Palmitic Research Articles

Unveiling the Chemical Constituents and Inhibitory Roles of Extracts from Pinus Pinea L. Nut and Nutshell: A Novel Source for Pharmaceutical Antimicrobials.

Antibiotic resistance in infectious diseases has been a serious problem for the last century, and scientists have focused on discovering new natural antimicrobial agents. Pinus pinea has been used as a natural pharmacotherapeutic agent with antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and high antioxidant properties. In this study, GC-MS and LC-HR/MS were employed to analyze Pinus pinea L. nut and nutshell extracts. DPPH radical scavenging assay was performed to analyze the antioxidant properties of the extracts, but no activity was determined. GC-MS analysis showed that linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids were the three most dominant fatty acids in nut and nutshell extracts, with ratios between 6.75 % and 47.06 % (v/v). LC-HR/MS revealed that the nutshell methanol extract had a higher phenolic content than other extracts, with vanillic acid (1.4071 mg/g). Antimicrobial activity assays showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts varied between 5.94 and 190 mg/mL, and the most significant inhibition was seen in the nutshell methanol extract (MICs: between 5.94 and 47.5 mg/mL). Consequently, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts can be attributed to the dense fatty acids they contain, and the nutshell methanol extract showed the most potent inhibition related to the abundance of phenolic compounds in the extract.

Identification, tissue expression, and response to various fatty acid inductions of the fabp gene family in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

The grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) holds significant economic value worldwide. However, intensive farming practices often result in lipid metabolic disorder of fish. It is essential to explore the influence of pivotal genes in the process of fat accumulation, particularly from the perspective of fat transport. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are crucial for selectively binding and transporting free fatty acids (FAs) within cells. Nevertheless, the types of fabp genes in the grass carp genome and their responses to various FAs remain unclear. In the current study, exhaustive bioinformatic analysis identified nine fabp genes in the grass carp genome: fabp1a, fabp1b.1, fabp2, fabp3, fabp6, fabp7a, fabp10a, fabp11a, and fabp11b. Although these genes showed widespread expression across various tissues, each gene displayed distinct preferences for specific primary expression tissues. Notably, fabp1a exhibited prominent expression in muscle, fabp1b.1 in abdominal fat, fabp2 and fabp6 in the intestine, fabp7a in the brain, fabp10a in the hepatopancreas, and fabp11a showed maximal expression in the eye. Findings from primary grass carp hepatocytes revealed that the addition of palmitic acid (PA), high concentrations oleic acid (OA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (400 µM), significantly increased intracellular lipid accumulation. Intriguingly, the addition of PA resulted in increased expression of fabp2 and fabp11a, while DHA significantly enhanced the expression of fabp7a (P < 0.01). Given that the accumulated FAs are primarily saturated fatty acids, these results suggest that regulating fabps, especially fabp2 and fabp11a, could be a strategy to control fat deposition in grass carp.

Effects of Laurus extract against cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in rats

Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal with widespread environmental presence, posing significant threats to human and animal health. This study investigates the neurotoxic effects of Cd exposure and explores the therapeutic efficacy of Laurus nobilis L. in counteracting these adverse effects. Cd exposure induces oxidative stress and neurotoxicity, leading to neuronal damage and histopathological alterations. Laurus, known for its antioxidant properties, is assessed for its potential in mitigating Cd-induced neurotoxicity through in vitro antioxidant assays, GC–MS analysis, HPLC profiling, and experimental animal models. Results demonstrate that Laurus ethanolic extract exhibits significant antioxidant activity, attributed to its phenolic and flavonoid constituents. GC–MS analysis reveals various bioactive compounds in the extract, including Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and (Z)-13-Docosenamide, which posses neuroprotective properties. HPLC analysis identifies phenolic compounds such as ellagic acid and flavonoids like rutin and kaempferol in the extract. In vivo studies in rats exposed to Cd demonstrate that Laurus extract administration mitigates Cd-induced alterations in body and brain weight, hematological parameters, liver and kidney function, oxidative stress markers, and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity. Histopathological examination confirms the protective effects of Laurus against Cd-induced neuronal damage. The SOD model, validated with high resolution (2.05 Å) and strong R values (work: 0.192, free: 0.236, observed: 0.194), shows strong structural stability (C-score: 0.30). Docking studies reveal high binding affinities of kaempferol (−8.1 kcal/mol) and rutin (−8.7 kcal/mol) with SOD with kaempferol demonstrating superior solubility, lipophilicity, and drug-likenessSimulation analysis confirms the protein’s flexibility and adaptability, highlighting its therapeutic potential, especially with kaempferol. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of Laurus. as a natural remedy for Cd-induced neurotoxicity, highlighting its antioxidant and neuroprotective properties.

LC-MS and GC-MS Analyses on Green Algae Penicillus Capitatus: Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial and Anticholinesterase Activity Screening Enhanced by Molecular Docking & Dynamics and ADME Studies.

In this comprehensive screening study, the chemical composition, and cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and anticholinergic activities of the green algae Penicillus capitatus, collected from Antalya-Türkiye, were determined as in vitro and in silico. GC-MS analysis of the hexane extract revealed a high content of fatty acids, with hexadecanoic acid constituting half of the total fatty acid content. LC-HRMS analysis of the DCM:MeOH extract identified ascorbic acid as the most abundant compound, followed by (-)-epigallocatechin and salicylic acid. The DCM:MeOH extract exhibited potent cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cell lines, outperforming doxorubicin with lower IC50 values and a higher selectivity index. Additionally, the extract demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, along with selective inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) over butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE). Molecular docking and dynamics studies revealed that apigenin-7-O-glucoside and epigallocatechin form stable interactions with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and hAChE, suggesting their potential as inhibitors. In silico ADME studies indicated favorable pharmacokinetic profiles for the detected compounds, supporting their potential as drug candidates. The promising cytotoxic activity of the P. capitatus extracts, coupled with significant antimicrobial properties and selective hAChE inhibition, highlights their therapeutic potential for breast cancer treatment, infection management, and neurodegenerative disease intervention.

Phytobioinformatics screening of ayurvedic plants for potential α-glucosidase inhibitors in diabetes management

The enzyme α-glucosidase in the small intestine regulates blood glucose levels and stimulates the hydrolysis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, increasing glucose levels in the body. Inhibiting this enzyme slows glucose digestion and absorption and as a result post-prandial blood glucose levels remain low, causing decreased insulin demand. Here, we investigated the ayurvedic antidiabetic plants and virtually screened an in-house library of 478 phytochemicals of these plants against the human α-glucosidase. We identified 11 secondary metabolites, including palmitic acid α-monoglyceride, (+)-(2 R)-6-propionyloxyethyl-4′,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavanone, Abruquinone E, and Aurantiamide Acetate, among others, showed stronger interactions with the receptor than the native ligand N-acetyl cysteine. Surprisingly, except one, all of these metabolites were from Abrus precatorius L. [Fabaceae] affirming its ethnopharmacological use against diabetes. The stability of the interactions between the ligands and receptor protein was evaluated through Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation trajectories including root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg), H bonds, β-factor analysis, and binding energy calculation through MM/GBSA method. The efficacy of top metabolites in inhibiting α-glucosidase is depicted in pharmacophore analysis. A comprehensive pharmacokinetics analysis confirmed the druggability, safety, and efficiency of top drug candidates. Additionally, we predicted the interactions of these top metabolites within the biological system. The medicinal properties described in this study will help develop active drug candidates for therapeutic purposes. Further experiments are recommended to prove the effectiveness of these metabolites in inhibiting the α-glucosidase enzyme for exploring their potential in the treatment of diabetes.

EP.02C.02 Stearic Acid but Not Palmitic Acid Induces Immunomodulatory Changes that Initiate Pro-Neoplastic Processes in Lung Epithelium

EP.02C.02 Stearic Acid but Not Palmitic Acid Induces Immunomodulatory Changes that Initiate Pro-Neoplastic Processes in Lung Epithelium

Iridoids and lignans from Valeriana officinalis and their bioactivities

Seven undescribed iridoids, identified as valeriridoids A-E (compounds 1, 5, 18, 19a, 19b, 20a, and 20b), were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana officinalis L., along with sixteen known iridoids and nine known lignans. The structures were elucidated using NMR and MS spectroscopy, and the absolute configurations of the undescribed iridoids were determined through ECD calculations. Valeriridoids D and E were found to be epimeric and scalemic mixtures, which were successfully resolved through a chiral column. These isolated iridoids were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities, with valeriridoid A, jatamanvaltrates P, and Q showing significant effects against human non-small cell lung cancer cells, with IC50 values of 14.68, 8.77, and 10.07 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the antihyperglycemic properties of the compounds were investigated in insulin-resistant human hepatoblastoma cells induced by palmitic acid treatment, revealing that valeriridoid A, jatamanvaltrates P, and Q at a concentration of 10 μM led to a notable increase in glucose consumption.

Biochemical characterization of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties grown in Togo

Food and nutrition insecurity are a major problem in low-income countries. However, some crops like sesame are still underused and can be used to improve the food and nutritional security in rural areas. Grains of seven varieties of sesame comprising four (4) local and three (3) introduced varieties were studied for their nutrient content and oil composition to provide information on their nutritional value and oil quality for a holistic development and valorisation of the crop in Togo. Results revealed that water, ash, lipid, protein, total sugar, fiber, vitamin C, energy, total phenol and tannin contents ranged from 5.08 to 6.30%; 3.94 to 5.40%; 36.69 to 45.62%; 19.52 to 25.37; 11.10 to 19.16; 3.84 to 7.01%; 1.10 to 1.94%; 660 to 953.3 Kcal/ 100g; 0.0020-7 to 0.006% and 0.005 to 0.017%. The oils extracted from these different varieties had saponification and acid indices that ranged respectively from 179.95 to 190.54 and from 4.47 to 8.96. In terms of fatty acid composition, oleic acid and linoleic acid ranged from 37.92 to 42.24% and 36.1 to 39.8% respectively, while palmitic acid ranged from 6.82 to 12.41% and stearic acid from 5.51 to 7.83%. The results enabled us to identify the sesame grains of local varieties G3 and G3B as being suitable for enriching infant flours or for remedying the problems of protein and energy deficiency in Togo. Further, the oils extracted from these varieties are of good quality and can therefore be used in industry and for food purposes.

Biodegradation and high-value utilization of waste cooking oil: Strategies and mechanisms for producing lipopeptide biosurfactants using Bacillus subtilis YZQ-2

This study explored the strategies and mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis YZQ-2 in producing lipopeptide biosurfactants using waste cooking oil (WCO) as a raw material. The optimal conditions achieved a WCO utilization rate of 75.88% and a biosurfactant yield of 0.30g/L at pH 6.0, 30°C, with 20g/L WCO and 5g/L yeast extract. GC-MS analysis of degradation products at different intervals elucidated the mechanism of WCO degradation. After 72hours of fermentation, a reduction in linoleic and palmitic acid levels indicated the completion of lipid hydrolysis and the continuation of β-oxidation. The biosurfactants, identified as lipopeptides (surfactin and fengycin), exhibited stability in alkaline environments (pH 7.0-11.0) and high-salt concentration (5-45g/L). Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of Bacillus subtilis YZQ-2 revealed genes associated with biosurfactant production, which were upregulated in the presence of WCO. The differential expression values (log2 fold change) were SrfAA 3.30, SrfAB 3.31, SrfAC 3.63, FenA 2.42, FenB 2.55, FenC 1.99, FenD 2.03 and FenE 2.29, respectively. The proposed biosynthesis pathway of lipopeptides begins with the hydrolysis of WCO by lipase into glycerol and fatty acids. The glycerol is then transformed into pyruvate through glycolysis, entering the Tricarboxylic Acid cycle. Additionally, pyruvate contributes to synthesizing amino acids and branched-chain fatty acids, which serve as precursors for lipopeptide synthesis. These findings underscore the potential of WCO as a sustainable feedstock for biosurfactant production.

Lipidomics Analysis of Human HMC3 Microglial Cells in an In Vitro Model of Metabolic Syndrome.

Metabolic endotoxemia (ME) is associated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) and increased levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in the bloodstream, causing systemic inflammation. ME usually accompanies obesity and a diet rich in fats, especially SFAs. Numerous studies confirm the effect of ME-related endotoxin on microglial activation. Our study aimed to assess lipid metabolism and immune response in microglia pre-stimulated with TNFα (Tumor Necrosis Factor α) and then with endotoxin and palmitic acid (PA). Using ELISA, we determined cytokines IL-1β, IL-10, IL-13 (interleukin-1β, -10, -13, and TGFβ (Transforming Growth Factor β) in the culture medium from microglial cells stimulated for 24 h with TNFα and then treated with LPS (10 ng/mL) and PA (200 µM) for 24 h. HMC3 (Human Microglial Cells clone 3) cells produced negligible amounts of IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-13 after stimulation but secreted moderate levels of TGFβ. Changes in lipid metabolism accompanied changes in TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2) expression. HMC3 stimulation with endotoxin increased TREM2 expression, while PA treatment decreased it. Endotoxin increased ceramide levels, while PA increased triglyceride levels. These results indicated that pre-stimulation of microglia with TNFα significantly affects its interactions with LPS and PA and modulates lipid metabolism, which may lead to microglial activation silencing and neurodegeneration.

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) Ameliorates Free Fatty Acid-Induced Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction via the NAD+/AMPK/SIRT1/HIF-1α Pathway.

As the sole producers of insulin under physiological conditions, the normal functioning of pancreatic β cells is crucial for maintaining glucose homeostasis in the body. Due to the high oxygen and energy demands required for insulin secretion, hypoxia has been shown to play a critical role in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Lipid metabolism abnormalities, a common metabolic feature in type 2 diabetic patients, are often accompanied by tissue hypoxia caused by metabolic overload and lead to increased free fatty acid (FFA) levels. However, the specific mechanisms underlying FFA-induced β-cell dysfunction remain unclear. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a naturally occurring bioactive nucleotide, has garnered significant attention in recent years for its effectiveness in replenishing NAD+ and alleviating various diseases. Nevertheless, studies exploring the mechanisms through which NMN influences β-cell dysfunction remain scarce. In this study, we established an in vitro β-cell dysfunction model by treating INS-1 cells with palmitate (PA), including control, PA-treated, and PA combined with NMN or activator/inhibitor groups. Compared to the control group, cells treated with PA alone showed significantly reduced insulin secretion capacity and decreased expression of proteins related to the NAD+/AMPK/SIRT1/HIF-1α pathway. In contrast, NMN supplementation significantly restored the expression of pathway-related proteins by activating NAD+ and effectively improved insulin secretion. Results obtained using HIF-1α and AMPK inhibitors/activators further supported these findings. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that NMN reversed the PA-induced downregulation of the NAD+/AMPK/SIRT1/HIF-1α pathway, thereby alleviating β-cell dysfunction. Our study investigated the mechanisms underlying PA-induced β-cell dysfunction, examined how NMN mitigates this dysfunction and offered new insights into the therapeutic potential of NMN for treating β-cell dysfunction and T2DM.

Bioactive Compounds Investigation and Antioxidant Activities in Extracts and Fractions of Tamarindus Indica (Aradib) From Sudan

Tamarindus indica is commonly used interest in Sudan for edible plant and medicinal use. This study aimed to determine bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities in extracts and fractions of Tamarindus indica pulp grown in Sudan. The powdered plant was extracted with ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone using an ultrasonic technique. The residue of the ethanol extract was fractionated using successive solvents. The extracts and fractions were determined for their phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins contents, and analyzed bioactive compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer, and also evaluate their antioxidant activities using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl, reducing power and hydrogen peroxide scavenging methods. The results show that the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total tannins levels were significantly higher in the ethyl acetate fraction than in other extracts and fractions. GC-MS analyses of extracts and fractions showed a variety of bioactive compounds such as Hexadecanoic acid, Stigmasterol, Maltol, Sitosterol, Vitamin E, Allose, Tartaric acid, and Vaccenic acid. All the extracts and fractions exhibited good antioxidant activities. The extracts and fractions of Tamarindus indica pulp are sources of natural antioxidants and other bioactive compounds, which are beneficial effects on human health and the possibility of application in the pharmaceutical industry.

ER–mitochondria contact sites regulate hepatic lipogenesis via Ip3r-Grp75-Vdac complex recruiting Seipin

BackgroundMitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites (MERCS) constitute a functional communication platform for ER and mitochondria, and they play a crucial role in the lipid homeostasis of the liver. However, it remains unclear about the exact effects of MERCs on the neutral lipid synthesis of the liver.MethodsIn this study, the role and mechanism of MERCS in palmitic acid (PA)-induced neutral lipid imbalance in the liver was explored by constructing a lipid metabolism animal model based on yellow catfish. Given that the structural integrity of MERCS cannot be disrupted by the si-mitochondrial calcium uniporter (si-mcu), the MERCS-mediated Ca2+ signaling in isolated hepatocytes was intercepted by transfecting them with si-mcu in some in vitro experiments.ResultsThe key findings were: (1) Hepatocellular MERCs sub-proteome analysis confirmed that, via activating Ip3r-Grp75-voltage-dependent anion channel (Vdac) complexes, excessive dietary PA intake enhanced hepatic MERCs. (2) Dietary PA intake caused hepatic neutral lipid deposition by MERCs recruiting Seipin, which promoted lipid droplet biogenesis. (3) Our findings provide the first proof that MERCs recruited Seipin and controlled hepatic lipid homeostasis, depending on Ip3r-Grp75-Vdac-controlled Ca2+ signaling, apart from MERCs’s structural integrity. Noteworthy, our results also confirmed these mechanisms are conservative from fish to mammals.ConclusionsThe findings of this study provide a new insight into the regulatory role of MERCS-recruited SEIPIN in hepatic lipid synthesis via Ip3r-Grp75-Vdac complex-mediated Ca2+ signaling, highlighting the critical contribution of MERCS in hepatic lipid homeostasis.

Effect of Feed on the Growth Performance, Nutrition Content and Cost of Raising the Field Cricket (Gryllus madagascarensis) as a Sustainable Nutrient Source in Madagascar.

The field cricket, Gryllus madagascarensis, is a sustainable and nutritious food resource that has the potential to mitigate global malnutrition. Feeds provided to this cricket can influence its growth parameters, nutritional content, and the cost of raising it for food. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeds formulated from weeds, agro-byproducts, and chicken feed (control) on the growth parameters and nutritional content of G. madagascarensis. The formulated feeds included CFB (25.0% protein), CFC (24.5% protein), CFD (24.0% protein), CFE (23.5% protein), CFF (22.5% protein), CFG (21.5% protein), CFH (20.0% protein), CFI (14.5% protein), and CFJ (13.5% protein), and chicken feed (CFA) (28% protein) was used as the control. The formulation of the feeds was based on the acceptability and protein content of the 12 selected weeds and agro-byproducts. Proximate, mineral, and fatty acid analyses were conducted to determine the nutrient content of each feed, as well as the crickets raised on these feeds. The fastest development time was recorded with CFE and CFC. The highest survivorship (98%) was observed in CFG, CFE, and CFC. The highest body mass (1.15 g) and body length (26.80 mm) were observed in crickets fed CFG. By comparison, crickets fed control feed averaged a body mass of 0.81 g and a body length of 23.55 mm. The feed conversion ratio for G. madagascarensis fed CFG, CFE, and CFC was 1.71. Crickets raised on CFH and CFG had the lowest cost of feeding per kg live mass gain. Crickets fed on CFF had the highest quantity of protein (67%), followed by those fed CFG (65% protein); crickets with the lowest protein content (50%) were fed CFJ. Crickets fed on CFG had the highest mineral content. Linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid were the major fatty acids. The findings indicate that formulated feeds from weeds and agro-byproducts have great potential to be used as an alternative feed source for crickets for two reasons: their capacity to positively influence the biology and nutrition of the cricket, and they can serve as an inexpensive replacement for chicken feed.

Change of α - tocopherol, cholesterol, retinol and some fatty acids in pancreatic tissue of uncontrolled diabetic rats supported by resveratrol, lipoic acid and vitamin C

In this study, the effects of resveratrol, lipoic acid and vitamin C on some biochemical changes in the pancreas tissue of rats treated with streptozotocin (STZ) type 1 diabetes were investigated. Resveratrol (R), Lipoic acid (LP), and Vitamin C (VC) were administered intraperitoneally to diabetic -1 rats without insulin. According to our findings, it was observed that the α-Tocopherol amount decreased in diabetes and diabetes + antioxidant groups when compared with the control group (p &lt;0.01). Cholesterol levels did not differ between the groups. Palmitic acid (16: 0), palmitoleic acid (16: 1 n-7) and oleic acid (18: 1 n-9) in fatty acid composition decreased in diabetes and diabetes + antioxidant groups compared to control group. (p &lt;0.05, p &lt;0.01). Stearic acid (18: 0) was higher in diabetic groups than the control group. Linoleic acid (18: 2 n-6), Gamma-linolenic acid (18: 3 n-6), Arachidonic acid (20: 4 n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22: 6 n-3) were higher in diabetic groups (p &lt;0.05, p &lt;0.01). According to the results obtained, the antioxidant substances applied without insulin were insufficient in the tissues of rats with Type-1 diabetes requiring absolute insulin treatment. Also, the damaging effect of stz on the pancreas is observed when vitamin E levels decrease. Because vitamin E is an antioxidant substance that breaks down especially in the cell membrane and chain reaction in free radical reactions. The decrease in vitamin E levels can be explained by the increase in free radical levels in the tissue.

Quality Variation of Pork Bellies by Cutting Manner and Quality Grade

In the meat industry, the quality grading system is commonly applied to classify carcasses based on quality and value. Presently, to facilitate consumer convenience, pork bellies are prepared into slices and retailed in supermarkets and butchers. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of quality grade (QG) and retail cutting manner on the quality properties of pork bellies. Thirty-two bellies with different QGs: QG1+, 1, 2, and off-grade (n = 8 each) randomly collected from a commercial slaughterhouse were used. Each belly was cut into 3 portions: A (5–10th rib, cranial edge), B (11–15th rib), and C (without rib, caudal edge) according to the commonly used retail cutting manner. Samples were subjected to chemical composition, quality traits, and aroma analysis. Fat content was highest in QG1+ and lowest in off-grade and distributed at a higher level in portions A and B than in portion C in all QGs (p &lt; 0.05). Off-grade was associated with higher shear force and chewiness values and lower levels of palmitic and stearic acids, regardless of the cutting portion. The bellies used in this study exhibited variations in chemical composition and quality properties not only among the QGs but also across the cutting portions within each QG.

Effect of atmospheric cold plasma treatment on the flavor of high-fat aquatic products: A case study of golden pomfret (Trachinotus ovatus, family Bramidae) oil using GC-MS, GC-IMS, and an E-nose

This study examines the effects of atmospheric cold plasma (AP) treatment on golden pomfret oil, particularly its physicochemical properties and flavor compounds. Volatile flavor compounds in the golden pomfret fish oil were investigated following AP treatment and cold storage for 30 d using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-ion mobility mass spectrometry, and an electronic nose. The relative odor activity values revealed that certain molecules, including pentane, tridecane, styrene, methyl palmitate, benzyl benzoate, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, and oleic acid, were potential markers for distinguishing between the aromas at fresh group, 30 d of storage, and 30 d of AP storage. The content of volatile compounds changed during low-temperature refrigeration. AP treatment was a protective measure against flavor changes during storage. This information can aid in exploring the formation mechanism of the characteristic odor of AP-treated golden pomfret oil and its related metabolic pathways.

Effects of solute carrier family 27 member 1 (SLC27A1) genotypes on fat content and major fatty acids in colostrum and milk from Murrah and “Murrah × Carabao” crossbred buffaloes

This study analyzed the effect of Solute carrier family 27 member 1 (SLC27A1) genotypes on fat content and major fatty acids (lauric acid C12:0, myristic acid C14:0, palmitic acid C16:0, stearic acid C18:0, and oleic acid C18:1n-9) in milk and colostrum of 46 Murrah and “Murrah × Carabao” crossbred buffaloes at the Philippine Carabao Center - University of the Philippines Los Baños dairy herd. The SLC27A1 genotypes (CC and CT) were determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method using DNA extracted from hair follicles. This study found polymorphism in the SLC27A1 gene that were consistent with Hardy Weinberg’s law of equilibrium (HWE), with a polymorphic information content (PIC) and heterozygosity (H) estimate of 0.2915 and 0.3542, respectively, for Murrah; and 0.3219 and 0.4032, respectively for “Murrah × Carabao” crossbreeds. In Murrah buffaloes, the CT genotype was significantly associated (P&lt;0.05) with higher colostrum yield and milk fat content, compared to CC. In “Murrah × Carabao” crossbreds, CT was associated with higher C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0, but lower C18:1n-9 in colostrum; and lower C16:0 in milk compared to CC. This study showed polymorphisms in SLC27A1 genotypes and their significant effects on colostrum yield and milk fat content in Murrah buffaloes and some major fatty acids in colostrum and milk from “Murrah × Carabao” crosses.

From Traditional to Exceptional: Impact of the Use of Dried Chicken Meat Powder on Sensory and Nutritional Quality of Tarhana

Tarhana is a popular Turkish fermented food, made of a mixture of cereal and yoghurt, generally consumed as soup. Both lactic acid bacteria and yeasts are responsible for the fermentation. The selection and proportions of ingredients integrated along with the production process specify the nutritional value and sensory properties of the final product. Therefore, the first objective of the present study was to process a dried “chicken meat powder (CMP)” that could be used in food formulations. The second objective was to determine the impact of CMP addition on the nutritional and sensorial properties of Uşak tarhana recipe with geographical indication. In order to fulfill these challenges dried chicken meat powder (CMP) at levels of 20, 25, 30, and 35% were included in tarhana recipes for the very first time. Within the scope of the study, organoleptic properties of tarhana soups (control and CMP added) were determined, and the formulation with 30% CMP (TCMP30) achieved the highest sensory evaluation scores. This sample was analyzed further, and its physicochemical properties were compared to a control sample strictly following the traditional Uşak tarhana recipe. In the tarhana samples, the moisture, protein, and total fat content increased with higher CMP additions, while the ash, crude cellulose, carbohydrates, energy, salt, and dietary fiber decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.05). The calcium and sodium contents decreased, however, potassium, phosphorus, and zinc contents increased. The fatty acid composition analysis revealed that Uşak tarhana contained more saturated fatty acids than either CMP or TCMP30; adding 30% CMP reduced the total saturated fatty acids while increasing the monounsaturated fatty acids. The main fatty acids in traditional samples were linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids, comprising 83.82% of the total fat. In TCMP30, the order changed to oleic &gt; linoleic &gt; palmitic with 83.89% of total fat. Over time, the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity decreased in the control sample but increased in TCMP30. These results suggest that a formulation including 30% CMP effectively enhances the sensory, functional, and nutritional aspects in tarhana.

The evaluation of Starmerella magnoliae X3 as a biodiesel feedstock based on triacylglycerol (TAG) production, lipid productivity, and fatty acid profile under nitrogen limitation and acidic pH conditions.

The effects of four initial culture pH values (3, 4, 5, and 6) and nitrogen limitation on growth, TAG accumulation, lipid production, fatty acid profile, and estimated biodiesel quality of Starmerella magnoliae X3 were investigated. TAG and lipid levels were measured by Nile Red fluorescence and sulfo-phospho-vanilin (SPV) techniques, respectively. The results showed that a combination of nitrogen limitation and acidic pH significantly (p < 0.05) increased TAG accumulation, total lipid contents, and lipid productivity in Starmerella magnoliae X3 compared to the control group. Under nitrogen limitation, the highest TAG accumulation was achieved at initial pHs of 3 and 5 after 72h of cultivation, and the highest lipid productivity (0.306g L-1 d-1) was observed after 48h at pH 3; the major fatty acids at the four pH values were oleic acid (63.6%-64%), palmitoleic acid (11.3%-12.5%), stearic acid (9.7%-11.4%), and palmitic acid (9.4%-10%). In addition, both stresses were associated with lower iodine value and higher cetane number of the biodiesel compared to the control. These findings suggest that cultivation in a low-nitrogen medium at an initial pH of 3 or 5 holds promise in increasing TAG production in Starmerella magnoliae X3.