determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations containing ascorbate was achieved by removing the interfering species in the diffusion layer created between a platinum substrate and a disc microelectrode in a Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) configuration, while the target analyte was kept unconsumed. After complete depletion of ascorbate, paracetamol was detected at the SECM tip in a free‐interference solution zone. The influence of the substrate potential and the gap distance on the efficiency of ascorbate removal was systematically examined. The effectiveness of the device towards the determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical samples was evaluated and under optimal conditions the results obtained agreed well with the labeled value.

Simple flow injection amperometric system for simultaneous determination of dipyrone and paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations

In this work a simple flow injection methodology with pulsed amperometric detection for simultaneous determination of dipyrone (DI) and paracetamol (PCT) in pharmaceutical formulations is described. The compounds are detected by applying four sequential potential pulses as function of the time. Dipyrone is directly detected at +0.40 V and paracetamol indirectly at 0.00 V through the reduction of the oxidation product (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine) electrochemically generated at +0.65 V. The fourth potential pulse (-0.05 V) is applied for the cleaning of the electrode surface (glassy carbon). The linear response range was optimized between 9 and 45 mg L-1 for dipyrone and 6 and 30 mg L-1 for paracetamol. Linear regression of these two series of experiments leads to excellent correlation coefficients (R = 0.999) for both analytes and recoveries of around 100%. The proposed methodology allows an analytical frequency of 45 injections h-1 with a consumption of 1.5 mL of solution per minute. The relative standard deviation for 24 successive injections of solutions containing DI and PCT was calculated as 0.4% and 0.2%, respectively. The developed methodology was successfully used for the determination of dipyrone and paracetamol in pharmaceutical samples.

On-line microfluidic sensor integrated with an enzyme-modified pre-cell for the monitoring of paracetamol in pharmaceutical samples

An on-line microfluidic sensing device with an enzyme-modified pre-cell coupled to an amperometric detector for the monitoring of paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations is described. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) [EC 1.11.1.7], immobilized on a 3 μl pre-cell, in presence of hydrogen peroxide catalyses the oxidation of paracetamol to N-acetyl- p-benzoquinoneimine. The electrochemical reduction back to hydroquinone is detected on glassy carbon electrode surface at −0.10 V. The recovery of paracetamol from 10 samples ranged from 99.00 to 101.10%. This method could be used to determine paracetamol concentration in the range 0.35–100 μM ( r = 0.997) with a limit of detection of 3.0 × 10 −7 M and a relative standard deviation was less than 4.1% ( n = 8). The method was successfully applied for the processing of as many as 20 samples per hour of paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations.