Panel Temperature Research Articles

Enhancing Heat Transfer of Photovoltaic Panels with Fins

Photovoltaic power generation can directly convert solar energy into electricity, but most of the solar energy absorbed by the photovoltaic panel is converted into heat, which significantly increases the operating temperature leading to a reduction in the power generation efficiency of the panels. To reduce the working temperature of photovoltaic panels and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency, this paper installs aluminum fins and air channels at the traditional photovoltaic cell back sheets and cools them with forced-circulation cooling through fans. The relationships between fin spacing, fin height, air channel inlet wind speed and panel temperature, power generation, and electrical efficiency were investigated. The results show that the temperature of the photovoltaic panel decreases and then increases with the decrease of the fin spacing during natural convection and gradually decreases with the increase of the fin height. The use of forced-circulation cooling technology can effectively reduce the PV panel temperature and increase the net power generation. When the solar radiation intensity is 1000 W/m2, the ambient temperature is 35°C, the fin spacing is 6 mm, the height is 80 mm, the inlet wind speed is 1 m/s, the net generating power reaches the maximum value, and the net generating power and the electrical efficiency are increased by 14.6% and 2.25%, respectively.

Experimental and numerical study to optimize building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) roof structure

The study addresses the issue of heat dissipation in Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) roofs by proposing a novel PV module and establishing its testbed in Beijing, China, which is extended to more structures by the validated numerical model. The validation reveals MBD (mean bias difference）values of 10.24% for electricity production and 9.32% for temperature, accompanied by corresponding RMSD (root mean square difference) values of 23.97% and 10.46%, respectively. Taguchi method and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation were employed to design and simulate orthogonal schemes, optimizing BIPV roof structure for the first time by considering three factors: air gap thickness, PV panel spacing and heating power. The results indicate that the air gap thickness impacts most on PV panel temperature, followed by meteorological parameters and PV panel spacing. The optimal BIPV roof structure, featured an air gap of 68 mm and a PV panel spacing of 30 mm, exhibits a 25.35% reduction in PV panel temperature, an 8.78% increase in signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and a 2.49% growth in electricity production compared to the performance of the intermediate level scheme.

Efficient cooling system design by using different shaped nanoparticles and rotating cylinders in channel system for photovoltaic thermal management

Research focusing on improving the efficiency and performance of renewable energy systems requires the development of cooling systems (CSs) with effective solutions, including photovoltaic (PV) thermal management. The current work proposes a unique cooling method that uses double rotating cylinders (RCs) and different shaped alumina nanoparticles (NP; spherical, blade, brick, and cylindrical) in water for conductive panel’s cooling channel. The numerical study is performed for different values of Reynolds number (Re: 100–600), rotational Re (Rew: 0–20), size of the cylinders (Rc: 0.01H–0.2H), and solid particle volume fractions (svf: 0–0.03). It is observed that vortex size and numbers behind the cylinders can be controlled by varying Re and Rew. A 16 °C temperature drop of the panel is achieved at the highest Re at svf = 0.03. When rotations are active, the average Nu increases 99% and 37% for water and nanofluid (NF) at Rew = 20 and Re = 250 while temperature drops of 15 °C and 7.5 °C are obtained. The highest performance coefficient (PEC) is obtained as PEC = 1.38 when NF is used at Rew = 15. Large cylinders results in lower PEC values. When rotations are not active, the average Nu rises by about 26.8%, 13.5%, 12.8%, and 3.5% for cylindrical, blade, brick, and spherical-shaped particles while average cell temperature drops by about 5.5 °C, 4.5 °C, 4.3 °C, and 1 °C. The highest PEC value is obtained as 1.23 when cylindrical particles at the highest loading are used for stationary cylinders. Proper orthogonal-based model is considered for estimation of spatially varying panel temperature.

Numerical study of phase change material partitioned cavities coupled with fins for thermal management of photovoltaic cells

To enhance the temperature control capability of photovoltaic-phase change material systems, a strategy involving the combination of fins and partitioned cavities is employed to enhance the heat transfer process. Thermal performance of four cavity arrangements including a rectangular cavity, a partitioned rectangular cavity, a finned rectangular cavity, and a partitioned rectangular cavity with fins at two tilt angles of 90° and 45° are numerically evaluated. By employing a partitioned cavity with fins, the entire melting time can be reduced by a maximum of 8.9% compared to the baseline case. Moreover, the results show that the individual or simultaneous utilization of the partition and fins at an inclination angle of 90° can not only effectively reduce PV panel temperature but also improve temperature uniformity of the PV panel. Reducing the inclination angle to 45° prolongs the melting time, and this also reduces the temperature control performance for the majority cavity structures. Compared with the baseline case, the temperature of the PV panel can be reduced by up to 5.0 K, and the temperature uniformity can be increased by a maximum of 35.0%. The partitioned cavity coupled with fins has the best overall thermal performance among all structures.

Numerical modeling and optimization of tube flattening impacts on the cooling performance of the photovoltaic thermal system integrated with phase change material

In this research, a computational fluid dynamics-based numerical simulation is performed to evaluate the influence of tube flattening on the cooling performance of a photovoltaic thermal system integrated with phase change material. Such a study is executed to obtain the four evaluation parameters, including average photovoltaic panel temperature, phase change material melting percentage, tube pressure drops, and the difference between the highest and lowest temperature points on the photovoltaic panel. To obtain the optimum percentage of tube flattening to optimize the cooling performance of the systems, multi-objective optimization by utilizing response surface methodology is done by considering some design requirements, including minimizing average photovoltaic panel temperature, maximizing phase change material melting percentage, minimizing tube pressure drops, and minimizing the difference between the highest and lowest temperature points on the photovoltaic panel. Finally, a parametric analysis is done to explore how certain critical factors (solar radiation, fluid mass flow rate, phase change material thermal conductivity, phase change material enthalpy of fusion, and phase change material melting point) affect the efficiency of the systems. The findings indicate that as tube flattening rises from 0 % to 75 %, the average photovoltaic panel temperature and the difference between the highest and lowest temperature points on the photovoltaic panel decrease which is a positive effect. Conversely, increasing the tube flattening results in an increase in the tube pressure drops and a reduction in the phase change material melting percentage. These changes adversely affect the cooling performance. Considering these impacts and conducting an optimization process, the ideal tube flattening value is 54.78 %. In this optimized state, the average photovoltaic panel temperature reaches 55.21 ˚C, phase change material melting percentage comprises 42.54 %, tube pressure drops is 184.8 Pa, and the difference between the highest and lowest temperature points on the photovoltaic panel is 33.42 ˚C.

Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) Assessment and Potential in Palestine

Palestine has limited energy sources and must import different fuels from neighboring countries, hence renewable energy sources like solar energy are necessary. One of the most important and promising clean renewable energy sources available today that also helps cut expenses and effort is solar energy. Solar energy is captured and stored by solar panels. Solar panels come in a wide variety now, and new kinds are always being developed to maximize solar energy absorption, require the least amount of maintenance, and endure a longer time. This study will compare the performance of the polycrystalline solar cell unit and the PERC unit, both of which will be impacted by Palestine's environment, by conducting an experimental investigation into the behavior of the unit. The PERC panel's temperature was lower than the polycrystalline panel's because of the addition of a heat-reflecting layer, which increased the PERC panel's efficiency. The efficiencies of the two panels were compared at the same level of solar radiation. It has been demonstrated that PERC efficiency is higher when solar radiation is the same. The solar energy absorbed in the PERC panel actually increases because of the reflective coating that helps the PERC cell to optimize its benefit from the sun's radiation. When polycrystalline and PERC panels were compared, the former produced more electricity per unit of area

Development of Solar Panel Monitoring System On Automatic Meter Reading

In dealing with era society 5.0, a gas company uses the Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system, which is a remote data reading automation technology system for measuring instrument data in the field, which then conveys the information to the center via communication media data. In the Metering/Regulating Station (M/RS) installation, AMR is connected to the Electronic Volume Converter (EVC) which functions to transmit data from measuring instrument readings in the EVC to the data collection server. The modem on the AMR system uses a power supply from the solar panel system during the day and a battery system at night. The system for handling incomplete data disturbances is currently still in corrective action due to the unavailability of a solar panel monitoring system in the AMR system, causing difficulties for the team in conducting root cause analysis due to problems with battery voltage which are unable to cure AMR. To change the operation and maintenance activities of the AMR system, which was previously corrective action into preventive action, the authors will design and build a long-distance integrated solar panel monitoring system at AMR with the following features monitoring temperature, voltage, and current modules of solar panels, monitoring temperature and battery loading, and AMR remote restart function.

Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Pebble Bed High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor After Shutdown Based on FLUENT Software

In order to provide a reliable tool for thermal-hydraulic simulation of pebble bed high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs), a two-dimensional model was developed based on the porous media model and user-defined scalar (UDS) function of FLUENT software. Then, the model was applied to the numerical simulation of the shutdown test of the 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled test reactor (HTR-10) at 9 MW power level, and the temperature distribution and flow field distribution in the reactor were obtained and compared with the results of the experimental data. The reliability of the model in this paper was verified. Based on the model, the effects of the water-cooled panel temperature and the initial core temperature on the thermal-hydraulic characteristics of HTR-10 after shutdown were further explored. The results show that there is a decoupling phenomenon between the residual heat transfer within the core and the heat dissipation of the pressure vessel. The initial core temperature has relatively little effect on the heat dissipation and maximum temperature of the pressure vessel, but it has a significant impact on the thermal characteristics of the core area.

Experimental investigation of electromagnetic interference impact on phase change material coated solar photovoltaic panel

ABSTRACT High Voltage Transmission Line Electromagnetic Field’s (HVTL-EMF) impact on solar PV performance is analyzed in the proposed work. Depending on HV-EMF, the electrical characteristics and conversion process of PhotoVoltaic (PV) panels are analyzed. Electromagnetic (EM) field from HV lines has a partially positive and somewhat negative impact on solar PV. When absorption probability is low, one photon and one phonon are required. Phonons are vibrational energy units. A solar PV cell made of Silicon (Si) semiconductor material requires phonons to have high conversion efficiency and electric field from HV transmission line induces phonon. In addition, electric field from HV line increases the solar cell temperature (10 to 15°C) to the ambient temperature. Because of high solar PV cell temperature and high EM field, solar PV power generation is affected by increasing panel temperature. The proposed system uses unnatural Phase Change Material (PCM-Glauber salt (Na2SO4.10 H2O)) coated to the backside of solar PV to normalize the temperature. The impact of electromagnetic fields produced by HV lines on solar cells coated with PCM is validated with experimental testing results. The experiment considers a HVTL of 230kV and solar PV rating of 20 W. The experimental results are measured at various distance ranging from 12 to 22 meters between solar PV and HV transmission lines. Conversion efficiency of solar PV with PCM coating under the impact of HVTL- EMF has increased by 3%.

A Simple Approach for Module Temperature and Power Prediction

In this work a mathematical approach to calculate solar panel temperature based on measured irradiance, temperature and wind speed is applied. With the calculated module temperature, the electrical solar module characteristics is determined. A program developed in MatLab App Designer allows to import measurement data from a weather station and calculates the module temperature based on the mathematical NOCT and stationary approach with a time step between the measurements of 5 minutes. Three commercially available solar panels with different cell and interconnection technologies are used for the verification of the established models. The results show a strong correlation between the measured and by the stationary model predicted module temperature with a coefficient of determination R2 close to 1 and a root mean square deviation (RMSE) of ≤ 2.5 K for a time period of three months. Based on the predicted temperature, measured irradiance in module plane and specific module information the program models the electrical data as time series in 5-minute steps. Predicted to measured power for a time period of three months shows a linear correlation with an R2 of 0.99 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.5, 2.7 and 4.8 for module ID 1, 2 and 3. The calculated energy (exemplarily for module ID 2) based on the measured, calculated by the NOCT and stationary model for this time period is 118.4 kWh, resp. 116.7 kWh and 117.8 kWh. This is equivalent to an uncertainty of 1.4% for the NOCT and 0.5% for the stationary model.

Effects of cooling and interval cleaning on the performance of soiled photovoltaic panels in Muscat, Oman

Due to the present alarming environmental problem, the world has turned to photovoltaic (PV) solar energy as a sustainable, renewable, and environmentally friendly alternative. Solar energy technology has rapidly improved in recent decades, and the global installation of photovoltaic systems has been increasing at a rate of 24% annually. However, soiling on panels and high panel temperature affect the performance of photovoltaic systems, and this leads to significant production loss, especially in the Middle East, where the dust intensity and ambient air temperature are at their highest levels. This paper presents the influence of cooling and interval cleaning on the performance of the photovoltaic system installed in Muscat, Oman. The study involved cleaning the first panel at a comparable inclination angle. The second panel had its inclination angle changed. The third panel was designed to inject water for cooling purposes. In this case, the panel was subjected to water injection for 30 s once per week, followed by daily water injection for 120 s in the second week. All the results were compared with the fourth panel, which was neither cleaned nor touched. Measurements, including open circuit voltage, short circuit current, solar panel temperature, solar radiation, and power, were made in 1-min intervals using a data logger. The results of the experiment showed that cleaning the panel manually every three days resulted in the highest output power and efficiency, reaching 85.6 W with 23.6% efficiency. The cooling of the panel resulted in an increase in power, especially for the longer injection duration. Conclusively, water injection resulted in an energy output growth of 23.9%.

Enhancing solar panel cooling efficiency: a study on the influence of nanofluid inclusion and pin fin shape during melting and freezing of phase change materials

The present article presents a 3D simulation of a solar thermal panel containing phase change materials (PCMs). Two pipes are devised in the panel, and several pin fins (PFs) are applied to each pipe. Organic PCMs are encapsulated in a compartment around the PFs and pipes. The variable is PF shape, which includes four types, i.e., square, rectangular, triangular, and circular. Nanofluid (NFD) is used within the pipes. The study is carried out transiently and continued until the stabilization of outlets. Utilizing an FEM method based on a weak form, namely, Galerkin, to find a numerical solution for mathematical modeling. The artificial intelligent results indicate that using triangular, square, rectangular, and circular PFs provides the highest NFD temperature in the outlet, respectively. Circular PFs lead to a lower heat transfer coefficient (HC) compared to other PFs. The comparison between various PF shapes shows that the use of circular and triangular PFs results in the lowest and highest panel temperature, respectively. Moreover, the highest and lowest volume fraction of melting PCMs around the pipe is obtained through the use of triangular and circular PFs, respectively.

Integrated photovoltaic-thermal system utilizing front surface water cooling technique: An experimental performance response

In the realm of photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) systems, optimizing operating temperatures for photovoltaic (PV) panels is a challenge. This study introduces a novel solution: a sprayed water PVT system that simultaneously harnesses energy and electricity. The aim is twofold: generate electricity through PV panels and produce hot water via a flat plate collector, using an innovative cooling mechanism. Water sprayed onto the PV panel's surface flows to a collector for storage. With varied flow rates, optimal panel efficiency occurs at a 45⁰ tilt angle, accompanied by lower collector outlet temperatures at higher flow rates. The collector achieves a peak thermal efficiency of 70.6 %, producing hot water at 84.6 °C. Notably, a significant PV panel efficiency enhancement, up to 16.78 %, especially at 1.56 L/min flow rate, is observed. The cooling technique consistently reduces panel temperatures from 45.08 °C to 34.12 °C. A self-cleaning spray mechanism improves efficiency by 2.53 %, resulting in an overall system efficiency of 83.3 %. This research offers an innovative approach to enhance energy generation and electricity in PVT systems, promising sustainable energy optimization.

Analisis Pengaruh Suhu Panel Surya Terhadap Output Panel Performance

The main obstacle that greatly affects solar power output systems is the low conversion efficiency of solar panels, which is greatly influenced by their operating temperature. Failure to consider solar panel temperature increases the financial risks of installing the installation system. In this research, the output performance of solar panels was examined in outdoor conditions. All data was measured and recorded from 09.00 to 17.00, over 30 minute intervals. Panel temperature measurements were carried out using a Ditec C355 infrared thermometer. And then compared with using Pvsyst software. The output power of a solar panel is highly dependent on the solar radiation that falls on its surface. The amount of incoming sunlight is much higher during the hours from 11.00 to 13.00, which can be determined as the peak of the sun during the day. So it can be concluded that the ideal climate for setting up a large solar installation system is a cool and sunny climate.

A Pore Scale Study on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Integrated Thermal Protection Structures with Phase Change Material

Phase change material (PCM) are characterized by their high latent heat and low density. Combining PCM with building walls, aircraft fuselages, and other structures can significantly enhance the thermal sink capability of these structures. In order to address the issue of low heat storage efficiency resulting from the low thermal conductivity of PCM, a novel integrated thermal protection structure (ITPS) architecture with a supportive structure based on a porous lattice has been designed. Experimental and numerical methods were employed to investigate the thermal response characteristics of the ITPS with and without PCM, the melting behavior of PCM within the porous lattice, and the effects of lattice configuration and pore size on the PCM melting rate. The current ITPS study includes evaluation of two types of lattice configurations and three different pore sizes. The results indicate that the inclusion of PCM reduces the internal panel temperature of the ITPS by approximately 15%. The melting of PCM occurs primarily at the central region of the porous lattice and gradually spreads towards the periphery until complete melting is achieved. Specifically, the Gibson–Ashby lattice configuration enhances the PCM melting rate by 43.5%, while the tetradecahedron lattice configuration yields a 53.1% improvement. Furthermore, for PCM with different pore sizes, smaller pores exhibit faster melting rates during the early and intermediate stages, whereas larger pores exhibit faster melting rates in the later stages as the proportion of liquid PCM increases. The conclusions of this study provide valuable insights for the application of PCM in the field of thermal management.

Hybrid optimization strategy for water cooling system: enhancement of photovoltaic panels performance

Abstract Solar energy is the most effective substitute for fossil fuels when it comes to Produce electricity among the numerous renewable energy sources. The efficiency may drop as a result of overheating, and the PV cell may also be harmed. Therefore, increasing the output of a solar PV system at a lower cost is essential to improving its efficiency. Additionally, by using cooling methods, the PV cells’ lifetime is extended. By lowering the working temperature of a PV panel’s surface, you may increase efficiency and slow the thermal deterioration rate. This may be done by module cooling and lowering the heat that the PV cells generate while operating. Hence, an active cooling technology known as optimization-aided water spraying technique is employed to increase efficiency. This method enables the PV panels to provide their maximum output power while taking less time to drop down to a lower surface temperature. Beluga Whale assisted Jellyfish Optimization (BWJO) model is suggested as a means of achieving these goals. Finally, Simulink/MATLAB is used to implement the suggested method and optimize the PV system cooling. The performances of the two components were compared using a variety of metrics.

Environmental and energy analysis for photovoltaic-thermoelectric solar unit in existence of nanofluid cooling reporting CO2 emission reduction

BackgroundIt is crucial to introduce new strategies to intensify the efficiency of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) unit. The incorporation of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) within a solar unit can notably improve its electrical performance. Additionally, modifying the properties of the cooling fluid by incorporating nano-powders proves to be an effective approach in optimizing PVT systems. MethodsThis study delves into an inventive design for a PVT unit, exploring novel techniques to boost its performance. To enhance the cooling of the PV component, two strategies were employed: 1) the implementation of a new-style turbulator, and 2) the integration of confined jets. Thus, three cases were simulated: case 1 (without any enhancement), case 2 (with the turbulator), and case 3 (employing both techniques). Additionally, the TEG layer was incorporated with the PV layers to augment overall efficiency. The testing fluid, water, was infused with SiO2 nanoparticles, and their properties were determined using a homogeneous mixture formulation. For simulating the current 3D model, the Finite Volume Method was chosen, accounting for laminar flow in fluid zones and applying the pure conduction equation for solid zones. The impacts of altering geometry, heat flux (G), inlet velocity within the tube (Vi), and jet (Vj) on performance metrics (including PV electrical (ηPV), thermoelectric (ηTE), thermal (ηth), overall electrical (ηEl), total (ηTot)) have been detailed in the results section. Significant findingsBy implementing two cooling techniques, the uniformity of panel temperature experiences a notable enhancement of about 79.96 %. With an increase in the velocity of the nanofluid within the tube, there is an approximately 1.99 % improvement in the value of ηTot. Furthermore, when Vi=0.08 m/s, the values of ηEl, and ηTot see an increase of about 3.09 % and 12.59 %, respectively, upon the installation of the jet and turbulator. An augmentation in G leads to a rise in ηTot by approximately 5.32 % and 7.32 % for cases 1 and 3, respectively. When G = 810 W/m2, incorporating a jet and turbulator in the PVT system results in improvements of about 2.64 % in ηEl, and 10.45 % in ηTot. The increment of ηTot with switching from case 1 to case 3 enhances about 24.62 % with the rise of G. Moreover, as the inlet velocity of the jet increases, the values of ηTE, ηth, and ηTot enhance by about 3.43 %, 1.87 %, and 1.06 %, respectively.

Numerical analysis and deep learning algorithm for photovoltaic-thermal systems using various nanofluids and volume fractions at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Conventional photovoltaic (PV) systems have elevated temperatures in the hot climate of Riyadh, resulting in reduced electrical power generation. Therefore, nanofluids are employed in photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) systems to absorb the self-generated heat that limits efficient operation. In addition, developing deep learning models would help improve the optimization and control of the proposed system. This study's primary goal is to numerically examine a PV-T system under the influence of using various nanofluids with varying volume fractions in the hot climate of Riyadh and to develop time-series deep learning algorithms based on the findings in this examination to predict the PV-T system's potential. A mathematical model to investigate the PV-T panel performance under various volume concentrations and nanofluids is proposed. The generated data from the different nanofluids is deployed to train a deep learning model, which is convolutional neural networks integrated with two layers of long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM), in order to predict the PV-T panel temperature. According to the investigation's findings, the best PV-T coolant is CuO nanofluid at 4 % volume concentration. Utilizing the aforementioned nanofluid can deliver an enhancement in the average daytime PV-T panel temperature, electrical, thermal, and total exergy efficiency by 34.5 °C, 16.7 %, 79.2 %, and 18.07 %, respectively. The developed deep learning algorithms were evaluated using the mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of determination (R2) and scored 0.18–0.35 and 97.5–98.75 %, respectively.

GMPP Tracking of Solar PV system using Spotted Hyena and Quadratic Approximation based Hybrid Algorithm under Partially shaded conditions

The demand for clean and renewable energy is increasing due to environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) system is very popular from the renewable sources and its usage is increasing. The PV system power transfer efficiency depends on several factors such electrical characteristics of loads, solar irradiation, shading condition and panel temperature. The process of transferring maximum possible power to load from PV system by adjusting the system parameters is called maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Under the partially shaded conditions, multiple power peaks are created in the PV curves and makes the MPPT is a non-convex problem. It is a challenging problem to track the global maximum power point (GMPP) under partially shaded conditions. It is essential to recognize the GMPP and restart the string as early as possible to prevent the physical as well as economical damage. In this paper, a new hybrid algorithm for MPPT is proposed and called as QASHO, a combination of Spotted Hyena optimization (SHO) and Quadrature approximation (QA) technique. The QASHO is used to track the GMPP under different weather conditions such as partial shading. The simulation results are compared with Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm and Cuckoo Search optimization (CSO) algorithm and promised for better performance in tracking GMPP. The experimental results are provided to validate the proposed MPPT methodology.

Mathematical Simulation of Plat-Pin Fin Heat Sink Installed under the Solar Panels

Mathematical simulation of plat–pin fin heat sink installed under solar panels was conducted. Based on the problem of heat accumulation inside the solar panel, the electricity generation efficiency become reduced with a higher heat. Thus, the objective was to design and simulate plate and pin cooling. Two shapes of pin consisting of plate and cylindrical pin were studied. The investigated process was divided into two stages. The design and calculation of the heat sink fin was the first stage. The process of simulating solar panels with fins attached and without fins using the SOLIDWORKS program was the second stage. Three factors were considered: the direction of the panel installation (S, SE, and SW), the inclination angle () of the solar panel, and the style of installation (Transvers and longitude fins). The appropriated condition for reducing the temperature of solar panels was discussed. The results showed that the minimal temperature of the solar panel was obtained at the southeast (SE) direction with an inclination angle () of 18°. Heat dissipation was achieved by the transvers fins in which a maximum temperature reduction gave 6.39 ℃.