Provincial Panel Data Research Articles

Green Marketing and the Path to Realizing Local Sustainable Development—Joint Dynamic Analysis of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) Based on China’s Provincial Panel Data

Understanding the mechanisms by which the combination of green marketing components fosters local sustainable development is crucial for global regions in achieving the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. Utilizing panel data from China’s provinces from 2011 to 2022, this study employs the DEA model to assess both the static and dynamic efficiencies of sustainable development across China’s 31 provinces. Subsequently, drawing on the 6P theory of marketing element combination, this study selects human input, capital input, energy input, technological output, economic output, and ecological output as causal variables, with the local sustainable development index serving as the outcome variable. By integrating the fsQCA method, the study identifies four distinct configurations: a “single input–multiple output” model, a “multiple input–single output” model, an “input–output” linkage model, and an “input-driven” model. This conclusion can enhance the comprehension of the dynamics through which various combinations of green marketing components contribute to local sustainable development from a regional macroeconomic perspective, offering a theoretical foundation for achieving sustainable development globally.

Study on the Measurement of the Level of Development of the Digital Economy and the Structure of Spatial Networks

Based on the provincial panel data from 2013-2021, the entropy weight method is used to measure the comprehensive development index of the digital economy, and the gravity model and social network analysis are used to examine the spatial correlation network structure characteristics of the digital economy. digital economy, and the gravity model and social network analysis are used to examine the spatial correlation network structure characteristics of the digital economy among provinces and regions. The study found that: (1) the overall digital economy development level of China's provinces and municipalities is on the rise, but the overall digital economy development level of China's provinces and municipalities is not as high as it should be. municipalities is on the rise, but there is a large gap in the level of digital economy development between regions, and the level of development is gradually declining from China's eastern region to the western region; (2) the spatial network structure of China's level of digital economy development has a better robustness, and development has a better robustness, and the spatial correlation on the whole is strengthened, but the speed of development is relatively slow, and at the same time, the spatial network hierarchical structure is more rigid, and regions under different geographic locations and different levels of development are likely to have spatial network hierarchical structure. development is likely to have spatial interaction effects. (3) The distribution pattern of "core-edge" is formed among provinces and regions, with the distribution pattern of "core-edge" is formed among provinces and regions, with Shanghai, Beijing, Sichuan, Anhui, Shandong, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Henan, Zhejiang, Hubei and Shaanxi being at the core of the network, with strong aggregation and radiation ability. The distribution pattern of "core-edge" is formed among provinces and regions, with Shanghai, Beijing, Sichuan, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan, Zhejiang, and Hubei being at the core of the network, with strong aggregation and radiation ability.

Research on the Impact of Digital Finance on the High-Quality Development of Regional Economy: An Empirical Analysis Based on Provincial Panel Data

As a product of the combination of digital technology and traditional finance, the vigorous development of digital finance in the context of the digital economy era will certainly have a great impact on the high-quality development of the economy. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces from 2011 to 2020, this paper adopts the entropy value method to determine the economic development index of the region, and applies the two-way fixed effect model to explore the impact of the development of digital finance on the regional economic development. It is found that the rapid development of digital finance has a positive role in promoting the economic development of the region and changes with the level of openness to the outside world as well as the level of human capital, and that the innovation effect update of the region plays an intermediary role as an intermediary variable in the impact of digital finance on the economic development of the region. There is significant heterogeneity in the economic development of digital finance on different regions, with the highest in the east and the lowest in the center. Reasonable suggestions are made for the better development of the economy of each region, thus promoting the high-quality development of the economy of each region.

Research on the Path and Regional Heterogeneity of Digital Economy Enabling New Quality Productivity Based on Provincial Panel Data

The digital economy, as an emerging economic form, is a key force in promoting high-quality economic development, solving the current traditional mode of production that relies on a large number of resource inputs and highly consumes resource and energy development methods, and improving new-quality productivity. This paper analyzes the impact of digital economy from the comprehensive perspective of new quality productivity by using China's provincial panel data from 2010 to 2022, and panel fixed effect model and mediation effect model. The study shows that the development of digital economy has a positive impact on the improvement of new quality productivity. Industrial structure upgrading, factor optimization and improvement of innovation level are important mechanisms by which digital economy affects new quality productivity, while there is obvious regional heterogeneity. Our findings provide some insights into the mechanisms by which the digital economy affects new quality productivity.

Impact of urban land use tax on carbon emission efficiency of urban construction land--Analysis based on panel data of 30 provinces in China.

Reducing urban carbon emissions is an important path for ecological civilization construction, which can be achieved through the adjustment of urban land use tax. Using provincial Panel data from 2011 to 2021, based on the analysis of urban carbon emission efficiency values using a non radial SBM model, the Tobit random effects panel model is used to explore the institutional impact of urban land use tax. The study found that urban land use tax has a significant positive promoting effect on carbon emission efficiency and shows certain regional differences. The eastern region is higher in overall efficiency and technical efficiency than the central and western regions, but the central region has the highest overall scale efficiency. At the same time, factors such as population urbanization, industrial structure, and energy-saving technology level will also have a certain impact on this effect. Based on the institutional effect of improving carbon emission efficiency, the article proposes corresponding countermeasures and suggestions from aspects such as tax rate levels, tax system adjustments, tax incentives, and differentiated regional arrangements.

Research on the Impact of Smart City Construction on the Development of Green Economy

The development of green economy is one of the core essences to realize Chinese path to modernization. Based on China’s provincial panel data from 2011-2021, this paper uses the entropy weight method to measure the smart city construction index, which includes three dimensions: digitalization, intelligence and informatization; Secondly, a benchmark regression model was used to explore the effect of smart city construction on the development of green economy. Furthermore, a mediation effect model and a threshold regression model were constructed to explore the indirect and nonlinear effects of smart city construction on the development of green economy under the constraint variables of energy utilization efficiency and manufacturing intelligence. Finally, research has shown that the construction of smart cities has shown a positive and direct role in the development of green economy, with a gradient decreasing effect of “western>central>eastern”; The construction of smart cities can indirectly enhance the development of green economy in the region by improving energy utilization efficiency; Based on the characteristics of regional heterogeneity, the construction of smart cities has different threshold effects on the development of regional green economy. When the level of manufacturing intelligence is lower than the threshold value, the construction of smart cities can have a more favorable and positive impact. During the strategic intersection period between smart city construction and the “dual carbon” goal, this article provides scientific basis and theoretical reference for achieving Chinese style green modernization.

Price effects of residents' consumption carbon emissions: Evidence from rural and urban China

Price policy applied to specific products may mitigate consumption carbon emissions (CCE). Nevertheless, the extent to which price effects, such as carbon taxes, differ across income groups and between rural and urban areas in China remains uncertain. With unbalanced provincial panel data from 1999 to 2020, we estimated the demand elasticities of eight major groups of consumer goods and services across income groups separately in rural and urban areas of China, using the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) and the Exact Affine Stone Index Implicit Marshallian demand system (EASI) in this study. The estimated price elasticities were then used to predict the impact of different price policies on CCE. The results show that taxing the wealthiest individuals and subsidizing the poorest individuals in both rural and urban areas have a beneficial impact on the reduction in CCE. Moreover, expanding transfer payments can further facilitate reductions in CCE. Our findings suggest that achieving CCE equality can be realized through intra-urban and intra-rural transfers, as well as urban-rural transfers achieved by taxing urban residents and subsidizing rural residents.

The Impact of Logistics Industry Development on Resident Consumption: An Empirical Analysis Based on Chinese Macro Data

Logistics has become an integral part of the market economy, influencing the development of various industries and serving as an essential component of peoples lives. Against the backdrop of global economic downturn following the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding the effects of Chinas logistics industry development on resident consumption becomes crucial. This paper employs a simple linear regression model and utilizes provincial panel data from 2005 to 2022 to explore the impact of logistics industry development on resident consumption in China. Furthermore, it employs heterogeneity analysis methods to study this relationship from different regional, temporal, and consumption perspectives. The findings of this study reveal that (1) there is a positive relationship between logistics industry development and resident consumption, (2) the effect of logistics industry development on increasing resident consumption levels is most significant in the eastern region of China, (3) the positive impact of Chinas logistics industry development on resident consumption increased after the introduction of free shipping by Taobao in 2008, and (4) the positive impact of Chinas logistics industry development on rural consumption is greater than that on urban consumption.

The influence of tax incentives on market segmentation in the context of a unified national market

The new development pattern prioritises the construction of a unified national market, eliminating market segmentation and promoting resource flows. This paper investigates the impact of tax incentives on market segmentation using China's provincial panel data from 2003 to 2019 through a two-way fixed effects model. The results indicate that tax incentives reduce market segmentation. The analysis of heterogeneity reveals a non-linear relationship between the effects of tax incentives on market segmentation. Tax incentives reduce market segmentation in regions with low tax incentives, but have a limited effect or even exacerbate segmentation in regions with high incentives.

Research On the Impact and Mechanism of Digital Inclusive Finance on Regional Carbon Emissions

Digital inclusive finance will be a crucial engine to support high-quality and sustainable economic development and achieve carbon emission reduction in the context of achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. Based on China's provincial panel data from 2011 to 2020, this essay focuses on the impact and heterogeneity of digital inclusive finance on regional carbon emissions. It explores the role of digital inclusive finance in promoting green carbon reduction through industrial structure upgrading and energy utilization efficiency. The results show a significant negative connection between digital inclusive finance and regional carbon emissions, manifesting that digital inclusive finance has made a difference in reducing emissions. Digital inclusive finance can achieve the effect of carbon emission reduction by upgrading industrial structure and improving energy utilization efficiency. The inhibitory effect of digital inclusive finance on carbon emissions shows a strong carbon emission reduction effect in the eastern and western regions. Compared to underdeveloped areas in financial development, the inhibitory effect of digital inclusive finance on regional carbon emissions is more obvious.

Agricultural socialized services and Chinese food security: examining the threshold effect of land tenure change

Revolutionary agricultural structural reforms in the supply chain and cutting-edge institutional mechanisms are pivotal in catalyzing a quantum leap in food production. China’s focus on achieving self-sufficiency in grain production for domestic security necessitates structural reforms in the agricultural supply chain and innovative institutional mechanisms. The emergence of socialized agricultural institutions plays a pivotal role in providing essential services to smallholder farmers. However, a dearth of studies evaluating the efficacy of these services in enhancing grain production exists. This study aims to fill this gap by analyzing provincial panel data from China spanning 2011 to 2020 to evaluate the impact of Agricultural Socialized Services (ASS) development levels on grain production. Employing panel and panel threshold models for empirical analysis, the research investigates how this impact varies between major grain-producing regions and non-major grain-producing regions. Findings indicate a significant positive effect of ASS on grain production, with a correlation coefficient of 1.3555. While its impact is less pronounced in grain-producing regions, it proves beneficial in non-grain regions. Moreover, the transfer of farmland use rights amplifies ASS’s influence on grain production, with a threshold value of 33.18%. The study concludes by outlining policy implications from various perspectives, providing practical recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders in the agricultural sector.

The impact of agricultural insurance on consumer food safety: empirical evidence from provincial-level data in China.

In the exploration of the efficacy of agricultural subsidy policies, agricultural insurance, as a key element of this policy system, has garnered widespread attention for its potential impact on consumer food safety. This paper delves into the influence of agricultural insurance on the safety of food consumed by individuals, based on provincial panel data in China from 2011 to 2021. The findings indicate that agricultural insurance significantly reduces the incidence of foodborne disease and enhances food safety. Mediating effect tests reveal that agricultural insurance effectively boosts food safety through two key pathways: promoting innovation in agricultural technology and reducing environmental pollution. Moreover, the analysis of moderating effects highlights that increased consumer confidence positively enhances the impact of agricultural insurance. Heterogeneity tests further show that in the provinces with higher levels of agricultural development and stronger government support for agriculture, the role of agricultural insurance in improving food safety is more pronounced. This research not only empirically verifies the effectiveness of agricultural insurance in enhancing food safety but also provides robust theoretical support and practical guidance for the precise formulation and effective implementation of agricultural subsidy policies, particularly agricultural insurance policies, offering significant reference value for policy-makers.

The Impact of High-Standard Farmland Construction Policies on the Carbon Emissions from Agricultural Land Use (CEALU)

Agricultural activities are the second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions, and carbon emissions from agricultural land use (CEALU) have become a hot issue across the world. Although there are some studies on the impact of high-standard farmland construction policies on carbon emissions, they focus on quantitative analysis and do not give sufficient consideration to the relationship between HSFC and CEALU. Therefore, in this study, by relying on provincial panel data of China for the period 2005–2017, the effect of the high-standard basic farmland construction policy on carbon emissions from agricultural land use per unit area and its regional differences were quantitatively analyzed using the difference-in-difference (DID) model. The results showed that: (1) China’s CEALU per unit area presented a fluctuating upward change, but the growth rate slowed down during the period 2005–2017, from 392.58 kg/ha to 457.72 kg/ha, with an average annual growth rate of 1.31%; (2) the high-standard farmland construction (HSFC) policy led a significant carbon emission reduction effect in agricultural land use and reduced the CEALU per unit area by 10.80% on average. With the promotion of this policy, its carbon emission reduction effect in agricultural land use presented an overall increasing change; (3) the carbon emission reduction effect of the high-standard farmland construction policy in agricultural land use was significant in central China, but non-significant in eastern China and western China.

Towards Green Development: Identifying the Impact of Population Aging on China’s Carbon Emissions Based on the Provincial Panel Data Analysis

Towards Green Development: Identifying the Impact of Population Aging on China’s Carbon Emissions Based on the Provincial Panel Data Analysis

Research on the impact of climate change on the income gap between urban and rural areas-empirical analysis based on provincial panel data in China.

Narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas is the key to achieving common prosperity in China. On the basis of analyzing the mechanism of climate change's impact on urban-rural income gap, this article empirically analyzes the impact of climate change on urban-rural income gap using provincial-level panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020. Research indicates that climate change significantly impacts the urban-rural income gap at the 1% significance level, implying that climate change exacerbates the urban-rural income gap. This widening effect varies significantly across different regions, particularly in the western regions and areas with lower fiscal support for agriculture. Further analysis reveals that there is a mediating role between the total agricultural output value and resource mismatch in the impact of climate change on urban-rural income inequality; the digital rural construction plays a regulatory role in the impact of climate change on the urban-rural income gap. On this basis, policy recommendations are proposed to promote the development of climate-resilient agriculture, improve the meteorological forecast and early warning system, increase financial support, and optimize the allocation of agricultural resources.

The impact of green credit on environmental quality: empirical evidence from China.

As an innovative financial instrument, green credit is a new driving force for environmental governance. To study the impact of green credit on environmental quality, this paper uses the provincial panel data from 2007 to 2020 to construct a panel model for analysis based on the comprehensive environmental quality index. At the same time, it discusses the mechanism and regional heterogeneity of green credit affecting environmental quality. The results show that green credit significantly improves the overall quality of the environment, which has a significant effect on air quality and green quality but has no significant impact on water quality and soil quality. Green credit improves environmental quality by improving green technology innovation and promoting industrial structure upgrading. At the same time, there is obvious heterogeneity in the environmental effect of green credit. Among them, the environmental quality improvement effect of the eastern region and the carbon emission pilot area is more evident than that of the central and western regions and the non-carbon emission pilot area. This paper has important implications for promoting the development of green credit and giving full play to the environmental effects of green credit to achieve sustainable goals.

Exploring the effect of green finance on green development of China’s energy-intensive industry—A spatial econometric analysis

An indispensable part of the green revolution is the green development of the Energy-intensive Industry (EII), which is crucial for China to achieve its “double carbon” target. EII is one of the key sectors bound by the green finance policy, whose development level is susceptible to regional conditions. Therefore, this research constructs a spatial Durbin model using provincial panel data (2001-2019) to empirically examine the impact of green finance on EII’s green total factor productivity (GTFP). Evidence shows that green finance boosts EII’s GTFP significantly and there is a spatial spillover effect. Specifically, the results demonstrate that the spatial spillover effect’s regional heterogeneity is positive in the eastern, central and northeastern regions, and negative in the weatern region. Furthermore, there is a spatial inhibitory effect on two subindustries of EII, i.e., Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products industry and Smelting and Pressing of Non-ferrous Metals industry, proving the spatial spillover effect’s sectoral heterogeneity for green finance. This research provides experimental evidence and policy suggestions for enhancing the promotion impact of green finance on EII’s GTFP.

Digital economy and China's agricultural exports: based on trade cost and market competition effect

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the effect and mechanism of the digital economy’s influence on the binary margin of agricultural exports.Design/methodology/approachBased on the theoretical analysis of the mechanism of the digital economy’s influence on the binary margin of agricultural exports, this study empirically examines the effect and mechanism of the digital economy’s influence on the binary margin of agricultural exports based on China’s customs export data from 2011 to 2016.FindingsThe relevant findings are threefold. (1) The digital economy significantly improves the binary margin of agricultural exports, and its effect on the intensive margin is stronger than that on the expansive margin. After the expansive margin is subdivided, the effects on the three sub-variables of the expansive margin are in the following order: old products exported to new markets > new products exported to old markets > new products exported to new markets. (2) The heterogeneity analysis reveals that the digital economy has a stronger role in promoting the binary margin of exports for enterprises in the eastern region, high-income countries as the destination of exports and state-owned enterprises. (3) Mechanism analysis shows that the digital economy promotes the binary margin of agricultural exports by reducing trade costs and intensifying market competition.Originality/valueFirst, in terms of research perspective, although there are some studies on the impact of the digital economy on export trade in existing literature, the research objects mainly focus on manufacturing enterprises. In fact, agricultural trade is susceptible to natural conditions and seasonal factors, and countries may impose more SPS measures and TBT measures on agricultural trade due to risk considerations. The relationship between the digital economy and agricultural trade also has its own characteristics, but there are few research studies in this area. At present, only Liu and Gao (2022), based on the data of total imports and exports of different agricultural products from 2004 to 2018, have established a vector auto-regressive model to empirically analyse the heterogeneous dynamic impact of the digital economy on the trade volume of agricultural products. In addition, Ma and Guo (2023) conducted an empirical test on the total effect, regional heterogeneity and threshold effect of the digital economy on agricultural export trade based on China’s provincial panel data from 2011 to 2020. Therefore, under the new circumstances of continuous integration of digital technology and agriculture, this study interprets the impact effect and mechanism of the digital economy on the binary margin of agricultural exports from the perspective of the digital economy, providing new research perspectives and approaches for promoting the growth of agricultural exports. Second, in terms of theoretical analysis, the above studies have not been fully analysed in terms of the specific mechanism of the impact of the digital economy on agricultural exports. Based on the positive and negative characteristics of agricultural trade, this study introduces two kinds of roles into the theoretical analysis framework to comprehensively determine the trade impact effect of the digital economy. Third, in terms of research design, this study empirically examines the impact of the digital economy on the binary margin of agricultural products, passing a series of robustness tests and investigating the mediating roles of trade cost and market competition effects, producing an empirical basis for China to leverage the digital economy to promote the binary margin of agricultural exports.

Vertical fiscal imbalance and public health in China

ABSTRACT Since the outbreak of COVID-19, public health has become a hot topic at home and abroad. This paper provides an empirical analysis aimed at clarifying the role played by vertical fiscal imbalance (VFI) in public health. Utilising China’s provincial panel data from 2002 to 2018, this study finds strong regularities in the effects of VFI. Specifically, VFI is harmful to public health. It also negatively affects public health by inhibiting public health expenditure and aggravating air pollution. In terms of policy implications, governments may improve public health by reasonably controlling VFI between central and local governments.

Transforming capital: The role of human capital structure in modulating environmental outcomes across economic transitions

Based on the perspective of new structural economics, this study builds a theoretical framework of human capital structure and environmental pollution. Human capital structure on pollution has different manifestations at different stages of development, the effect of pollution based on human capital structure follows the environmental Kuznets curve. Using multinational panel data (1990–2015) and provincial panel data for China (2004–2020), examined the dynamic relationship between human capital structure upgrading and pollution by introducing an interaction term between human capital and economic development level, applying random-effect, fixed-effect models, and a dynamic model test. The results support our theoretical analysis.