Paper Disc Research Articles

Comparative antibacterial and antifungal activities of Cinnamomum Tamala Nees & Eberm. and Taraxicum officinale leaf extract

Present study proposed to analyse the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Nees & Eberm. And leaf extract against well-known pathogenic bacteria and andand Extract was prepared in 70% ethanol using soxhelt extraction unit. Paper disc diffusion method was used for antibacterial and antifungal activities of extract. The culture was maintained in nutrient agar medium during the whole experiment. Penicillin and tetracycline were used as standard antibiotics for comparative antibacterial assessment of extracts and sabaround’s browth medium was for assessment of antifungal activities of extract. taken as standard to compare the antifungal activities. Results of the current study revealed that leaf extract can be used in the formulation of antibacterial and antifungal drugs.

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kawista (Limonia acidissima L.) terhadap Koloni Salmonella sp. Secara In Vitro

One of the potential agricultural products that are quite large from Benuatan Village, Belantikan Raya District, Lamandau Regency, Central Kalimantan Province is Kawista fruit. Benuatan residents use Kawista fruit for consumption, both raw and ripe. The large consumption of this Kawista fruit leaves quite an abundance of fruit peels. Based on the results of the phytochemical analysis of Kawista fruit peel extract, there were saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Another source of income for the Benuatan population in the form of seafood in the form of fresh fish, dried fish and other processed fish is susceptible to contamination by microorganisms, such as Salmonella sp., which are pathogenic in the intestines of animals and humans. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of Kawista rind extract on the growth of Salmonella sp. bacteria in vitro, and to determine the effective concentration of Kawista rind extract to inhibit the growth of Salmonella sp. bacteria using the paper disc diffusion method. The type of research used is pure experimental research. Based on the results of the study, obtained data on the diameter of the growth inhibition zone of Salmonella sp. bacteria, using Kawista fruit peel extract variables with concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% with negative controls of distilled water and methanol, as well as control positive for tetracycline. At a concentration of 100% Kawista extract, the diameter of the bacterial inhibition test was the largest and significantly different from the treatment group with concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 75%. However, the 100% Kawista extract showed a smaller diameter of bacterial inhibition than the tetracycline treatment group, but not significantly different. In the methanol treatment, the inhibition test for bacterial diameter was greater than that of the Kawista extract treatment group of 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 75%, but not significantly different. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that, Kawista rind extract is effective for inhibiting the growth of Salmonella sp. bacteria, Kawista rind extract at a concentration of 100% is the most effective for inhibiting the growth of Salmonella sp. bacteria, and shows results not significantly different from tetracycline antibiotics.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF RAMBAI LEAF EXTRACT (Sonneratia caseolaris) CONCENTRATION 25% 50% 75% AND 100% AGAINST BACTERIA Enterococcus faecalis

ABSTRACTBackground: The causative factor of failure in the treatment of the root canal is the presence of microorganisms, namely the bacterium Enterococcus faecalis. Rambai leaf extract (Sonneratia caseolaris) also contains secondary metabolite compounds, namely, triterpenoids, phenols, tannins, steroids, and flavonoids that are able to inhibit the growth of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria which have the potential to cause failure in root canal treatment. Purpose: This research has a purpose to see the antibacterial activity of Rambai leaf extract (Sonneratia caseolaris) concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria. Method: This study is a true experimental study designed by Posttest Only with Control Group Design using six. Material and methods: Rambai leaf extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, positive control of chlorhexidine gluconate 2%, and negative control of aqua dest was repeated 4 times. Antibacterial activity can be seen from the magnitude of the inhibitory zone formed in (MHA) Mueller Hinton Agar and BHIB (Brain Heart Infusion) using the diffusion method. Results: Based on Mann Whitney's final test, there was a significant difference in the clear zones formed around the paper disk. The average clear zone of Rambai leaf extract (Sonneratia caseolaris) concentration is 25% at 10.0mm, 50% at 12.7mm, 75% at 17.0mm, and 100% at 18.3mm. Conclusion: There is activity of Rambai leaf extract (Sonneratia caseolaris) concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria. Keywords: Antibacterial Activity, Enterococcus faecalis, Rambai Leaf Extract

EFFECTIVENESS OF TAMARIND LEAF (Tamarindus indica L.) ETHANOL EXTRACT ANTIBACTERIAL AGAINST Porphyromonas gingivalis

ABSTRACTBackground: One of the initial measures to prevent chronic periodontitis is the use of mouthwash. Chlorhexidine is an antibacterial agent that can be used as a mouthwash. Chlorhexidine has side effects so that a new method is needed to prevent periodontitis with fewer side effects, namely by using plants as a medicine, one of the plants containing active compounds with antibacterial effects. The ethanol extract of tamarind leaf is proven to contain active compounds of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of tamarind leaf (Tamarindus indica L.) leaf against Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Material and methods: The research is an experimental laboratory type using the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer), namely the paper disc diffusion method with the test material of ethanol extract of tamarind leaf (Tamarindus indica L.) in various concentrations, namely: 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5 %, 25%, 50%, and 100%. Results: Based on the results of the research on the antibacterial effect of the ethanolic extract of tamarind leaf with concentrations of 3.125%, 6.25%, and 12.5% with an average diameter of 0.00 mm of inhibition zone. At concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100%, they fall into the medium criteria group, because they have an average inhibition zone diameter of 5.21 mm, 7.45, and 9.16 mm, so that the concentration of 100% is closest to the average the mean diameter of the positive control group or chlorhexidine. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of tamarind leaf (Tamarindus indica L.) has an antibacterial effect that can inhibit the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria at a concentration of 100% with an average inhibition zone diameter of 9.16 mm. Keywords: Antibacterial, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tamarind leaf

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF RAMANIA LEAF EXTRACT (Bouea Macrophylla Griff) AGAINST THE GROWTH Actinomyces spp

ABSTRACTBackground: One of the causes of tooth nerve death or pulp necrosis is microorganisms, namely is Actinomyces spp. Ramania leaf extract (Bouea Macrophylla Griff) contains secondary metabolites, namely triterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and phenolics which function to inhibit the growth of Actinomyces spp. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the antibacterial activity of ramania leaf extract (Bouea Macrophylla Griff) at concentrations of 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% against the growth Actinomyces spp. Methods: This research is a pure experimental (true experimental), with Posttest Only with Control Group Design. Antibacterial activity test used a paper disc diffusion with seven treatments, namely ramania leaf extract (Bouea Macrophylla Griff) with a concentration of 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%, Chlorhexidine gluconate 2% as a positive control and Aquades as a negative control of Actinomyces spp were repeated 5 times. Measuring the diameter of the clear zone formed on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media using a caliper. Results: Based on the results of the Mann Whitney test, there was 1 pair of groups that did not differ significantly in inhibiting Actinomyces spp bacteria, namely the 25% concentration group with a positive control of 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, while the other groups had significant differences from each other. Conclusion: There is antibacterial activity in ramania leaf extract (Bouea Macrophylla Griff) against Actinomyces spp. Keywords: Actinomyces spp, Antibacterial Activities, Chlorhexidine gluconate 2%, Ramania Leaf Extract.

In vitro test of antibacterial activity causing inhibition of wound healing from ethanol extract of nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus, Lam.) leaf

Nangka ( Artocarpus heterophyllus , Lam.) is a plant that is rich in nutrients and contains phytochemicals that can be used in various fields, especially in the health sector. Traditionally, every part of this plant has been widely used for its anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and hypoglycemic effects. Antibacterials are an important part of drug preparations to accelerate wound healing. Antibiotics inhibit the occurrence of infection and stimulate the process of forming fibroblast cells for wound closure. Bacteria that are often found in wounds and inhibit the acceleration of wound healing are Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . The purpose of this study was to test the activity of the ethanol extract of nangka leaf ( Artocarpus heterophyllus , Lam.) in vitro on E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. The extraction method used was maceration with ethanol solvent and in vitro antibacterial activity testing using the paper disc method, as well as variations in extract concentrations, namely 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, chloramphenicol as a positive control, and 5% DMSO as a negative control. The results showed that the ethanol extract contained various secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, and flavonoids. The ethanol extract of nangka leaf ( Artocarpus heterophyllus , Lam.) has strong category potential as an antibacterial against E. coli and S. aureus . Keywords: Antibacterials; Escherichia coli; Nangka leaf; Staphylococcus aureus; Wound healing

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from The Leaves of Sungkai (Peronema canescens)

Sungkai (Peronema canescens) is a medicinal plant widely used in Indonesia. Its leaves are believed to have the potential to treat fever and boost the immune system. This study investigated the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi extracts obtained from Sungkai leaves. This will provide basic information for developing the potential of natural ingredients as antioxidants and antibacterials. Endophytic fungi residing in Sungkai leaves were identified morphologically. The antioxidant test was completed using DPPH, while the antibacterial activity was tested using the paper disk diffusion method. Most potential endophytic fungal isolates were identified through molecular identification, and the isolation of a bioactive compound was achieved using column chromatography. The structure of the compound was determined using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy methods. Four endophytic fungi isolates were observed in the Sungkai leaves (code RND1–RND4). RND3 demonstrated very strong antioxidant activity (IC50 < 20 µg/mL) and strong antibacterial activity. Based on the molecular test, RND3 was identified as Aspergillus niger. The pure compound isolated from RND3 revealed weak and strong antioxidant (IC50 > 500 µg/mL) and antibacterial (MIC ≤ 64 µg/mL) properties, respectively. Spectroscopic analysis showed that compound 1 was 3-benzyl-2,6-dihydroxy-1,4,11,13-tetramethyl-5- methylene-12,15-dioxo-14-oxabicycloheptadeca-8,16-diene-7-carboxylic acid. Through further research, this study can be used as a basis for the development of compounds as raw materials for drugs.

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF NORFLOXACIN, FOSFOMYCIN AND NITROFURANTOIN IN URINARY ISOLATES CAUSING UTI

Objective: Comparative evaluation of Norfloxacin, Fosfomycin and Nitrofurantoin in urinary isolates causing UTI Material and Methods: It was Comparative Cross-sectional study. It was conducted at Department of Pathology at THQ hospital Pindigheb. The study was completed (including data compilation & analysis) in 1 year period from 28 Aug 2021 to 27 Aug 2022. Two hundred and seventy-five urinary isolates from urine specimens received for culture and sensitivity in the department of pathology at THQ hospital Pindigheb, were included in the study, as approved in the Internal Review Board. Non-probability consecutive sampling technique was used. Isolates were identified as urinary isolates by colonial morphology, Gram stain and biochemical tests. The zones of clearance around filter paper disc of Norfloxacin (10 µg), Fosfomycin (200µg) and Nitrofurantion (300µg) impregnated over lawn of bacterial isolate on Mueller-Hinton agar by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines were recorded. Results: Out of total 275 samples 180(65.45%) samples yielded significant growth of Enterobacteriaceae. The females were 44.43% and males were 55.55% in in door and outdoor patient respectively. 0ut of 180 samples 100(55.55%) samples yielded growth of Escherichia coli followed by 50 (27.77%) were klebsiella pneumoniae and 30 (16.67%) were Enterobacter spp. The sensitivity pattern of Escherichia coli was noted to norfloxacin, Fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin {(50%,30%)},and {(6%, 2%)} resistance and sensitive respectively. klebsiella pneumonia and Enterobacter cloacae showed resistance and sensitive pattern {60%,10%)}(1), {(33.33%,16.67%)}, {(2%,10%)},{( 10%,6.7%)}and {(4%,2%)},{(13.33%,20%)} against norfloxacin, Fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin respectively. Conclusion: Our study revealed high frequencies of norfloxacin, Fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin resistance among uropathogen at THQ hospital Pindigheb. A strong liaison between clinicians and microbiologists is recommended to keep abreast with the changes in antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens in order to suggest a suitable empiric therapy. Infection control measures are recommended, so that appropriate management can be instituted and spread of these resistant organisms curtailed. Key Words: Norfloxacin resistance, Escherichia coli, Urinary tract infection. Urinary isolates, Fosfomycin

Evaluation of the wound-healing potential of the kiwifruit extract by assessing its effects on human gingival fibroblasts and angiogenesis.

Oral surgery and surgical interventions in the field of periodontology require the uneventful wound healing of soft tissues to be successful. However, since the oral cavity is exposed to saliva and is a niche for oral microorganisms, wound healing can be delayed, causing pain and discomfort to the patient. Hence, a great deal of interest has shifted to the study of agents that can enhance wound-healing processes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the oral wound-healing potential of the Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit) extract by assessing its effects on the viability, proliferation and migration of human gingival fibroblasts, and its ability to enhance angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). The collection of the A. deliciosa extract and experimentation were carried out in the Maratha Mandal Dental College, Belgavi, India. Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured in a suitable medium and treated with 6.25 μg, 12.5 μg or 25 μg of the ethanolic kiwifruit extract. The MTT cell viability and scratch assays were then carried out in vitro. To determine the angiogenic potential of the extract, solutions of concentrations of 10 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL were transferred to sterile Whatman™ filter paper disks, which were placed on the CAM of 5-day-old Leghorn chicken eggs. The ethanolic extract of A. deliciosa was not cytotoxic to gingival fibroblasts at a dosage of 6.25 μg/mL. In addition, the scratch assay demonstrated the migration of the fibroblasts and the closure of an artificially created wound within 24 h, which is similar to in vivo wound closure. The CAM assay showed that the kiwifruit extract concentrations of 10 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL showed a moderate proangiogenic effect, and a concentration of 100 μg/mL exerted a strong pro-angiogenic effect. The results demonstrate that the kiwifruit extract is safe to use, can enhance the proliferation and migration of human gingival fibroblasts, and promotes angiogenesis, making it a suitable oral wound-healing agent.

Phytochemical screening and antibacterial assessment of two macroalgae Ulva papenfussi and Ulva nematoidea (Chlorophyta) against the bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

This study was conducted to determine whether the macroalgae Ulva papenfussi and Ulva nematoidea could be alternatives for preventing Litopenaeus vannamei vibriosis caused by the bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Phytochemical screening was performed on methanolic extracts to qualitatively determine the main groups of bioactive compounds, previous to an in vitro antibacterial test against V. parahaemolitycus. Phenols, polyphenols, flavonoids, and the high presence of carbohydrates were found in both macroalgae. U. papenfussi showed more presence of lipids and alkaloids than U. nematoidea. Macroalgae extracts prepared (v:v) with a 1:1 methanol: dichloromethane solvent was used for the in vitro test using the disc diffusion method (MDD). Filter paper discs impregnated with 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg of the extracts showed antibacterial activity against V. Parahaemolitycus in a dose-dependent manner in both macroalgae. The inhibition zone varied significantly (p < 0.05) from 8.33 ± 0.12 to 11.41 ± 0.73 mm for 1 to 3 mg of extract levels, respectively. In conclusion, both macroalgae have antibacterial activity in their crude extracts against this bacteria. It is suggested to evaluate it as a feed additive for L. vannamei. This study is the first report on a phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of these macroalgae against V. parahaemolyticus.

Inhibiting the growth of periopathogenic bacteria and accelerating bone repair processes by using robusta coffee bean extract

BackgroundPeriodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the teeth-supporting tissues caused by microorganisms. Robusta coffee bean extract has antibacterial properties due to its caffeine, flavonoids, trigonelline, and chlorogenic acid contents. The robusta coffee bean extract also regulates alveolar bone healing through bone remodelling. AimThe study aimed to investigate robusta coffee bean extract to inhibit bacterial growth and accelerate bone repair in vitro and in vivo. MethodsThis study used the paper disc diffusion method with the research group of robusta coffee bean extract with concentrations of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and negative control, as much as 20 and dripped onto the disc paper then placed on the surface of the agar media that had been inoculated with bacteria. The diameter of the inhibition zone was measured. Twenty periodontitis rat models were given 0.05 ml of the robusta coffee bean extract on the molars and put in a periodontal pocket for seven days. Rats were decapitated, and alveolar bone tissues were stained with HE and IHC staining. The number of osteoclasts, osteoblasts and BMP-2 was counted using a microscope. Statistical test with Kruskal Wallis followed by Mann Whitney showed a p-value of <0.05. ResultsThe average diameter of the inhibitory zone of robusta coffee bean extract showed that the P. gingivalis group of bacteria was higher than that of A. actinomycetemscomitans and S. viridans (p < 0.05) with a concentration of 50%. The average number of osteoblast cells increased, and the average number of osteoclast cells decreased in the 50% concentration group compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). BMP-2 expression in the robusta coffee bean extract group was 50% higher than in the other groups. ConclusionRobusta coffee bean extract has a periopathogenic antibacterial and accelerates alveolar bone repair.

Quercetin-Mediated Silver Nanoparticle Formation for the Colorimetric Detection of Infectious Pathogens Coupled with Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification.

Here, quercetin-mediated silver nanoparticle (AgNP) formation combined with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was introduced to colorimetrically detect two major infectious pathogens, SARS-CoV-2 and Enterococcus faecium, using a foldable PMMA microdevice. The nitrogenous bases of LAMP amplicons can readily form a complex with Ag+ ions, and the catechol moiety in quercetin, which acted as a reducing agent, could be chelated with Ag+ ions, resulting in the easy electron transfer from the oxidant to the reductant and producing brown-colored AgNPs within 5 min. The introduced method exhibited higher sensitivity than agarose gel electrophoresis due to more active redox centers in quercetin. The detection limit was attained at 101 copies μL-1 and 101 CFU mL-1 for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and E. faecium, respectively. A foldable microdevice made of two pieces of PMMA that fully integrates DNA extraction, amplification, and detection processes was fabricated to establish practical applicability. On one PMMA, DNA extraction was performed in a reaction chamber inserted with an FTA card, and then LAMP reagents were added for amplification. Silver nitrate was added to the reaction chamber after LAMP. On the other PMMA, quercetin-soaked paper discs loaded in the detection chamber were folded toward the reaction chamber for colorimetric detection. An intense brown color was produced within 5 min when heated at 65 °C. The introduced colorimetric assay, which is highly favorable for laboratory and on-site applications, could be a valuable alternative to conventional methods for detecting infectious diseases, given its unique principle, simplicity, and naked-eye detection.

Bioactivity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Branch of Jambu Mawar (Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston)

Endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants have high diversity and the secondary metabolites produced have biological activity. Endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants have been the subject of many studies on their diversity and biological activity, one of which is jambu mawar (Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston). S. jambos has long been used as a traditional medicine to treat infections caused by pathogenic bacteria in many parts of the world, including South Sumatra. This study purposed to explore the diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from the branches of S. jambos, the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi extracts, the determination of the structure of the compounds, and the activity of the active compounds of the selected endophytic fungi. Observations of the morphological characteristics of endophytic fungi were macroscopically and microscopically. The endophytic fungal extracts were then tested for antimicrobial activity against test bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli using the Kirby-Bauer paper disk diffusion method. Isolation of pure compounds using a gravity chromatography column, the determination of the structure of the compound is determined based on 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HMQC, and HMBC spectroscopy. Four endophytic fungi, code SJC1–4, were isolated from a branch of S. jambos. The results of macroscopic and microscopic morphological characterization showed three genera of Botryosphaeria, Trichothecium, and Aspergillus. The endophytic fungal isolate SJC1 exhibited strong activity against Gram-positive bacteria and moderate activity against Gram-negative bacteria, while SJC2–4 showed moderate activity against the four bacteria. Molecular identification of SJC1 revealed that it was Botryosphaeria mamane. Isolation of SJC1’s pure compound yielded compound 1, which was identified as 5-acetyl-6-hydroxy-3-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one. This compound is thought to have antibacterial properties.

Retrospective study on the therapeutic efficacy of zinc acetate hydrate administration to patients with hypozincemia-induced dysgeusia

BackgroundDysgeusia is a relatively early symptom of zinc deficiency, and zinc replacement is effective in treating dysgeusia. The administration of zinc acetate hydrate (ZAH) was approved in 2017 for patients with hypozincemia in Japan. This retrospective study was conducted to explore the efficacy and safety of ZAH administration in patients with hypozincemia-induced dysgeusia.MethodsPatients with hypozincemia-induced dysgeusia who visited our hospital from May 2013 to December 2019 were included in this study. ZAH (zinc content; 50 mg/day) was administered to 42 patients for 24 weeks. The taste test was performed using the filter paper disk method, and the total cognitive thresholds of the left and right chorda tympani regions were used. Changes in taste function, serum zinc and copper levels, and copper/zinc ratio were analyzed. A total of 28 patients who received polaprezinc (PPZ, zinc content; 34 mg/day) for 24 weeks, who were prescribed until ZAH was approved, were registered as controls.ResultsSerum zinc levels at 12 and 24 weeks after ZAH or PPZ administration were higher than those before administration. These levels were significantly higher in the ZAH-treated group than in the PPZ-treated group. However, serum copper levels did not significantly change before and after administration. In the taste test, the taste thresholds for the acidity and salty at 12 and 24 weeks after ZAH administration were significantly decreased compared to before administration. In contrast, in the PPZ group, the taste thresholds for the acidity and salty were significantly decreased 24 weeks after administration.ConclusionsZAH (50 mg/day) administration was effective in improving the gustatory sensitivity of patients with dysgeusia and hypozincemia 12 weeks after administration without affecting the serum copper level. ZAH was also more effective than PPZ.

Isolation and Identification of Seaweed-Associated Bacteria and Their Antibacterial Activity against Skin Disease Agents

Bacteria associated with marine organisms have become the focus of worldwide research for their potential to generate bioactive substances, such as antibacterial compounds. This study aimed to identify the antibacterial activity of seaweed-associated bacteria in Teluk Awur Jepara, Indonesia, against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Three seaweed species, Caulerpa racemosa, Padina minor, and Halimeda opuntia, were sampled in this study. Their isolates were selected tested for antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria using the paper disc diffusion and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration methods and were molecularly identified based on the 16s RNA gene (27F-1492R). Twenty-one isolates were isolated from the 3 seaweed species: 11 from C. racemosa, 6 from P. minor, and 4 from H. opuntia. Further testing revealed potential isolates (C2a, C2c, C2d, and H2d) with antibacterial activity against P. acnes F2 ATCC 6919 and S. epidermidis FNCC-0048. Gene-based identification using 16s RNA (27F-1492R) demonstrated the occurrence of 4 bacterial species, namely Vibrionaceae bacterium PH25 (99.86 %), Vibrio alginolyticus strain GS MYPK1 (99.65 %), Salinivibrio costicola strain M318 (99.86 %), and V. alginolyticus strain 2014V-1011 (99.93 %). HIGHLIGHTS Bacteria associated with racemosa, P. minor, and H. opuntia can show strong antibacterial properties capable of mitigating the growth of P. acnes F2 ATCC 6919 and S. epidermidis FNCC-0048 Seaweed-associated bacteria and their antibacterial activity against skin disease agents. Gene-based identification using 16s RNA (27F-1492R) demonstrated the occurrence of 4 bacterial species, namely Vibrionaceae bacterium PH25 (99.86 %), Vibrio alginolyticus strain GS MYPK1 (99.65 %), Salinivibrio costicola strain M318 (99.86 %), and alginolyticus strain 2014V-1011 (99.93 %) The major bacteria species on the scalps of those suffering from dandruff, we believe these isolates may be useful for dandruff therapy GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Plant Antibacterial Activity Herb Klate (Hyptis Suaveolens) Against Bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus Aureus

Hyptis suaveolens can be used as a traditional medicine for various diseases and as a natural pesticide to eradicate pests and diseases in plants. This study aims to determine the extract of the Hyptis suaveolens plant on the growth of E. coli and S. aureus bacteria and to determine the phytochemical profile qualitatively. The method used is the qualitative test method. Antibacterial activity testing was carried out using the agar diffusion method. With concentrations (10, 30, 50 and 100) %, positive control for Chloramphenicol and negative control for Dimethyl Sulfoxide. The phytochemical profile qualitative test methods include color change, precipitate and emulsion formation. The results showed the formation of the diameter of the inhibition zone. Inhibition of the growth of the test bacteria was indicated by the formation of the diameter of the inhibition zone around the paper disc. The diameter of the inhibition zone produced by E. coli bacteria at a concentration of 100% was 7.20 mm, a concentration of 50% was 6.40 mm and at a concentration of 30 and 10% there was no inhibition zone. In S. aureus bacteria characterized by an inhibition zone at 100% concentration of 7.90 mm, 50% concentration of 6.60 mm, 30% concentration of 6.35 mm, and 10% concentration of 6.20 mm. The positive control for E. coli bacteria was 13.16 mm and for S. aureus bacteria was 25.40 mm while the negative control did not have an inhibition zone. Hyptis suaveolens leaf herbal extract has more effect on S. aureus bacteria than E. coli bacteria. This is presumably due to differences in the components of the bacterial cell walls of S. aureus and E. coli. The cell wall of S. aureus bacteria contains lower lipid than E. coli bacteria. Based on the results of the study, the higher the concentration, the greater the inhibition zone formed, while the results of the phytochemical profile test showed that Hyptis suaveolens extract was thought to contain flavonoids, saponins and tannins which act as antibacterial compounds

Potential Antibacterials of Merang Padi Extract (Oryza sativa) on the Growth of Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria

Padi straw (Oryza sativa) is one type of stem produced from padi tree trunks. Antibacterial activity testing was carried out by agar diffusion method using paper disc as a backup by observing the formation of a clear zone indicating the presence of antibacterial activity. Variations in the concentration of the padi straw extract test solution were made with a %w/v ratio between 100% pure padi straw extract and DMSO adjusted at various test concentrations, namely, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The results showed that the n-hexane fraction of padi straw did not have antibacterial activity because there was no inhibition zone or kill zone indicated by the fraction at both low and high concentrations. While the ethanol extract showed antibacterial activity at a concentration of 15%, the ethyl acetate fraction and the n-butanol fraction had antibacterial activity indicated by the presence of an inhibitory zone at a concentration of 7%. The results of the t-test on the ethanol extract of the test bacteria obtained a Tcount value of 14,687 which means it is very significant or very significantly different because Tcount is greater than Ttable (5% and 1%). This shows that the oxytetracycline antibiotic is better than the potency of the ethanol extract of straw on the test bacteria.

Evaluation Of Different Components Against Xanthomonas Axonopodis Pv. Malvacearum

Bacterial blight is a destructive foliar disease causes severe yield reduction in cotton cultivation. Bacterial blight caused by bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum. The paper disc method was used to assess the sensitivity of various chemicals, bioagents, and botanicals against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum. Among the chemicals, Streptomycine sulphate + Tetracycline (Streptocycline) 250 ppm demonstrated the greatest inhibition zone (15.34 mm). Among the antagonistic organism such as Pseudomonas fluorescens was found significantly superior to record the maximum inhibition zone (17.30 mm). The 15% leaf extract of Neem was found to be significantly superior to the other botanicals tested, recording the highest zone of inhibition (12.0 mm).

Evaluation of dried-blood spots and a hematocrit-independent procedure in lysosomal diseases screening using multiplexed tandem mass spectrometry assays.

Dried blood spots (DBS) are widely used as a non-invasive sampling method, especially in newborn screening (NBS). Despite its numerous advantages, conventional DBS might be limited by the hematocrit effect when analyzing a punch, depending on its position in the blood spot. This effect could be avoided using hematocrit-independent sampling devices such as the hemaPEN®. This device collects blood through integrated microcapillaries, and a fixed blood volume is deposited on a pre-punched paper disc. NBS programs are increasingly poised to include lysosomal disorders, given the availability of treatments that improve clinical outcomes if detected early. In this study, the effect of hematocrit and punch position in the DBS on the assay of 6 lysosomal enzymes was evaluated on 3mm discs pre-punched in hemaPEN® devices compared to 3mm punches from the PerkinElmer 226 DBS. The enzyme activities were measured by multiplexed tandem mass spectrometry coupled to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Three hematocrit levels (23%, 35%, and 50%) and punching positions (center, intermediary, and border) were tested. Three replicates have been performed for each condition. A multivariate approach has been used along with a univariate method to assess the effect of the experimental design on each enzyme activity. Hematocrit, punch position, and whole blood sampling method do not affect the assessment of enzyme activity using the NeoLSD® assay. The results obtained from conventional DBS and the volumetric device HemaPEN® are comparable. These results underline the reliability of DBS for this test.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) Swingle) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus

The use of herbal plants is currently being developed as traditional medicine. About 80% of the world's population still relies on natural medicines for their health needs. Especially in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Treatment can use natural ingredients such as lime peel waste. Lime peel has a higher concentration of flavonoids compared to other parts such as seeds, fruit, and lime juice, making lime peel has antibacterial power. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ethanolic extract of lime peel (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and to determine the potential of ethanolic extract of lime peel (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) as an antibacterial. The extraction method is by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent, while the antibacterial activity test is using the paper disc diffusion method. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of lime peel at concentrations of 10%, 30%, 50% and 70% had inhibition zone diameters of 7.31 mm, 7.67 mm, 9.00 mm and 12.63 mm, respectively. The conclusion of this study is that the ethanolic extract of lime peel is effective at a concentration of 70% with a strong category.