PANDA Ring Research Articles

3D Fringe Pattern Coding and Recognition Using Plasmonic Sensing Circuit

3D interference fringe pattern recognition using a plasmonic sensing circuit is proposed. The plasmonic sensing in the form of a panda ring comprises an embedded gold grating at the microring center. WGM (whispering gallery mode) is observed at the microring center with suitable parameters. The dark soliton of 1.50 µm wavelength excites the gold grating which leads to electron cloud oscillation and forms the electron densities where the trapped electrons inside the silicon microring are transported via wireless connection using WGM and cable connection. The spin down \(\left| \downarrow \right\rangle\left( {\left| 1 \right\rangle } \right)\) and spin up \(\left| \uparrow \right\rangle\left( {\left| 0 \right\rangle } \right)\) result from the electron cloud oscillation. By using the changes in gold lengths, the excited electron pattern recognition can be manipulated, where the values “0” and “1” are useful for pattern recognition. The fringe patterns of the plasmonic interferometric sensor are recorded, which means that the novel 3D pattern recognition can be possibly implemented and used in many applications. Therefore, the plasmonic sensing circuit can be used to form the quantum code, quantum encryption, quantum sensor, and pattern recognition.

Realizing THz RFID Using Silicon Chip Space-Time Control Circuit

A unique RFID silicon chip is proposed for sensing applications. The RFID silicon chip is a microring circuit that has a panda ring form where the working principle is based on the space-time function. The RFID silicon chip operates in the frequency range of 150-250THz. The input light wavelength of 1.55 μm, which forms the input space signal via the input port enters the system and at the add port multiplexes with time to form the space-time function. The whispering gallery mode (WGM) with appropriate parameters is observed at the center ring of the silicon chip. The silver bars embedded at the center ring form the antenna of the RFID silicon chip. The antenna directivity and gain of 7.25 and 2.41 respectively are obtained. The sensing capabilities of the RFID silicon chip is determined where the temperature change range of the system is 0 °C-70 °C. The sensitivities of 2.34 × 1014rads-1oC−1, 0.20mWoC−1, 0.045NKg-1oC−1, 3.75mWNKg−1, 0.007 mW−1 and 0.080 mW−1 are respectively obtained. The RFID silicon chip can be employed as a quantum sensor. The device is applied for antenna-based applications, where the main objective is the broader wavelength where the connection between light and microwave can be realistic.

Plasmonic Antenna Embedded Chalcogenide MZI Circuit for Ultra-high Density Up- and Downlink Transmission

A unique device is proposed for ultra-high density up- and downlink transmission. The device comprises of the chalcogenide Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and panda ring resonator with silver bars at the center microring at the upper and lower parts of the MZI. The device is operative based on the space–time function where the input space (soliton) via the input port multiplexes with time at the add port of the device with a wavelength bandwidth of 1.50–3.50 µm and the frequency bandwidth of 85–250 THz. The WGM is observed at the upper (uplink) and lower (downlink) center microring with suitable parameters. The silver bars at the center microring form the dipole oscillation, where the uplink and downlink plasmonic antennas have the directivity 18.68 and 13.27, and gain is 9.34 and 6.64, respectively. The light fidelity (LiFi uplink and downlink) employs the wavelength spectrum while the wireless fidelity (WiFi uplink and downlink) employs the frequency spectrum. The LiFi uplink and downlink have an optimum wavelength of 2.30 µm and 2.27 µm, respectively, while the WiFi uplink and downlink have an optimum frequency of 130 THz and 132 THz. For the transmission signal, the bit rate of 28 Pbits−1 is achieved. The bit error rate (BER) value of 0.36 is obtained which indicates the system performance. Low BER value indicates high system performance. The device can be employed for the coverage of the light-wave and microwave wavelength link for 6G communication, where AI (artificial intelligence), 3D communication, code encryption, and secured transmission can be applied.

Micro-metamaterial antenna characteristics using microring embedded silver bars

A unique micro-metamaterial antenna for light and microwave wavelength conversion is proposed, where the antenna has the form of a panda ring which consists of the mu negative metamaterial silver bars embedded at the microring center. The micro-metamaterial antenna characteristics are investigated, where the antenna resonance frequency and frequency range of 1.60 THz and 1–2.2 THz are achieved. The radiation pattern of the micro-metamaterial antenna is plotted, where the obtained gain and directivity of the antenna are − 8.13 dB. The optimum antenna radiation efficiency is 1 when the antenna has dissipative loss is neglected. The micro-metamaterial antenna can be used as a converter between light and microwave, which is useful for a wavelength converter device.

Simulation Results of Coherent Light in a Modified Microring Resonator

By using short Gaussian pulses from a monochromatic light source as input ones, we simulate the photon distribution and analyze the output signals of a nonlinear microring resonator with two nonlinear side rings. Such a configuration is called a Panda ring resonator, which is a modified add-drop filter with two alongside phase modulators. We consider the directional couplers, which are characterized by two parameters, i.e., the power coupling coefficient (к) and the power coupling loss (y). The nonlinear refractive index (n2) of the phase modulator affects the center ring and reveals more interesting aspects. The simulation model is constructed, and the results obtained with the use of a combination of the Lumerical FDTD and MODE programs are presented. The photon is conceptually interpreted in terms of a wave packet and discussed for possible applications.

Plasmonic op-amp circuit model using the inline successive microring pumping technique

The electro-optic power pumping system model using the inline successive technique within the modified add-drop filter is proposed. A pumping system consists of a closed loop Panda ring resonator, from which the optical power is coupled inline into the system. By controlling the two side phase modulators, the whispering gallery mode (WGM) is generated by the amplitude-squeezed light within the modified add-drop filter. By using the proposed circuits, the low current can be applied into the system via a gold layer connection, from which the amplified output current can be obtained at the throughput port, which can be functioned as the electronic operational amplifier (op-amp). In application, the WGM output is the amplified signal that can be used for the up (down) link in free space communication network called light fidelity (LiFi). The electro-optic signals conversion can be performed by the stacked layers of silicon–graphene–gold materials. The results obtained have shown that large gain is obtained at the WGM output, which is ~ 5 × $$10^{ - 6}\; {\text{cm}}^{2} \;({\text{V}}\;{\text{sW}})^{ - 1}$$ , when the pumping saturation time is ~ 2 fs. It concludes the suitability of our proposed model for light fidelity, LiFi up-down link conversion.

Qubit Noise within Micro PANDA Ring Resonator in QKD Process

The aim of this work is about establishing and analyzing the Hamiltonian for entangled photon generation in a micro PANDA ring resonator for a quantum key generation unit in quantum cryptography processing. The reduced density matrix for two level states of qubits is also analyzed by using dynamics Heisenberg equation of motion. The master equation in the thermal effect shows fluctuation of the corresponding c-operators in phase space. The optimum simulation result for probability of qubit states survive for the existence of a surrounding heat bath is also showed and discussed.

Naked-eye 3D imaging model using the embedded micro-conjugate mirrors within the medical micro-needle device

A micro-conjugate mirror (MCC) is designed and modified using a nonlinear microring resonator system, a system consists of a nonlinear microring resonator known as a Panda ring resonator. An MCC can be formed by adjusting the reflected light power from the Throughput and Add ports, from which the outputs can be detected by the Drop port output and 3D image construction can be performed. The short distance naked-eye 3D imaging transmission is accomplished, which can be confirmed by the four-wave mixing outputs, which is useful for 3D image transmission, bio-sensors and medical imaging and diagnostic applications.

Micro-Current Source Generated by a WGM of Light Within a Stacked Silicon-Graphene-Au Waveguide

A micro-current source using the drive electron mobility model is proposed by using the non-linear micro-ring resonator. The system consists of a nonlinear microring resonator known as Panda ring resonator made of InGaAsP/InP. The stacked waveguide (plasmonic island) of silicon-graphene-gold is formed at the center of the Panda ring, through which the whispering gallery mode (WGM) of light can be controlled and generated by the central ring it allows the driven electron mobility within the gold layer that can increase WGM beam acceleration and device current density with respect to the input optical power and ring parameters. The simulation results are obtained using the Opti-wave and MATLAB software programs. Results have shown that the relationship between the input of optical power and driven output current density can be obtained.

Schematic Quantum Synchronization Device from Micro PANDA Ring Resonators

A quadruple micro PANDA ring resonator quantum gate device is designed and investigated schematically. The simulation results of the optimum propagation of soliton polarized states in the device depend heavily on initial phase angles of the input ports. The quality factor under varying of nonlinear coupling constant of micro strip line waveguides are also analyzed. The simulation results show more robust under the wide range of the outer tunneling frequency in whispering gallery modes of the device. This means that an optical trapping efficiency is attained and get more stable qubit processing.

The Investigation of WGM Effective Potential from Micro PANDA Ring Resonator

In this work, the whispering gallery mode effective potential generated by micro PANDA ring resonator for a two level system of atom – electric field coupling is investigated and presented. The depth of trapping potential is proportional to electric intensity and damping rate of transition of dipole polarization. The trial harmonics potential well is established by using dipole potential under ac Stark effect. The optimum intensity and lifetime for each WGM trapping wavelengths under the effect of thermal noise is reported.

Erratum for: Micropropulsion generation model and simulation by WGM acceleration within a panda ring resonator system

Erratum for: Micropropulsion generation model and simulation by WGM acceleration within a panda ring resonator system

Micropropulsion generation model and simulation by WGM acceleration within a Panda ring resonator system

ABSTRACTA microbeam accelerator is modeled and simulated using the analogy of whispering gallery mode (WGM) generated by light within a nonlinear microring resonator system, which is called a Panda ring structure and made by an InGaAsP/InP material. The WGM mode is generated after the suitable ring parameters and optical input introducing into the system, especially, the suitable two nonlinear side ring radii are employed. From which, the required multiple propulsion (acceleration) of WGM beams is achieved using the multiple vertical Panda ring layout (several layers). The accelerated WGM beams of the multiple ring circuits can be obtained by the coincident of the multiple Panda rings. The simulation result shows that the proposed ring resonator system can be potentially fabricated within the microscale range and used for a microthruster, in which the required driven force can be used to drive the spacecraft or satellite to the target destination, which is known as a thrust propellant. For example, the result of the propulsion of 2.619–66.81 μN can be obtained by a single device system, which means that the larger volume or area can be used to produce more propulsion output. For further application, the suitable input source such as the infrared light source can also be used to for the micro‐heat source, in which the large area of the device array may be useful for large area micro‐heat source usage. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:377–380, 2017

Analytical and simulation results of a triple micro whispering gallery mode probe system for a 3D blood flow rate sensor.

The whispering gallery mode (WGM) is generated by light propagating within a nonlinear micro-ring resonator, which is modeled and made by an InGaAsP/InP material, and called a Panda ring resonator. An imaging probe can also be formed by the micro-conjugate mirror function for the appropriate Panda ring parameter control. The 3D WGM probe can be generated and used for a 3D sensor head and imaging probe. The analytical details and simulation results are given, in which the simulation results are obtained by using the MATLAB and Optiwave programs. From the obtained results, such a design system can be configured to be a thin-film sensor system that can contact the sample surface for the required measurements The outputs of the system are in the form of a WGM beam, in which the 3D WGM probe is also available with the micro-conjugate mirror function. Such a 3D probe can penetrate into the blood vessel and content, from which the time delay among those probes can be detected and measured, and where finally the blood flow rate can be calculated and the blood content 3D image can also be seen and used for medical diagnosis. The tested results have shown that the blood flow rate of 0.72-1.11 μs-1, with the blood density of 1060 kgm-3, can be obtained.

InGaAsP/InP Microring Resonator (MRR) Waveguide Used to Generate Soliton Comb with Tunable Channel Spacing

A novel system of tunable channel spacing soliton comb generation is presented using a PANDA ring resonator incorporated with an add-drop filter system. The intense optical fields known as soliton comb can be generated. Results show that soliton comb can be generated with un-equal spaced or variable free spectral range (FSR) by using the input bright soliton pulse into the microring resonator (MRR) system. The proposed comb filter exhibits a large tuning range in channel spacing. Our simulations shows that the channel spacing can be continuously tuned form up to 10 GHz, where the centre wavelength of the input power has been selected at 50 GHz. The structure of the proposed MRR's waveguide (InGaAsP/InP) and mode propagation profile have been presented in this research.

Novel Optical Trapping Micro-Sensor from PANDA Ring Resonator for Quantum Computer Processing

We firstly present and analyze a feasible schematic optical sensor made from PANDA ring resonator which generates WGM of tunneling photons to be used in the atomic trapping process in quantum computer processing to teleport quantum states. A simulation done by launching electromagnetics of Gaussian soliton pulses into an optical tweezers device is given to obtain time dependent evolution of polarization qubit states. It shows that under very low temperature, an optimum photon resonant frequency of such qubit has sufficient stability lifetime to be used in quantum signal states transferring purposes.

A Review of Ultra-Short Soliton Pulse Generation Using InGaAsP/InP Microring Resonator (MRR) Systems

System of microring resonators (MRRs) incorporating with an add/drop MRR system are presented to generate single and multi-temporal and spatial ultra-short soliton pulses applicable in optical soliton communications. The chaotic signals caused by the nonlinear condition could be generated and propagated within the system. The Kerr effect in the MRR system induces the nonlinearity condition. The proposed MRR systems are used to generate ultra-short soliton pulse within the system. Using the appropriate MRR parameters, ultra-short spatial and temporal signals are generated spreading over the spectrum. In this work, narrow soliton pulses could be localized within the proposed systems. Here soliton pulses of 0.7 ps, 0.83 fs and 19 pm are generated using series of MRRs connected to an add/drop MRR system. The nonlinear refractive index is n2=2.2 x 10-17 m2/W. Using the panda ring resonator system, the ultra-short soliton pulses with full width at half maximum (FWHM) and free spectral range (FSR) of 5 MHz and 2 GHz, were generated at the throughput port. The output signals pulses with FWHM of 10 MHz and FSR of 2 GHz could be obtained at the drop port of the system. As second results using this system, multi-carrier soliton pulses with FWHM=20 MHz are localized within this system with respect to 20,000 roundtrips of the input pulse. Localized optical tweezers could be generated using the half-Panda MRR system, where the peaks have FWHM and FSR of 8.9 nm and 50 nm respectively. The nonlinear refractive index was selected to n2=2.5×10-17 m2/W.

Optical Quantum Generation and Transmission of 57–61 GHz Frequency Band Using an Optical Fiber Optics

An optical panda ring resonator connecting to two microring resonators (MRRs) can be used to generate a high frequency optical soliton. The optical soliton pulse of 57-61 GHz can be generated and transmitted via an optical quantum transmission link. This system uses a Gaussian laser pulse propagating within a nonlinear MRRs system. The ultra-short single and multi soliton pulses within the range of 57-61 GHz can be generated and seen at the through and drop ports of the system. The transmission link consists of MRRs system, optical transmitter, connector, fiber optics, erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), receiver and antenna which provide transmission of optical soliton via the wired/wireless communications. The fiber optic has a length of 1 km, where the wireless link covers a short distance optical communication of 10 m. Here, the transmitted optical soliton pulses can be received, detected and used by the users.

Review and Theory of Optical Soliton Generation Used to Improve the Security and High Capacity of MRR and NRR Passive Systems

We review the generation, application and theory of soliton pulses in a nonlinear fiber optic medium to improve the security and capacity of optical passive systems such as add/drop and PANDA ring resonators. The improvement of the ring resonator passive systems depends on the output signals, where the chaotic signal generation within the systems is the critical properties of the output signals which can be used to enhance the security and capacity. The passive ring resonator systems are constructed by a nonlinear Kerr effect fiber optic to produce optical signals in the form of chaotic and multi dark and bright soliton pulses applied in many areas of engineering, biotechnology and communications. In this research, we review the generation and applications of soliton signals and theory of the main ring resonator passive systems as add/drop and PANDA ring resonators, where the easy controlling of the output signals is the benefit of using these systems due to the interferometric roles.

Molecular transport network security using multi-wavelength optical spins

Multi-wavelength generation system using an optical spin within the modified add-drop optical filter known as a PANDA ring resonator for molecular transport network security is proposed. By using the dark-bright soliton pair control, the optical capsules can be constructed and applied to securely transport the trapped molecules within the network. The advantage is that the dark and bright soliton pair (components) can securely propagate for long distance without electromagnetic interference. In operation, the optical intensity from PANDA ring resonator is fed into gold nano-antenna, where the surface plasmon oscillation between soliton pair and metallic waveguide is established.