Segment Of Palp Research Articles

A MORPHOMETRIC APPROACH TO THE TAXONOMY OF THE GENUSCERAMIDA(COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEOIDEA: MELOLONTHIDAE)

AbstractThe taxonomy of the genusCeramidaBaraud, 1987, some species of which are severe pests, is considered difficult because of a lack of reliable diagnostic characters. We propose a new approach to the taxonomy of this genus by studying the efficacy of morphometric characters for species discrimination employing multivariate analysis. All members of the genus were included in the analysis. The seven morphometric characters considered were all found to be diagnostic at me species level: width of clypeus at base and at mid-length, and length of clypeus, full body, antennal club and stem, and apical segment of maxillary palp. The most informative character is the length of the antennal club relative to body size. This character divides the genus into three morphological groups. The ratios traditionally employed in the taxonomy of this genus cannot be used as discrete characters because there are no gaps in their range of variation. Our discriminant analysis produced several classification functions that serve as a new taxonomic tool to distinguish between morphologically similar species. Eleven species are recognized within the genus and eight new synonymies are proposed.

Corallihalacarus chilcottensis, a New Genus and Species of Marine Mite from the Coral Sea (Acarina: Halacaridae)

Abstract A new species and genus of marine mite, Corallihalacarus chilcottensis, is described from Australia. It occurs in sandy deposits around Chilcott Island, some three hundred kilometres off the northeastern Australian coast, and can be distinguished from other marine mite species by having a flexible neck between the idiosoma and the gnathosoma. Other unusual features of this species include a large median claw on each tarsus, rigid lamellae on legs III and IV, a very long apical palp segment and closely abutting, fused or overlapping idiosomal plates. The new genus is most closely related to Mictognathus Newell and the new subfamily Mictognathinae is established to accommodate both genera.

Three New Genera of Small Minnow Mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from the Andes and Patagonia

Three new genera and three new species of Baetidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) are described from the Andes and Patagonia. Larvae of Andesiops, new genus, are distinguished by the apically bifid right prostheca and two rows of denticles on the tarsal claws. Larvae of Deceptiviosa, new genus, are distinguished by the apically bifid right prostheca and small subapical denticle on the tarsal claws. Larvae of Nanomis, new genus, are distinguished by the apically acute maxillary palp segment 2, smooth posterior margin of the terga, and paddle-shaped subapical seta on the hindtibiae. Adults of Andesiops and Deceptiviosa are similar, but distinguished from other South American baetids by having hindwings with a small costal process in the basal one third and three lon gitudinal veins with the middle vein being forked, and an elongate and ellipsoidal genital forceps segment 3. Larvae and adults of Andesiops peruvianus, new combination, are redescribed, and additional locale data are provided for Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Deceptiviosa ardua, new species, is described from larvae from Chile, and D. torrens, new species, is described from larvae and adults from Chile and Argentina. Nanomis galera, new species, is described from larvae from Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Un nouveau Microparasellidae (Crustacé Isopode) du Haut-Atlas; aspects phylogénétiques et biogéographiques

The interstitial stygobiotic isopods of the genus Microcharon (Crustacea) are diversified in Morocco. A new species, M. ourikensis, is described. The new species shows some original characters for this genus: large size, strong elongation in the first male pleopod exopodal inner lobe, 5-dentate mandibular pars incisiva, and 5 spines on the last mandibular palp segment. The species is a member of the Ibero-Maghrebin messoulii group. It is an endemic representative of the Ourika valley groundwater in the Moroccan High Atlas. It derives from a littoral marine ancestor which could have colonized the continental subterranean water during Turonian or Senonian Tethyan regressions.

Crassabwa: a new genus of small minnow mayflies (Ephemeroptera : Baetidae) from Africa

Crassabwa Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty (Ephemeroptera : Baetidae), n. gen., is erected for a small monophyletic group of distinctive Afrotropical species previously assigned to Afroptilum Gillies and Centroptilum Eaton, including C. badia (Kopelke), n. comb., C. flava (Crass), n. comb. (type species), C. loweae (Kimmins), n. comb., and C. vitrea (Navas), n. comb. Larvae of Crassabwa are distinguished by possessing a thumb-like distomedial process on labial palp segment 2, a proximal arc of setae on the tibiae, two enlarged subapical denticles in the tarsal claws, and seven gill pairs with posteriorly oriented tracheae and anterodistal marginal serration. Adults are distinguished by possessing hindwings with two longitudinal veins and an elongate, acute costal process, and a robust segment 3 of the male genital forceps. The larval stage of C. flava is redescribed, and new figures are provided to illustrate previously overlooked characters.

Revision of Leioproctus (Filiglossa) Rayment (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)

ABSTRACT Leioproctus (Filiglossa) is revised and females are described for the first time. Three species, Leioproctus(Filiglossa) davisi, L. (F.) hamatus and L. (F.) prolatus are described as new. Four species of Leioproctus (Filiglossa) are recognised. These species are found in southeastern Australia and are unusual in having very long hairs originating from the apex of the maxillary galeae, a very elongate third labial palp segment, and a hair‐like fourth labial palp segment.

Phlebotomine sandflies of Kenya (Diptera: Psychodidae). III. The identification and distribution of species of the subgenus Larroussius.

The six species of phlebotomine sandflies of the subgenus Larroussius recorded in Kenya are Phlebotomus aculeatus, P. elgonensis, P. guggisbergi, P. longipes, P. orientalis and P. pedifer. Five are proven vectors of leishmaniasis in that country or elsewhere. Males of all six can be identified by the morphology of the aedeagus or the number and position of the hairs on the inner surface of the coxite. Additional features separating some of the species are the sizes of the palpal and antennal segments. The females have usually been considered difficult or impossible to distinguish. A comparison of the base of the spermathecal ducts is made and it is shown that all six can be identified by this character alone. A map of Kenya is given, showing the presently known distribution of the six Larroussius species. Further surveys are necessary in parts of the country that have not been systematically surveyed.

MISKAWAYH'S THEORY OF SELF-PURIFICATION AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHILOSOPHY AND SUFISM

The North American genus Heterocloeon McDunnough is redefined and shown to be distinct from other two-tailed Baetis complex genera, including Acentrella Bengtsson and Plauditus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, which are also represented in North America. Heterocloeon is divided into three distinct subgenera, including Heterocloeon s.s., Iswaeon McCafferty and Webb, new subgenus, and Jubilatum McCafferty and Jacobus, new subgenus. Cladistic analysis supports the recognition of these subgenera within a genus defined by the presence of an apomorphic secondary ridge or denticle row on the larval claw; Heterocloeon s.s. and Jubilatum being sister groups, with their stem and Iswaeon branching basally within the Heterocloeon clade. The subgenus Heterocloeon, which possesses larval prothoracic osmobranchiae, retains the traditional species makeup of the genus. Iswaeon, which possesses a basally narrowed labial palp segment 2 and tibiae, and primary claw denticles of subequal length, includes a revalidated H. anoka (Daggy); H. davidi Waltz and McCafferty, new species; and H. rubrolaterale (McDunnough), new combination. Jubilatum, which posssesses an adenticulate secondary ridge on the claws and specialized tibial setation, includes H. amplum (Traver), new combination, and H. grande (Wiersema and Long), new combination. Previous confusion of H. anoka and Plaudituspunctiventris (McDunnough) is also resolved, with adult color patterns in Iswaeon and Plauditus shown to be of diagnostic importance.

Phlebotomine sandflies of Kenya (Diptera: Psychodidae). I. The validity of Phlebotomus (Larroussius) elgonensis Ngoka, Madel and Mutinga.

Sandflies collected in Kitum cave on the Kenyan side of Mount Elgon were identified as Phlebotomus (Larroussius) elgonensis Ngoka, Madel and Mutinga, a species synonymized with P. (L.) aculeatus Lewis, Minter and Ashford, by D. J. Lewis. A comparison of the flies from Kitum cave with P. aculeatus from Lake Elmentaita, Kenya, shows marked differences in the lengths of: (a) the spermathecal ducts of the female; (b) the style, coxite, genital pump and aedeagus of the male; and (c) the palpal segments of both sexes. Other notable differences are in the shape of the base of the spermathecal ducts; the position of spines on, and the shape of, the tip of the aedeagus; and the appearance of the pharyngeal armatures of both sexes. Phlebotomus elgonensis is redescribed and it is concluded that it is sufficiently different from P. aculeatus to deserve recognition as a valid species.

Notes on AfricanHaemaphysalisticks: XVI.H. (Rhipistoma) subterrasp. n., a new member of theleachigroup (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae)

ABSTRACT The female, male, nymph, and larva of Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) subterra sp. n. are described. This species is a small-sized member of the H. leachi group with 3/3 dental formula, curving ventral spurs on palpal segment 3, and a moderately punctated scutum. It is recorded from Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Hosts of adults are carnivores [Herpestes sanguineus (Ruppell), H. ichneumon (Linnaeus), Ichneumia albicauda (Cuvier), Mungos mungo (Gmelin), Atilax paludinosus (Cuvier), Genetta maculata (Gray)], while immatures are collected chiefly from rodents [Aethomys chrysophilus (De Winton), Tachyoryctes splendens Ruppell, Praomys natalensis (Smith)]. One nymph was collected from H. sanguineus, a carnivore, in Zimbabwe.

Antennal and palpal sensilla of Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea Kieffer) fairfaxensis Wirth, 1951 (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Algonquin Park, Ontario

The antennal and palpal sensilla of Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) fairfaxensis, a biting midge that bloodfeeds on frogs in Algonquin Park, Ontario, were examined by light and electron microscopy and compared with those of Culicoides species. A cluster of ~26 bulbous sensilla occurred in a pit on the third palpal segment (an intermediate number of sensilla compared with the mammalophilic and ornithophilic species). Four types of sensilla (chaetica, trichodea, basiconica, and coeloconica) found on the antennae differed in their distribution from, and were significantly higher in number than on either mammalophilic or ornithophilic ceratopogonids.

Ultrastructure of the palpal bulb sensilla of the black fly Simulium arcticum (Diptera: Simuliidae).

Ultrastructure of the bulb sensilla in the sensory pit of the third palpal segment of male and female Simulium arcticum Malloch is described. The bulbs are unsocketed and arise directly from the thin cuticle of the pit. Each bulb is singly innervated and has a complex lamellated dendrite. Cuticle of all regions of the bulb is highly porous; the pores have pore tubules associated with them. A hypothesis is presented that the lamellated dendrite of the bulb sensilla is sensitive to CO2 in biting Nematocera in general.

Development of the hair mechanosensilla on the pupal labial palp of the butterfly, Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera : Pieridae)

Structure and ontogeny of the hair mechanosensilla on the distal segment of the pupal labial palp of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera : Pieridae) were investigated in 7 successive stages between 28 hr after pupation and emergence of the imago. There are 7–8 mechanosensilla in the distal region of each palp in both sexes. These sensilla house a single sensory cell characterized by a tubular body, and 3 enveloping cells. At 28 hr after pupation, the anlagen of the hair mechanosensila are visible. Consecutive steps in the formation of the sensilla are: (1) elongation of the outer dendritic segment and of the dendritic sheath; (2) outgrowth of the trichogen cell and cuticle deposition; (3) increase in the diameter of the dendritic outer segment and in the number of microtubules within it; (4) reduction of the distal part of the dendritic outer segment and formation of the tubular body; (5) folding of the membrane of the dendritic outer segment and appearance of the receptor lymph cavity. The tubular body is formed during a period of about 80 hr. Its earliest appearance comprises groups of 3–4 microtubules, which are connected by electron-dense material. The final dense tubular body develops via microtubules linked together by electron-dense material.

A pictorial field guide for the rapid identification of sandflies (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE), commonly encountered in Pará state, Brazil.

A pictorial field guide to the 30 species of sandfly most commonly encountered in Pará State is presented, based on the easily recognised external characters of the length of the 5th palpal segment, thoracic infuscation, abdominal colour and head and body size. In most cases this allows identification to the species. In others, especially with females, it gives an indication of the species, which may then be confirmed with data from more detailed taxanomix studies. This type of field guide helps in teaching, rapid sorting of flies prior to dissection and in acquainting visitors with the variety of species present in a given area.A rapid technique for the taxonomic sorting of unmounted, freshly killed female sandflies is required, prior to the dissection of large numbers of a particular species. Such a method is useful in areas where numerous species occur in studies on natural flagellate infections, age determination and for ecological studies. With the above points in mind a pictorial field guide has been designed that enables the identification of unmounted, unmacerated specimens of the 30 more commonly encountered species of phleboto-mine sandflies (***) in Pará State, North Brazil. It is based on the easily recognised external characters of the length of the 5th palpal segment, thoracic infuscation, ad-dominal colour and proboscis and body size.Taxonomy of male phlebotomine sandflies is based on the structure of the genitalia and, as most of this is external, a wholly external character key is readily made. Female taxonomy, however, is based on the internal character of the cibarium, pharynx and sperma thecae. In order to produce an external character key we therefore return to an unso phisticated "phlebotometry" (see Martins et al., 1978 p. 3 for review), using relative lengths of the proboscis, palpal segments and body, along with the degree of infuscation. Ihis idea is not new; indeed many sandfly specialists presently use external characters to separate certain species (H. Fraiha, R. P. Lane, P. D. Ready, D. G. Young and R. D. Ward personal communications 1983 & 1984).A key used to separate five anthropophillic sandflies by Biagi (1966), in Mexico, was based mainly on palpal segment length and infuscation. Floch and Abonnenc (1952) stressed the use of relative lengths of palpal segments in their keys to the sandflies of French Guiana, and four members of the shannoni group have been similarly separated according to the degree of infuscation by Morales et al. (1982). The use of thoracic infuscation as a reliable character seems to be gaining favour, having been used by young & Fairchild (1974) and Ready & Fraiha (1981). Indeed Chariotis 1974) showed the usefulness of thoracic infuscation to sepenate 7 anthropophillic species, during studies onvesicular stomatitis in Panama. Identification using external characters is essential for work on viral isolations from sandflies, where bulk samples of whole sandflies are used.Perhaps the major advantage of a simple visual guide is for teaching purposes. Technical staff in this lnstitute are able to identify most of the species they encounter without having to use the standard, more unwieldly (and in many cases unavailable) internal character keys, and the guides presented below have allowed rapid species sorting prior to the dissection of sandflies in our leismaniasis study areas (Ryan et at. ,1985).

Nilotonia — studien (Acari: Hydrachnellae)

Abstract Nilotonia (Dartia) borneri is closely related to N. (Dartia) vietsi, both species living in cold springs of the rheo-, helo- or limnocrene type. They are nearly identical in most morphological characters, but differ in size and degree of separation of the genital papilla. Also, the average lengths of the leg and palpal segments of N. borneri are larger. An additional important difference is the dissimilarity of the water mite species associated with the two Nilotonia. N. borneri is always accompanied by crawling mites which are true spring dwellers (Panisus, Thyas, Sperchon). In contrast, N. vietsi occurs with water mite genera possessing swimming hairs (Hydryphantes, Limnesia, Piona).

The larval head of Agathiphaga (Lepidoptera, Agathiphagidae) and the lepidopteran ground plan

Abstract. The larval head of Agathiphaga vitiensis is described. There is a complete hypostomal bridge but no hypostomal ridges. Adfrontal ridges and distinct ecdysial lines are absent. There are two vestigial stemmata (without lenses) on each side. The antenna is one‐segmented. All ‘typical lepidopteran’ head setae have been identified. The corporotentorium is very slender; dorsal tentorial arms are present. Intrinsic labral muscles are lacking. The mandible has retained a tentorial muscle. The maxilla is without a discrete cardo and has but a single endite lobe; ‘intrinsic maxillary muscles’ and the ‘cranial flexor of the dististipes’ are lacking. The postlabium is undivided and without setae, the labial palp is one‐segmented and the lateral prelabio‐hypopharyngeal sclerotization is continued into an oral arm. Some of the ventral pharyngeal dilators arise on the tentorium; mouth‐angle retractors and dorsal post‐cerebral pharynx dilators are absent. The two brain lobes have almost parallel long axes and are united by a narrow (almost pure neuropile) bridge. The corpora cardiaca and callata are contiguous. The aorta is an open gutter in front of the retrocerebral complex.Available evidence on the ground plan structure of the lepidopteran larval head is reviewed. The ancestral head supposedly was prognathous and was autapomorphic in having the cranio‐cardinal articulation far behind the mandible; it had a complete hypostomal bridge but neither hypostomal nor adfrontal ridges, its tentorium was probably stout and with dorsal arms. Paulus & Schmid (1978, Z. zool. Syst. EvolForsch. 16) described a lepidopteran/trichopteran synapomorphy in stemma structure. A tentative table of homologies between cranial setae in Lepidoptera and Trichoptera is presented; it differs considerably from the scheme of Williams & Wiggins (1981, Proc. 3rd Symp. Trichopt.). The mouth parts and their musculature must have been overall very primitive for a panorpid larva, but the number of maxillary palp segments was reduced (three). The ‘dististipes’sensu Hinton is considered to consist of complexly fused parts of the stipes and basal palp segments. The cephalic stomodaeum must have possessed all primitive groups of extrinsic muscles. The incomplete available information on Micropterigidae impedes reconstruction of some details of the lepidopteran ground plan.Larval head structures support the monophyly of an entity comprising the Agathiphagidae + Heterobathmiidae + Glossata. There is one suite of derived characters shared by Heterobathmiidae and Agathiphagidae only and another shared by Heterobathmiidae and the Glossata only; one of these must represent parallelisms.

The Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) Capensis Group (Acari: Ixodoidea: Argasidae) of the Palearctic and Oriental Regions. O. (A.) Muesebecki: Redescription by Scanning Electron Microscopy1

As part of an effort to resolve biosystematic problems in the Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) capensis group, in relation to viruses and salivary toxins that these ticks transmit to marine birds, certain other birds, and man, we studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the external surfaces of adults and nymphs of the Arabian O. (A.) muesebecki and compared this species with the Peruvian O. (A.) amblus . In addition to diagnostic characters observed by light microscopy, SEM studies reveal the precise details of critical differences in structure of the integumental mammillae and external genitalia, as well as of the ventral surfaces of the basis capituli and palpal segment 1.

Notes on African Haemaphysalis Ticks. XIV. Description of Adults of H. (Rhipistoma) paraleachi sp. n., a Carnivore Parasite of the H. (R.) leachi Group (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae)

Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) paraleachi sp. n. is described from males and females taken from a civet, Viverra civetta (Schreber), in Cameroun. This tick is a large-sized member of the H. (R.) leachi group with a 5/5 or 6/6 dental formula; moderately long, curving ventral spurs of palpal segment 3; and numerous, mostly medium-sized scutal punctations. It is widely distributed in Africa. Adults parasitize small- and medium- sized carnivores. Immatures probably feed chiefly on rodents but cannot be identified with confidence until laboratory-reared samples from known parents are available for study. Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) paraleachi sp. n. is described from adults taken from a civet, Vi- verra civetta (Schreber), in Cameroun. A member of the leachi subgroup of the H. (R.) leachi group of African carnivore parasites, this new species is related to H. (R.) leachi (Audouin) 1827, H. (R.) moreli Camicas, Hoogstraal, and El Kam- mah (1972), and H. (R.) punctaleachi Camicas, Hoogstraal, and El Kammah (1973). Data are presented herein only for adult H. (R.) paraleachi parasitizing medium-sized car- nivores in Africa. Immature stages probably feed chiefly on rodents but cannot be identified with confidence until laboratory-reared samples from known parents are available for study.

Haemaphysalis (Garnhamphysalis) rusae (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): Identity, Deer and Pig Hosts, and Distribution in Luzon and Mindanao

Haemaphysalis (Garnhamphysalis) rusae Kohls, previously known only from three male ticks from Mindanao, Philippines, is a seldom collected but probably common parasite of the Philippine deer, Cervus (Rusa) philippinus, and wild pig, Sus celebensis philippensis, in forests of Mindanao and Luzon. A single female taken from a wallaby in Papua New Guinea is presumed to result from an introduction with the Philippine deer. The male, originally briefly described, is redescribed to provide criteria for comparing this species and other members of the subgenus Garnhamphysalis. The female and nymph are described for the first time. The male H. (G.) rusae and H. (G.) calvus Nuttall and Warburton are structurally quite similar, differing only in palpal length:breadth ratio and size of the trochanter IV spur. Females differ more widely in the presence (rusae) or absence (calvus) of a large retrograde spur extending from the posteroventral margin of palpal segment 2. Conversely, qualitative and quantitative structural differences between most Haemaphysalis species are greater in males than in females.

Sensory Organs inIps typographus(Insecta: Coleoptera) Fine structure of the sensilla of the maxillary and labial palps

The labial and maxillary palps of the bark beetle, Ips typographus, possess a diversified array of sensilla. There are four types of sensilla possessing a single tubular body indicating a mechanoreceptive function. The variation of the associated cuticular structures of these sensillar types ranges from long bristles to cavities within the cuticle. Terminal pore sensilla with a supposed mechanosensory/gustatory function and single-walled presumably chemoreceptive sensilla are found on the apical part of the terminal palp segments. A poreless sensillar type is found on the lateral side of the terminal segment of the maxillary palp. The functional capabilities of this sensillar type are presently unknown.