Paper Disc Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity of Freshwater Sponge Oncosclera asiatica Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Freshwater sponges are animals from the Porifera phylum that live in freshwater. The sponge used is Oncosclera asiatica was taken from Kali Porong, East Java. Seventeen isolates of bacteria have been obtained from isolation. Antibacterial potential testing was performed by paper disc inhibition assay using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as pathogenic bacteria and amoxicillin as a positive control. The antibacterial activity test showed that four isolates have the potential activity. The isolates with the highest inhibition zones were identified using a 16S rRNA.The results of BLAST showed isolate number 2 was Pseudomonas moraviensis with 99.51% similarity. The phylogenetic tree analysis was build using the MEGA X program. The results of the phylogenetic tree analysis showed that P.moraviensis had a bootstrap value of 100% with a genetic distance value of 0.001. P. moraviensis isolates screened for the presence of Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase (NRPS) gene by A2gamF and A3gamR primers. The amplification result from NRPS gene showed positive meaning that P.moraviensis genome contained NRPS gene.

Spectrum of bacterial microflora of trophic ulcers against the background of varicose and post-thrombotic decompensated venous insufficiency

Annotation. The main cause of long-term wound healing is chronic inflammation, microcirculation disorders, and bacterial contamination of wound surfaces with the formation of biofilms. The frequency of trophic ulcers of the lower extremities, microbial resistance, and a significant recurrence rate (20-70%) is a topical issue today. The purpose of this work is to establish their bacterial component and possible relationships with microcirculation depending on the etiology of decompensated chronic venous insufficiency in order to improve the healing of trophic ulcers. From 2018 to 2022, 174 patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) C6 according to CEAP, aged from 38 to 69 years (on average, 55±5.3 years), were treated in the surgical clinic of the regional hospital. To monitor microflora and susceptibility to prescribed antimicrobials, a bacteriological study was conducted comparing the widely used paper disc method with the quantitative method of measuring the minimum concentration of growth inhibition. The study of the microcirculation of the skin of the lower extremities was carried out taking into account the angiosomal approach on the TCM 400 Radiometer device (Denmark). The study used the ratio of the value obtained in the first metacarpal area of the lower limbs to the same value in the chest. Statistical processing and analysis of the obtained results was performed using the Jamovi program. Analysis of the selected samples showed the diversity of the polymicrobial community, Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp.) were detected in the upper layers of the biofilm, Gram-negative and microscopic fungi Malassezia and Candida – in the deep layers. Anaerobic microorganisms (Prevotella spp., Porphorymonas spp.) were also isolated from samples of such wounds in 2%. When studying the microbial landscape of ulcers, it was found that the share of Staphylococcus spp. is: 65%; Enterococcus spp. – 60%; Pseudomonas spp. – 39%; Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp. – about 25%; Streptococcus spp. – 26%; Escherichia spp. – 15%; Morganella spp. – 9%; Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp. – 4%; Xanthomonas spp., Prevotella spp., Porphorymonas spp. – 2%, respectively. Fungi culture Candida spp. and Malassezia spp were detected in all patients with CVI in the decompensation stage. The change in tcpCO2 indicators (46.4±1.4) is observed more in patients with gram-negative infectious agents and more acidic pH. In the group of patients where Gr+ infectious agents were detected, the average tcpCO2 level was 44.6±1.5.

Inherently Antimicrobial P(MMA-ran-DMAEMA) Copolymers Sensitive to Photodynamic Therapy: A Double Bactericidal Effect for Active Wound Dressing

In this work, two compounds belonging to the BODIPY family, and previously investigated for their photosensitizing properties, have been bound to the amino-pendant groups of three random copolymers, with different amounts of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in the backbone. The P(MMA-ran-DMAEMA) copolymers have inherently bactericidal activity, due to the amino groups of DMAEMA and to the quaternized nitrogens bounded to BODIPY. Systems consisting of filter paper discs coated with copolymers conjugated to BODIPY were tested on two model microorganisms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). On solid medium, irradiation with green light induced an antimicrobial effect, visible as a clear inhibition area around the coated disks. The system based on the copolymer with 43% DMAEMA and circa 0.70 wt/wt% of BODIPY was the most efficient in both bacterial species, and a selectivity for the Gram-positive model was observed, independently of the conjugated BODIPY. A residual antimicrobial activity was also observed after dark incubation, attributed to the inherently bactericidal properties of copolymers.

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Matoa (Pometia Pinnata J. R & G.Forst.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus Aureus dan Escherichia Coli

This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity, effective concentration, and secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract of matoa left against the test bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The research method extracts matoa leaf samples by maceration using 70% ethanol solvent, testing the antibacterial activity using the paper disk diffusion method. The results of the antibacterial activity test were then analyzed using the One way ANOVA method. The results showed that the diameter of the inhibition zone of the ethanol extract of matoa leaves on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus appeared to have a clear area at a concentration of 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, respectively, of 12.88 mm, 13.15 mm, 11.36 mm. In comparison, the results of measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone of the ethanol extract matoa leaf on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria were seen to have a clear area at a concentration of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% of 9.5 mm, 10.23 mm, 12.1 mm respectively. This activity is thought to be due to the effects of alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids in the ethanol extract of matoa leaves. Based on the ANOVA test, a significance value of 0.000 <0.05 was obtained, so the results were significant. In conclusion, there are substantial differences in the use of various concentrations of matoa leaf extract on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria.
 Keywords: Antibacterial Activity, Matoa Leaves, Secondary Metabolites

Surface smoothness of resin composites after polishing-A systematic review and network meta-analysis of in vitro studies.

A systematic review and network meta-analysis was performed to provide evidence for the best polishing protocol for different types of resin composites to minimize surface roughness. A search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, BBO, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library on July 2, 2019 (updated in December, 2020). In vitro studies that included at least two systems for polishing resin composites and analyzed surface roughness were included. The risk of bias was evaluated. A random-effects Bayesian-mixed treatment comparison model was used to compare surface roughness in resin composites with the different types of polishers. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) analysis was performed to rank the probability for the best polishing system. After removal of duplicates, title and abstract screening yielded 34 studies. Network meta-analysis was not possible for hybrid and microhybrid composites. SUCRA analysis showed that abrasive paper discs allowed greater surface smoothness for nanohybrid and nanofill composites to a probability of between 83% and 91.6%. Silicon carbide brush had a 78.2% probability of being the best system for microfill composites. The use of abrasive paper disc polishers showed a favorable result in nanofill and nanohybrid resin composites. Silicon carbide brush has a greater chance of promoting a smoother surface for microfill resin composites.

INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF OCIMUM BASILICUM ESSENTIAL OIL AND OF ITS MAJOR CONSTITUENTS, LINALOOL AND ESTRAGOLE, AGAINST CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is the main post-harvest pest of Vigna unguiculata. The objective was to evaluate the fumigant activity of Ocimum basilicum essential oil and its major components linalool and estragole, on C. maculatus, through the evaluation of toxicity, oviposition inhibition, instantaneous rate of population growth (ri) and insect development. The experimental units were composed of 0.8 L flasks treated with concentrations of 1.2 to 3.6 μL L-1 of O. basilicum essential oil, linalool, and estragole, applied on filter paper discs with a microsyringe. Each treatment had four replicates with adult insects exposed for 48 h. C. maculatus development rate was evaluated through a daily count o emerged adults. Oviposition was evaluated at the concentrations (LC50, LC25, LC10, and LC1). The LC50 and LC95 of O. basilicum essencial oil, linalool, and estragole were 1.79 and 4.36 μL L-1 of air, 1.68 and 3.35 μL L-1 of air, and 1.51 and 2.87 μL L-1 air, respectively. The increase in essential oil concentrations reduced the ri, rate of development, oviposition and number of eggs of C. maculatus, thus having potential to control this pest.

AKTIVITAS ANTIJAMUR EKSTRAK ETANOL PALA (Myristica fragrans HOUTT.) TERHADAP Malassezia furfur DAN Tricophyton mentagrophytes

Indonesia is a tropical country that has fair temperature and humidity supporting the growth of pathogenic fungi. Pathogenic fungi commonly encountered infecting humans in Indonesia are the species Malassezia furfur and Trichophyton mentagrophytes . Nutmeg ( Myristica fragrans Houtt.) is one of the Indonesian plants known to have potential antifungal activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the antifungal activity of the nutmeg ethanol extract against Malassezia furfur and Trichophyton mentagrophytes , determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Killing Concentration (MKC) as well as testing the comparative value of nutmeg ethanol extract with ketoconazole. The research method used in testing the antifungal activity and the comparative value of the ethanol extract of nutmeg was the diffusion method for the paper disc technique and the microdilution method for testing the determination of MIC and MKC values. The results of this study show that the nutmeg ethanol extract had antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur and Trichophyton mentagrophytes .The MIC and MKC values of the nutmeg ethanol extract were the same for Malassezia furfur and Trichophyton mentagrophytes , namely the MIC value of the ethanol extract was 2,5%. Meanwhile, MKC value for ethanol extract was 5%, .The comparative values of ketoconazole antifungal activity with ethanol extract of the nutmeg against Malassezia furfur were 1:34, whereas against Trichophyton mentagrophytes were 1:12

Novel neodymium complex on MCM‐41 magnetic nanocomposite as a practical, selective, and returnable nanocatalyst in the synthesis of tetrazoles with antifungal properties in agricultural

This project reports a simple procedure for the synthesis and characterization of neodymium on MCM‐41 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as a reusable nanocatalyst. First, magnetite (Fe3O4) MNPs were prepared by chemical co‐precipitation procedure from FeCl3 hexahydrate and FeCl2 tetrahydrate in basic NH3 solution. At the second step, MCM‐41 magnetic nanocomposite (MCM‐41 MNC) was prepared by Fe3O4 doping into mesoporous MCM‐41 channels. At the third step, a novel neodymium Schiff base complex was immobilized on MCM‐41 MNC. At the fourth step, this catalyst (Nd‐LArg‐5BrSalen@MNC) was used as practicable and magnetically recoverable nanocatalyst in the homoselective synthesis of tetrazoles. This nanocatalyst was characterized via several analysis, for example, TGA, TEM, UV, SEM, FT‐IR, SEM‐EDS, VSM, ICP, XRD, WDX, and BET. All tetrazole products were synthesized with high yield in a short time. Despite high catalytic activity of neodymium, it has rarely used as a catalyst in the synthesis of organic compounds. All synthesized organic compounds were identified by 1H NMR, FT‐IR, and physical properties. Nd‐LArg‐5BrSalen@MNC nanocatalyst displays high activity, good selectivity, stability, and more important facile magnetic separation. Nd‐LArg‐5BrSalen@MNC nanocatalyst can be isolated and used again for several times consecutively without considerable loss of its catalytic activity. The recycled catalyst was characterized by SEM, EDS, WDX, XRD, and FT‐IR techniques and showed a good match with the fresh catalyst. Also, the antifungal activity of the some tetrazole derivatives was studied against Fusarium oxysporum (rot disease of chickpea root) and Botrytis cinerea (gray mold of strawberry) using the paper disk method on PDA culture medium.

UJI AKTIVITAS SABUN PEMBERSIH KEWANITAAN EKSTRAK DAUN SENDOK (Plantago Major L.) TERHADAP Candida Albicans

Abstract. Daun sendok (Plantago Major L) is a plant that is considered a weed by the community which is known to contain flavonoid compounds, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and phenols as antifungals. This study aims to determine the activity of the feminine cleansing soap activity test of daun sendok extract (Plantago Major L.) against the fungus Candida albicans. The method used is the disk diffusion method (paper disk) using 3 petri dishes in which each cup contains 4 paper disks which are given negative control, 1% b/v concentration of daun sendok extract soap, 2% b/v daun sendok extract soap and positive control. The results of the research conducted on testing the activity of female cleansing soap using daun sendok extract (Plantago Major L.) as an antifungal, that is the results obtained from daun sendok extract soap using a concentration of 1% b/v and 2% b/v, which cannot inhibit the growth of Candida albicans.

Rapid and simultaneous detection of viable S. aureus and its penicillin susceptibility by phage amplification techniques in different food matrices

Staphylococcus aureus, a zoonotic pathogen causes diseases in humans and animals, establishing a robust analytical method is crucial to minimize its adverse impacts. Phage amplification assay (PAA) is a method for indirect detection of target bacteria by detecting the progeny phage. In this study, we proposed a phage amplification assay based on Twortvirinae phage LSA2311 with a broad host range to indirectly detect S. aureus and penicillin-resistant S. aureus. PAA-based on the plaque counting could quantitatively detect viable S. aureus by forming progeny phage plaques on the culture medium within 6.5 h, with the detection limit of 10 CFU/mL. Progeny phages produced by PAA could be quantified by qPCR for the detection of viable S. aureus while reducing the detection time by 3 h (detection limit of 10 CFU/mL), and simple DNA extraction (thermolysis) process. It can be successfully applied to quantify viable S. aureus in spiked milk and lettuce. Moreover, this assay could rapidly detect its penicillin susceptibility within 13 h, and the results were in line with the standard paper disc diffusion method (DDM). These phage amplification techniques enable the rapid and accurate detection of viable S. aureus in food matrices, as well as drug-resistant S. aureus.

Antimicrobial Activity of Bacterial Strains Isolated from Macrotermes belli-cosus Termite Mound

Natural environments like termite mounds can be a reservoir for novel microbial strains and antimicrobial metabolite producers. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activities of bacterial strains isolated from Macrotermes bellicosus (M. bellicosus) termite mound materials. These materials were sampled from active termite mounds in the Somgandé botanic reserve in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The study collected sixty-three bacterial isolates and assessed their antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) and two pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans). The dual culture and paper disc diffusion assays revealed that 10 isolates (5 bacteria and 5 actinobacteria) inhibited the growth of at least one pathogenic microorganism. In comparison, four isolates inhibited both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Overall, isolates MBm2, MBm8 (bacteria), and MBm26 (actinobacterium) displayed better antibacterial- and antifungal activity against all tested pathogenic microorganisms. It is germane to indicate here that several typical bacteria and actinobacteria isolated from the M. bellicosus termite mound materials were good producers of antibacterial and antifungal agents. Thus, future studies could further characterize these isolates and optimize their growth for producing antimicrobial compounds. The bioactive compounds should also be identified for further biotechnological applications.

Paper sensor-based method using a portable 3D-printed platform and smartphone-assisted colorimetric detection for ammonia and sulfide monitoring in anaerobic digesters and wastewater

A simple and low-cost field-deployable method using paper sensors in combination with a 3D-printed portable platform to simultaneous determination of ammonia and sulfide has been developed. Ammonia and sulfide are harmful pollutants for the environment and important toxicants inhibiting anaerobic digestion, therefore, are key monitoring parameters during wastewater treatment. The sample preparation system consisted of a well microplate and sensor paper discs placed inside the microplate sealing system. Gas pervaporation and diffusion of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide across a Teflon membrane onto a paper discs, impregnated with bromothymol blue and methylene blue assay reagents, allowed the ammonia and sulfide determination, respectively. The detection system consisted in a 3D-printed photographic lightbox with LED plates and a smartphone. A code was developed in ImageJ for a fast colorimetric measurement of the digital images. Under optimal conditions, limits of detection of 1.3 and 1.7 mg L-1 and linear concentration ranges between 5 and 50 mg L-1 and 5–45 mg L-1, were obtained for ammonia and sulfide, respectively. The analysis of an anaerobic digester and wastewater samples revealed good precisions (RSDs < 10 %) and recoveries (91–105 %). This methodology shows advantages such as a high precision, a simple paper discs preparation and a reusable system.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol Daun Matenasi (Garcinia Sp.) Terhadap Staphylococcus Aureus dan Eschericia Coli

Medicinal plants are very popular among the people of Indonesia as traditional medicinal ingredients. Traditional medicine is a means of supporting public health for generations, long before formal health services and modern medicines touched the layers of society. One of the medicinal plants which is efficacious as a medicine for diarrhea is matenasi leaf (Garcinia sp). Diarrhea is an infectious disease that often occurs in Indonesia due to Escherichia coli bacteria. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of methanol extract using the paper disc diffusion method which is dripped with 10 µl of the test solution using a micro pipette. The concentrations of the methanol extract used were 50%, 75%, and 100% compared to the positive control, namely 30 µl chloramphenicol solution. Matenasi leaves using methanol extract have strong antibacterial activity at a concentration of 100%. For Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a concentration of 100% with a diameter of 22.67 mm (very strong category), Escherichia coli bacteria with a concentration of 100% with a diameter of 18.25 mm (strong category). The methanol extract of matenasi leaves has the potential as an antibacterial against Stapylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria.

Utilization Of Lime Peel Waste (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) As An Antibacterial Against Salmonella typhi

Typhoid fever is a digestive tract infection caused by Salmonella typhi. Treatment of typhoid fever can use natural ingredients such as lime peel waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ethanol extract of lime peel waste on the growth of Salmonella typhi bacteria. The extraction method used the maceration technique, and the antibacterial activity test used the paper disc diffusion method. The results showed that the ethanol extract of lime peel waste at concentrations of 1 mg/ml, 3 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 7 mg/ml with inhibition zone diameters of 4.66 mm, 6.55 mm, 9.29 mm and 10.06 mm. The conclusion shows that there is an effect of lime peel ethanol extract in inhibiting the growth of Salmonella typhi bacteria in the weak to strong category.

SANCACO COFFEE SYINBIOTIC (PROBIOTIC AND PREBIOTIC) AND ANTIBACTERIAL ASSAY AGAINST Escherichia coli

Robusta coffee is one of the plants used as a drink and has an efficacious content that can be modified to be used as a cure for diarrhea. This research was conducted To determine the effect of synbiotic coffee with a combination of coffee, prebiotic inulin chicory, probiotic B. bifidum, and glucose on the growth and antibacterial activity of the probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum BRL-130. Organoleptic testing of synbiotic coffee was performed on 30 panelists, then the growth test used the total plate count method, and the antibacterial test used the paper diffusion method. The organoleptic test showed that the selected formula 1 had the highest average taste of 3.76. In the symbiotic coffee growth test, the best results were obtained in week 1 of plain water with a temperature of 40°C with the number of colonies 5.95 x108 CFU/mL. Antibacterial activity test using paper disc diffusion method with a variation of the selected formula 1 treatment control, 2 treatment control pure robusta coffee powder, positive control of ciprofloxacin antibiotic, and negative control of aquadest solvent. The antibacterial activity of synbiotic coffee against E. coli showed that there was an inhibitory response in formula 1 against Escherichia coli bacteria in the first week of storage, 12.3±1.1 mm with strong criteria.&#x0D;

Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt-Doped Ferrites for Biomedical Applications.

Novel materials for biomedical applications are in critical need of time. In the present work, the antibacterial properties of Co1-x Ni x Mg x Fe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) are assessed by the disc diffusion method for the common pathogen, that is, Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Overnight grown bacterial cultures were individually lawn-cultured on nutrient agar plates. All samples of NP concentrations (2 mg/mL) were prepared in sterile water and dispensed by sonication. Sterile filter paper discs (1.0 mm) were saturated by the (doped CoFe2O4) NP solution and incubated at 37 ± 0.1 °C for 24 h. The NPs with a fine size of 30-70 nm of Co1-x Ni x Mg x Fe2O4 were achieved using the sol-gel method by doping CoFe2O4 initially with Ni and codoping with Mg, and their properties were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared techniques. According to the results, Co0.5Ni0.25Mg0.25Fe2O4 NPs exhibited potent antibacterial activities against s. aureus having an inhibition zone of 6.5 mm and P. aeruginosa having an inhibition zone of 6 mm as that were examined. The result shows that the bacteriostatic properties of NPs are used for numerous applications such as hyperthermia, antibacterial treatments, and targeted drug delivery.

Antibacterial Potential of Bacterial Cellulose Impregnated with Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticle Against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa

In this study, bacterial cellulose (BC) impregnated with green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is evaluated as an antimicrobial membrane for wound-healing treatment. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf extract were characterized using UV‒visible spectroscopy, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The results confirmed that the resulted particles were Ag2O and metallic Ag in nanoscale with an average size ranged from 24 to 40 nm. The green synthesized nanoparticles incorporated within both bacterial cellulose and filter paper discs showed excellent antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027. There was no significant difference noticed between bacterial cellulose and filter paper holding capacity to nanoparticles and there was lack of interaction between bacterial cellulose and impregnated nanoparticles as elaborated by Fourier transform infrared spectral analyses. Scanning electron microscopy investigation showed major distortions effects of green synthesized silver nanoparticles on bacterial cell morphology.

Bioactivities and Chemical Compositions of Cinnamomum burmannii Bark Extracts (Lauraceae)

Cinnamomum burmanni has antifungal and antibacterial properties, including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and essential oil content of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and safrole. This study aims to determine the antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus, antifungal properties against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, antioxidant, and flavonoid content of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) extracts from C. burmanni bark. This study began with the MAE extraction of C. burmanni, followed by qualitative phytochemical tests on the alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoid groups. Furthermore, using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method, a quantitative phytochemical test was performed to determine the levels of flavonoids. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) method was used for the antioxidant test, the agar dilution method for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the paper disc diffusion method for the width of the inhibitory area (LDH). The positive antifungal control was nystatin, while the antibacterial control was amoxicillin, and both negative controls were 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The antifungal and antibacterial components were found to be 3% n-hexane extract from the bark of C. burmanni, with an inhibitory area width (IAW) of 13.83 mm. The best antioxidant results were the ethanol extract with a very active category IC50 of 8.533 ppm, 5.90%, and the highest ethanol extract containing flavonoid test results.

Pigments of aminophenoxazinones and viridomycins produced by termite-associated Streptomyces tanashiensis BYF-112.

Termite-associated Streptomyces tanashiensis BYF-112 was found as a potential source for yellow and green pigments, which were stable under the tested temperature, light and metal ions. Eight metabolites (1-8), including four new natural yellow pigments aminophenoxazinones (1-4), and two rarely iron dependent green pigments viridomycin A and F (9-10) were isolated from BYF-112 cultured in YMS and YMS treated with FeSO4, respectively. The metabolites 2-4 displayed a significant safety performance on the normal liver cell line L-02, while the metabolite 1 showed weak cytotoxicity against the L-02 and several cancer cells. Especially, in the filter paper disc tests, the compound 1 possessed strong antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with the zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 15.3 mm, which was equal to that of referenced levofloxacin (ZOI = 15.2 mm). And the metabolite 1 also showed moderate antibacterial activities against Micrococcus teragenus and S. aureus, with the ZOI values of 15.3 and 17.2 mm. In addition, by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, the compound 1 displayed potential antibacterial activities against M. teragenus, S. aureus and MRSA, with the MIC values of 12.5, 12.5, and 25.0 μg/ml, respectively. The present results indicate that BYF-112 may be a promising source for safe and bioactive pigments, which can be used for further development and industrial applications.

Formulation and Evaluation of a Turmeric Kombucha Facial Toner with Potential as an Anti-Acne Agent

Propionibacterium acnes is one of the gram-positive bacteria that causes acne. Many acne treatments use synthetic drugs that have side effects. One alternative for treatment is using fermented products such as kombucha. The potential of kombucha as an anti-acne can be increased by adding turmeric during the fermentation process. The product is Turmeric Kombucha, which will be applied to the skin. The cosmetic dosage form developed is Facial Toner. The research to be carried out aims to formulate and test the activity of turmeric kombucha facial toner preparations against P.acnes bacteria. The novelties of this research include increasing the anti-acne activity of Turmeric Kombucha and the addition of Turmeric Kombucha as an active ingredient in facial toner preparations that meet the evaluation requirements, activity tests, and stability tests. The stages of the method started with Turmeric Kombucha fermentation with variations in turmeric concentration and fermentation time. The fermentation results will be tested for antibacterial activity using the paper disc diffusion method. Turmeric Kombucha, which has the highest activity, is then used as an active substance in facial toner preparations, which will be evaluated and tested for stability. The results of the evaluation of facial toner preparations, all formulas meet the requirements for organoleptic, pH, and viscosity tests. The stability test results for facial toner preparations show that F3 is a stable formula at room temperature storage and extreme temperatures. Based on the results of the irritation test, kombucha turmeric facial toner did not irritate. The antibacterial test results showed that all formulas could inhibit P.acnes bacteria with F3 as the formula with the most effective inhibition diameter of 7.33 ± 0.57 mm, then F1 and F4 6.33 ± 0.57 mm, and F2 6 ± 0 mm. This study concludes that fermented turmeric kombucha can be formulated as an anti-acne facial toner.&#x0D; Keywords: paper disc diffusion, Propionibacterium acnes, facial toner, Turmeric Kombucha