Palmitic Acid Content Research Articles

Influence of Olive Maturity and Season on the Quality of Virgin Olive Oils from the Area Assigned to the Protected Designation of Origin of “Aceite de la Alcarria” (Spain)

This work aimed to assess the influence of olive maturity and oil season on the potential quality of monovarietal virgin olive oils from the area assigned to the Protected Designation of Origin of “Aceite de la Alcarria” (Spain), analysing the regulated physicochemical quality and sensory parameters, the stability parameters and composition of fatty acids, sterols and triterpenic dialcohols. To complete the study, we also characterised the coupage olive oils made in the oil mills located in the PDO area (real quality). The main variety grown in La Alcarria is Castellana, whose oils are characterised by a high content of palmitic acid (14.27% with olives in veraison, 13.81% with ripe olives), a low content of linoleic acid (5.03% with olives in veraison, 5.98% with ripe olives) and a total phenol content higher than the rest of varieties grown in the area (between 350 and 500 mg of caffeic acid/kg depending on the season considered), which is reflected in higher oxidative stability values (induction time of 50.65 h at 100 °C). In addition, they have a sterol content below that established by the regulations (<1000 mg/kg). The olive oils produced using olives in veraison presented a lower level of acidity and peroxide index, more intense fruitiness, an absence of defects in all the samples and higher oxidative stability, compared to those produced using ripe olives, and thus early harvest of the olives is recommended. It was also found that the season affects the physicochemical composition of the oils, although these changes tend to be of little significance, with the characteristics of the variety being maintained, regardless of the harvesting season analysed. The coupage virgin olive oils produced in the mills registered under the PDO of Aceite de la Alcarria, representative of their real quality, showed, as expected, similar values to those observed in the monovarietal virgin olive oils produced using the Castellana variety, which is clearly predominant in the study area. The characterization of oils from local varieties allows one to obtain a greater variability in terms of the sensory notes of extra virgin olive oil.

The Effect of Hybrid Barley in the Diets of Fattening Pigs on Pork Oxidative Stability Related to the Fatty Acid Profile.

Simple SummaryThe general objective of this study was to investigate the effect of hybrid barley and wheat in the diet of fattening pigs on the oxidative stability of pork related to the chemical composition, especially the fatty acid profile. The feeds used included 80% hybrid barley in group I, a mixture of 40% wheat and hybrid barley in group II, and 80% wheat in group III. The feeding trial lasted 78 days. Meat samples were taken from twelve carcasses, randomly selected, chosen from each experimental group. The meat analyses covered the physicochemical and sensory traits. The results showed a decrease in the palmitic acid concentration and an increase in the oleic acid concentration in the meat of fattening pigs fed a diet of 80% hybrid barley. The meat of these pigs was characterised by the best marbling, which was closely related to its juiciness after thermal processing and its final culinary quality. Moreover, meat samples from the hybrid barley fed pigs exhibited a reddish colour, before and after thermal processing. In summary, the addition of hybrid barley into the diets of pigs improved the quality of the culinary meat.Feed determines the quality of pork meat, in which the composition of the fatty acid (FA) profile is one of the easiest to modify by the application of selected feed components. Barley grains are considered to have an impact on meat quality, including pork; however, there are still limited data on the use of hybrid barley in fattening pigs’ nutrition in relation to meat quality. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between meat quality, i.e., its oxidative stability, especially the FA profile, and fattening pigs’ diets with hybrid barley and/or wheat. In group I, hybrid barley (HB) composed 80% of the feed; in group II, a mixture of (40% each) wheat and barley was used; and in group III, wheat (W) composed 80% of the feed. Meat samples were taken from twelve randomly selected carcasses chosen from each group. The meat analyses covered the physicochemical and sensory traits. The results showed that the pork meat of fattening pigs fed fodder with 80% HB had decreased palmitic acid concentrations and increased oleic acid concentrations. The meat of these pigs was characterised by the best marbling, which was closely related to its juiciness after thermal processing and determined its final culinary quality. Moreover, the meat from these pigs exhibited a reddish colour, before and after thermal processing. In summary, the application of hybrid barley into pig nutrition improved the quality of the culinary meat.

Порівняльний аналіз складу та термічних властивостей рослинних жирів

Goal. To establish the parameters of phase transitions of experimental vegetable fats by the method of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in correlation with their fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition. Methods. The parameters of phase transitions and mass fractions of solid triacylglycerols were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of vegetable fats was determined using chromatographic analysis. Results. The fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of the experimental samples of sunflower oil and palm olein was established. Of the fatty acid composition, sunflower oil and palm olein have 10 common fatty acids. Both experimental vegetable fats contain the highest content of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. But palm olein has a much higher content of palmitic and oleic acids, and linoleic — on the contrary, less than 6 times. The triacylglycerol composition of the experimental vegetable fats was analyzed, the main differences were established. Samples of vegetable fats by the method of differential scanning calorimetry were studied, as a result of which the temperature and thermal characteristics of phase transitions, mass fractions of solid triacylglycerols in the samples under conditions of different temperatures were established. If we compare the data of the fatty acid composition with the data of the temperature maxima of crystallization and melting, the increase in the content of palmitic acid by 1% increases the crystallization temperature by 0.52°C and the melting temperature by 0.57°C. Increasing the oleic acid content by 1% increases the crystallization temperature by 1.02°C and the melting point by 1.13°C. Conclusions. The obtained data make it possible to track the dependence of temperature behavior of vegetable fats on their composition and to quickly predict their functional properties during the selection of prescription components of different types of oil and fat products.

High metabolic substrate load induces mitochondrial dysfunction in rat skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cells.

The influence of glucose and palmitic acid (PA) on mitochondrial respiration and emission of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was determined in skeletal muscle‐derived microvascular endothelial cells. Measurements were assessed in intact and permeabilized (cells treated with 0.025% saponin) low passage endothelial cells with acute‐or prolonged (3 days) incubation with regular (1.7 mM) or elevated (2.2 mM) PA concentrations and regular (5 mM) or elevated (11 mM) glucose concentrations. In intact cells, acute incubation with 1.7 mM PA alone or with 1.7 mM PA + 5 mM glucose (p < .001) led to a lower mitochondrial respiration (p < 0.01) and markedly higher H2O2/O2 emission (p < 0.05) than with 5 mM glucose alone. Prolonged incubation of intact cells with 1.7 mM PA +5 mM glucose led to 34% (p < 0.05) lower respiration and 2.5‐fold higher H2O2/O2 emission (p < 0.01) than incubation with 5 mM glucose alone. Prolonged incubation of intact cells with elevated glucose led to 60% lower (p < 0.05) mitochondrial respiration and 4.6‐fold higher H2O2/O2 production than incubation with 5 mM glucose in intact cells (p < 0.001). All effects observed in intact cells were present also in permeabilized cells (State 2). In conclusion, our results show that acute and prolonged lipid availability, as well as prolonged hyperglycemia, induces mitochondrial dysfunction as evidenced by lower mitochondrial respiration and enhanced H2O2/O2 emission. Elevated plasma substrate availability may lead to microvascular dysfunction in skeletal muscle by impairing endothelial mitochondrial function.

Regular Dietary Intake of Palmitate Causes Vascular and Valvular Calcification in a Rabbit Model.

Aims: Palmitic acid (PA) and oleic acid (OA) are two main dietary fatty acids. Dietary intake of PA has been associated with cardiovascular disease risk, and the effect of OA remains uncertain. Our study aimed to assess the effect of a short-term intake of lard, as source of PA and OA, on aorta and aortic valve.Methods and Results: Rabbits were fed with two lard-enriched diets, containing either elevated levels of PA or of both PA and OA as compared to chow diet. After 16 weeks of each diet, calcification was observed in the aortic intima and in the aortic valve. The extent of calcification did not differ between the two diets. In contrast, rabbits fed chow diet did not develop any calcification. In blood, PA enrichment resulted in decreased lymphocyte and monocyte counts and increased levels of hemoglobin and haematocrit. Levels of the calcification inhibitor fetuin-A were also diminished, whereas creatinine levels were raised. Of note, none of the diets changed cholesterol levels in LDL or HDL. Comprehensive quantitative lipidomics analysis identified diet-related changes in plasma lipids. Dietary PA enrichment led to a drop of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in particular of linoleic acid in cholesteryl esters, triglycerides and diacylglycerols (DAG). Ratios of PA to 18-carbon PUFA in DAG were positively correlated with the extent of aortic valve calcification, and inversely with monocyte counts. PA content in blood correlated with aorta calcification.Conclusions: Regular dietary PA intake induces vascular and valvular calcification independently of traditional risk factors. Our findings raise awareness about PA-rich food consumption and its potential deleterious effect on cardiovascular health.

Change in plant densities combined with zinc application affects rapeseed seed oil and fatty acid composition

In order to investigate the effect of zinc application on qualitative characteristics of rapeseed cultivars in different plant densities, a factorial split-plot experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with three replications for two cropping years (2014–2016) in Karaj, Iran. In this experiment, plant density at three levels (40, 60, and 80 plants m−2), zinc application at two levels (0 and 0.3% at pod formation stage) as factorial in main plots and six rapeseed cultivars, including GKH3705, GKH2624, GKH0224, GK-Gabriella, Neptune, and Elvis were assigned to sub-plots. The interaction effect of plant density × Zn × cultivar on oil yield, oleic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, erucic acid, and glucosinolate content of seeds and interaction effect of plant density × cultivar on oil percentage was significant at 1% level. According to the results, all the tested cultivars showed a positive response to zinc application on different plant densities, especially the density of 40 plants m−2. GK-Gabriella cultivar at density of 40 plants m−2 and under zinc application had the highest oil yield and the highest content of oleic, linoleic, and palmitic fatty acids. Moreover, having low and standard erucic acid and glucosinolate, this cultivar is recommended for canola production.

Palmitic acid induces insulin resistance by a mechanism associated with energy metabolism and calcium entry in neuronal cells.

Palmitic acid (PA) is a saturated fatty acid whose high consumption has been largely associated with the development of different metabolic alterations, such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Particularly in the brain, insulin signaling disruption has been linked to cognitive decline and is considered a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Cumulative evidence has demonstrated the participation of PA in the molecular cascade underlying cellular insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, but its role in the development of neuronal insulin resistance and the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. It has generally been accepted that the brain does not utilize fatty acids as a primary energy source, but recent evidence shows that neurons possess the machinery for fatty acid β-oxidation. However, it is still unclear under what conditions neurons use fatty acids as energy substrates and the implications of their oxidative metabolism in modifying insulin-stimulated effects. In the present work, we have found that neurons differentiated from human neuroblastoma MSN exposed to high but nontoxic concentrations of PA generate ATP through mitochondrial metabolism, which is associated with an increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ and diminished insulin signaling in neurons. These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which saturated fatty acids produce Ca2+ entry and insulin resistance that may play a causal role in increasing neuronal vulnerability associated with metabolic diseases.

Harvest Season Significantly Influences the Fatty Acid Composition of Bee Pollen.

Simple SummaryHarvesting pollen loads collected from a specific botanical origin is a complicated process that takes time and effort. Therefore, we aimed to determine the optimal season for harvesting pollen loads rich in essential fatty acids (EFAs) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) from the Al-Ahsa Oasis in eastern Saudi Arabia. Pollen loads were collected throughout one year, and the tested samples were selected during the top collecting period in each season. Lipids and fatty acid composition were determined. The highest values of lipids concentration, linolenic acid (C18:3), stearic acid (C18:0), linoleic acid (C18:2), arachidic acid (C20:0) concentrations, and EFAs were obtained from bee pollen harvested during autumn. The maximum values (%) of oleic acid (C18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), UFAs, and the UFA/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio were found in bee pollen harvested during summer. Bee pollen harvested during spring ranked second in its oleic, palmitic, linolenic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, and lignoceric acid concentrations and for EFAs, UFAs, and the UFA/SFA ratio. It was concluded that the FA composition of bee pollen varied among the harvest seasons. We recommend harvesting pollen loads during spring and summer to feed honeybee colonies during periods of scarcity and for use as a healthy, nutritious food for humans.Seasonal variations in the fatty acid (FA) compositions of pollen loads collected from the Al-Ahsa Oasis in eastern Saudi Arabia throughout one year were determined to identify the optimal season for harvesting bee pollen rich in essential fatty acids (EFAs) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). The highest values (%) of lipids, linolenic acid (C18:3), stearic acid (C18:0), linoleic acid (C18:2), arachidic acid (C20:0), the sum of the C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 concentrations, and EFAs were obtained from bee pollen harvested during autumn. The maximum values (%) of oleic acid (C18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), UFAs, and the UFA/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio were found in bee pollen harvested during summer. The highest concentrations (%) of behenic acid (C22:0), lignoceric acid (C24:0), and SFAs were found in bee pollen harvested during winter. Bee pollen harvested during spring ranked second in its oleic, palmitic, linolenic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, and lignoceric acid concentrations and for EFAs, UFAs, and the UFA/SFA ratio. The lowest SFA concentration was found in bee pollen harvested during summer. Oleic, palmitic, and linolenic acids were the most predominant FAs found in bee pollen. It was concluded that the FA composition of bee pollen varied among the harvest seasons due to the influence of the dominant botanical origins. We recommend harvesting pollen loads during spring and summer to feed honeybee colonies during periods of scarcity and for use as a healthy, nutritious food for humans.

The use of mutton in sausage production

The work analyzes the quality of sausage with mutton. The proportion of individual commodities was as follows 40% sheep thigh, 40% pork shoulder, and belly 20%. The protein content in pork shoulder was 20.11 g.100g-1 in sheep thigh 23.65 g.100g-1 and sausage 19.89 g.100g-1. Of the monitored amino acids, the highest content was in lysine, in the sausage was 1.9 g.100g-1 and of the raw materials in the belly 2.1 g.100g-1. We also found a higher proportion of leucine 1.7 g.100g-1 in both sausage and sheep thighs. The arginine content in the sausage was also high 1.39 g.100g-1. We found a high content of palmitic acid in the pork shoulder of 24.38 g.100g-1 FAME. The content of palmitic acid in sheep meat was 24.32 g.100g-1 FAME and in sausage 24.16 g.100g-1 FAME. The content of stearic acid in the pork shoulder was 10.89g.100g-1 FAME, in the sheep thigh 10.64g.100g-1 FAME, in the belly 11.07 g.100g-1 FAME, and the sausage 10.92 g.100g-1 FAME. The MDA content in sheep meat was 0.185 mg.kg-1, in pork shoulder 0.141 mg.kg-1, in pork belly 0.22 mg.kg-1 and in sausage on the day of production 0.45 mg.kg-1. On the 30th day, the MDA content was in the sausage 0.78 mg.kg-1. The high MDA content of the sausage was probably most influenced by the technological process, as all raw materials, because there was a lower MDA content.

P078 Proteomics and Lipidomics Analysis Revealed Alterations of Complement Activation and Lipid Metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients

Abstract Background The lack of interaction between immune system cells and microbiota is considered a key driver of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The association of age-associated B cells (ABC) from antigen-experienced B cells and autoimmunity is now well established. The increased demands in lipid metabolism during immune response and cell activation upon autoimmune signals leads to lipid tag modifications of proteins. In IBD patients, we observed an impairment of B cell development, identifying a transitional B cell subset expressing CD38Hi, CD24Hi and CD19+. We hypothesize that metabolic alterations of proteins and lipids during immune cell activation might be a relevant mechanism of autoimmune disease. Methods An IBD cohort of patients in clinical remission under anti-TNF treatment was included in order to test metabolic and proteomic changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Proteomic analysis was performed by Mass Spectrometry using a label free quantitative method (SWATH-MS analysis) and lead to identify a number of proteins underregulated (&amp;lt; 0.6) and overexpressed (&amp;gt; 1.5) fold change respect to control. Lipidomics of serum samples analyzed by proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR)2 and multivariant statistics. Results Serum samples were obtained in Crohn disease (CD) n = 18, ulcerative colitis (UC) n = 9, before biological infusion and healthy controls (CTRL) n = 10. Proteins related with lipid metabolism like APOC2 for CD and APOB, APOA1 for UC, were differentially modulated. Significant differences in non-polar metabolites and lipids that phenotypically define CD and UC groups respect to CTRL were observed (Fig. 1) Fig. 1 Orthogonal-Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) of the global NMR data of the serum samples of groups CD and CTRL. Indeed, proteins associated with complement activation like Complement Factor 1 and Complement C1q subcomponent subunit B were differentially expressed in CD group. These results were confirmed by lipidomic analysis, in which palmitic (Fig. 2) as well as other candidate lipids were more abundant in IBD groups than CTRL. Fig 2. Differences of palmitic acid concentration in CD and UC patients vs CTRL (Bonferroni test showed statistical difference between CTRL vs. CD and CTRL vs. UC with p = 0.02 and p = 0.004 respectively). Conclusion Our study detected high levels of proteins regulating lipid metabolism and palmitic in IBD patients. This observation can be interpreted as part of deleterious alterations of proteins through palmitoylation during B-cell activation and might be a relevant mechanism of disease. Further exploration of palmitate catabolism might shed light to the mechanisms that result in immunometabolic disorders.

Propionate alleviates palmitic acid–induced endoplasmic reticulum stress by enhancing autophagy in calf hepatic cells

Negative energy balance-induced high blood concentrations of free fatty acids during the early postpartum period in dairy cows is a major cause of liver injury. Cows in severe negative energy balance often have suboptimal intakes of feed, which contributes to shortfalls in production of ruminal propionate and circulating glucose. Although increasing propionate production by the rumen through feed additives such as propylene glycol is effective in helping cows alleviate the shortfall in dietary energy supply, mechanisms whereby propionate affects liver function beyond gluconeogenesis are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether propionate could protect calf hepatic cells from palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms. Calf hepatic cells were isolated from 5 healthy calves (1 d old, female, 30-40 kg, fasting) and treated with various concentrations of PA (0, 100, 200, or 400 μM) and propionate (0, 1, 2, or 4 mM) after being administered with or without autophagic inhibitor. Propionate enhanced autophagic activity in calf hepatic cells, as indicated by elevated expression of autophagy markers LC3-II (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II, encoded by MAP1LC3) and decreased expression of SQSTM1 (sequestosome-1, also called p62). Conversely, PA suppressed autophagic activity and decreased cell viability, which was improved by propionate in calf hepatic cells. In addition, propionate decreased the phosphorylation of proteins EIF2AK3 (kinase R/PKR like ER kinase) and ERN1 (inositol-requiring enzyme 1α) and cleaved ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6) in PA-treated calf hepatic cells, indicating the suppression effect of propionate on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, inhibition of autophagic activity by chloroquine or bafilomycin A1 impede the beneficial effects of propionate on ER stress and cell viability. These results demonstrated that propionate alleviates ER stress and elevates cell viability in PA-treated calf hepatic cells by enhancing autophagy, which implies that autophagy may be a promising target in improving liver injury of dairy cows during transition period.

EFFECT OF THE PHYSALIS PERUVIANA AND LINUM USITATISSIMUM EXTRACTS AGAINST TOLUENE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE DAMAGES IN KIDNEY AND LIVER TISSUES OF RATS

. Toluen, causes a great environmental problem because it is widely used in the industry. This study was intended to examine the effect of goldenberry, Physalis peruviana (PP) and flaxseed, Linum usitatissimum (LU) extracts on the malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) fatty acid and lipophilic vitamin content in the kidney and liver tissue of Sprague Dawley male rats which were oxidative stressed by toluene. PP and LU were extracted and subjected to vitamin and flavonoid analyses. The rats were divided into four groups as control (C), toluene (T), toluene + P. peruviana (T + PP), toluene + L. usitatissimum (T + LU). T was injected intraperitoneally at a concentration of 0.3 mL/kg. In addition, PP and LU were also injected intraperitoneally at a concentration of 0.5 mL/kg. The treatment was maintained for two months. The rats were decapitated and tissues were removed. Tissue samples were homogenized using buffer solutions. MDA, GSH, lipophilic vitamin, cholesterol and fatty acid content was determined. MDA and GSH concentration were significantly high and low in all toluene-treated groups, respectively (p<0.001). GSH level increased and the MDA concentration decreased in PP and LU treated groups (p<0.01). The palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:n-9), docosahexaenoic (C22:6n-3) and arachidonic (C20:4n-6) acid concentrations were mainly higher in the kidney and liver tissues collected from the PP and LU treated groups than those collected from the control group. The K1, delta-tocopherol and alfa–tocopherol acetate vitamin concentrations were higher in PP and LU treated groups than those at group treated with the toxin group. The measured concentrations were similar to those measured in the control group. PP and LU decreased the cholesterol concentration in the kidney and liver tissues (p<0.05 and 0.01, respectively). Our results indicate that antioxidant defense systems of toluene groups have decreased. PP and LU possessed a protective feature against the oxidative stress caused by toluen.

Effects of irrigation intervals and irrigation levels on oil content and fatty acid composition of peanut cultivars

Oil content and fatty acid composition are the most significant quality criteria of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), and these parameters is greatly influenced by irrigation and fertilization practices. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation intervals and irrigation levels on oil content and fatty acid composition of peanuts, under sandy soil conditions in two consecutive years, using ‘Halisbey’, ‘NC-7’, and ‘Sultan’ peanut cultivars, commonly grown in Turkey. Irrigation levels were arranged based on total evaporation from Class-A pan, and irrigations were applied through drip lines. Irrigation intervals were set as two and four days, and irrigation levels were set as 50% (I50), 75% (I75), 100% (I100) and 125% (I125) of Class-A pan evaporations. Oil content, unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids), and saturated fatty acids (palmitic, myristic, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric acids) were determined. For oil content, treatments were identified as the most appropriate irrigation for a two-day irrigation interval of all cultivars, I100 for four-day irrigation interval of ‘Halisbey’ and ‘Sultan’ cultivars and I75 for four-day irrigation interval of ‘NC-7’ cultivar. Oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids of peanuts. Cultivars exhibited different variations in these fatty acids based on irrigation intervals and irrigation levels. In general, oleic acid contents decreased, but linoleic and palmitic acid contents increased with increasing irrigation levels. The greatest oleic acid contents were obtained from two and four-day irrigation intervals of I50 treatments in ‘Halisbey’ and ‘NC-7’ cultivars and from two and four-day irrigation intervals of I75 treatments of the second year in ‘Sultan’ cultivar. Present findings revealed that for quality peanut production, both irrigation intervals and irrigation levels should be taken into consideration.

Luteoviruses affected energy reserves and fatty acid composition of their aphid vectors

AbstractLuteoviruses are plant‐infecting RNA viruses that are transmitted by aphids in a persistent circulative mode. Luteoviruses have been shown to positively influence their aphid vectors fitness. To find out the physiological responses of aphid vectors to luteoviruses, fatty acid (FA) composition and energy components (EC) of aphid vectors including pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris), black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scopoli) and bird cherry‐oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) were evaluated in response to Pea enation mosaic virus 1 (PEMV1), Bean leafroll virus (BLRV) and Barley yellow dwarf virus‐PAV (BYDV‐PAV), respectively. Our results showed that the number and the proportion of FA of total lipid are altered in aphid vectors in response to the luteoviruses. Compared to non‐viruliferous (NV) aphids, BLRV and PEMV1 elevated the amount of myristic acid (1.13 and 1.03‐fold increase) in A. fabae and A. pisum, respectively. V R. padi individuals exhibited a 1.11‐fold increase in palmitic acid content compared to the NV individuals. In contrast, other V aphids showed a reduced proportion of FA in response to the viruses. These changes in FA profile enhanced the ratio of saturated to unsaturated FA in V aphids (4.09‐fold increase). BLRV decreased protein and lipid contents in its aphid vector, A. fabae, while carbohydrate content was found to increase in V R. padi and A. pisum. Thus, our results demonstrate that luteoviruses change the content of some FA and EC in their aphid vectors highlighting a specific interaction among virus species, plant host and aphid vector.

Voltammetric determination of palmitic acid by electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide.

Palm oil is one of the most produced and traded vegetable oils in the world recently. The quality of palm oil is very important to be examined and one of the quality indices is free fatty acid (FFA) content. Thus, in this study, an electrochemical technique for the determination of FFA as alternative to conventional method (titration method) has been explored. The electrochemical method was developed based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) deposited onto screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) via drop-casting technique. The modified electrode was characterized by physico-chemical and electrochemical methods, respectively. The voltammetric behaviour of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthaquinone (VK3) in the presence of palmitic acid at the modified electrode was investigated in an acetonitrile/water (3:1) mixture containing 2.5M lithium perchlorate (LiClO4). The electrochemical detection of palmitic acid was based on the voltammetric reduction of VK3 to form corresponding hydroquinone which is proportional to the concentration of palmitic acid. Under optimum condition, the developed method showed a good linear relationship in the concentration ranging from 0.192mM to 0.833mM with the detection limit of 0.079mM. The developed sensor illustrates high sensitivity and rapid detection towards determination of FFA content in palm oil.

Effect of Natural and Chemical Colorant Supplementation on Performance, Egg-Quality Characteristics, Yolk Fatty-Acid Profile, and Blood Constituents in Laying Hens

Natural and chemical colorants are attracting a lot of attention as sustainable feed additives due to their effect on food color and because presentation matters to consumers. Color also is a major sensory factor that helps consumers determine food quality and its possible health benefits. For example, highly colored egg yolks can only come from healthy laying hens fed a well-balanced, nutrient-rich diet. Consumers associate an intense yolk color with healthy, nutrient-rich food. There is a growing market request for eggs with rich yolk coloring. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the impact of natural (paprika) and chemical (carmoisine) colorant supplementation on the performance, egg-quality characteristics, yolk fatty-acid profile, and blood constituents in laying hens. A total of 240 Bovans laying hens were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design in four treatments according to four experimental diets: a control diet (without supplementation of any colorants), a control diet supplemented with 4 kg/ton paprika, a control diet supplemented with 150 g carmoisine/ton, and a control diet supplemented with a combination of 4 kg/ton paprika plus 150 g carmoisine/ton, fed from 42 to 54 weeks of age. Each treatment consisted of 10 replications with six hens. Dietary inclusion of paprika colorant improved (p &lt; 0.05) the feed-conversion ratio and egg-production rate, while final body weight, weight change, feed intake, and egg weight and mass were not affected. The degrees of egg yolk and white were increased (p &lt; 0.05) by the dietary supplements. Yolk color and shell thickness were enhanced (p &lt; 0.05) by adding paprika and/or carmoisine colorants. Supplementation of the paprika colorant alone or in combination with carmoisine increased (p &lt; 0.05) linolenic acid, oleic acid, and vitamin E concentrations in egg yolks. In contrast, egg yolk palmitic acid and liver malondialdehyde contents were decreased (p &lt; 0.05). Paprika and carmoisine colorants and their combination improved (p &lt; 0.05) blood lipid profile in treated hens. We concluded that the dietary supplementation of natural (paprika) colorants has an influential role in improving egg yolk color, production performance, and egg yolk fatty-acid profile in laying hens.

Biopolishing sanitary landfill leachate via cultivation of lipid-rich Scenedesmus microalgae

Sanitary landfill leachate is a toxic effluent with a composition that can vary widely and biological treatment using microalgae represents a promising for bioremediation alternative. In this study, treated sanitary landfill leachate (TSLL) collected after undergoing secondary treatment (biological stabilization pond) was used for the cultivation of Scenedesmus sp. (Chlorophyceae). The TSLL was mixed with tap water to obtain different concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% TSLL) before microalgal cultivation aimed at maximizing the production of biomass and lipids. The best concentration for Scenedesmus sp. growth was 80% TSLL, resulting in biomass and lipid productivities of 420 and 36 mg L−1 d−1, respectively, high concentrations of oleic (C18:1) and palmitic (C16:0) fatty acids, and effective removal of nitrogen (NO3−, ∼69%) and phosphorus (PO3−1, 87%). In addition, Scenedesmus sp. removed metals (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Rb and Zn) from the 80% TSLL through biosorption, suggesting that microalga can be used to remediate wastewater that has high polluting capacity. The ability of Scenedesmus sp. to grow in TSLL with high nitrate and heavy metal contents, allows the simultaneously purification of wastewater and the production of a lipid-rich biomass. The proportion of C16-C18 fatty acids in this biomass makes it suitable for biodiesel production.

Assessment of the genetic diversity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for kernel yield, oil and fodder quantity and quality under drought conditions

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine drought tolerance, kernel (KY) and fodder yield and quality amongst diverse groundnut genotypes for direct production or breeding. Hundred genotypes were evaluated at ICRISAT, India during 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 under drought‐stressed (DS) and nonstressed (NS) conditions. Data were collected on KY; oil content (OC); oil yield (OY); protein content; palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid contents; haulm yield (HY); and fodder quality parameters such as the contents of dry matter, ash, nitrogen (NC), neutral detergent fiber (NDFDM), acid detergent fiber (ADFDM), acid detergent lignin (ADLDM), in vitro digestibility, and metabolizable energy. Data were subjected to parametric and nonparametric statistical analyses. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant (P &lt; .05) genotype differences for all assessed traits. Genotype × water regime interaction effects were significant for KY, OC, ash, NC, NDFDM, and ADLDM. Kernel yield positively and significantly (P &lt; .05) correlated with OY (r = .99), LAC (r = .13), ash (r = .32), and NDFDM (r = .54) under DS condition. Haulm yield was positively and significantly (P &lt; .05) correlated with OC (r = .24), NDFDM (r = .19), ADFDM (r = .18), and ADLDM (r = .17) under DS condition. The study identified four genotypes with high kernel and haulm yields, and six genotypes with high oleic acid content. Further, 10 genotypes were selected with relatively better drought tolerance. The selected genotypes are recommended for further breeding and variety release adapted to drought conditions.

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knockout of GmFATB1 Significantly Reduced the Amount of Saturated Fatty Acids in Soybean Seeds.

Soybean (Glycine max) oil is one of the most widely used vegetable oils across the world. Breeding of soybean to reduce the saturated fatty acid (FA) content, which is linked to cardiovascular disease, would be of great significance for nutritional improvement. Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases (FATs) can release free FAs and acyl-ACP, which ultimately affects the FA profile. In this study, we identified a pair of soybean FATB coding genes, GmFATB1a and GmFATB1b. Mutants that knock out either or both of the GmFATB1 genes were obtained via CRISPR/Cas9. Single mutants, fatb1a and fatb1b, showed a decrease in leaf palmitic and stearic acid contents, ranging from 11% to 21%. The double mutant, fatb1a:1b, had a 42% and 35% decrease in palmitic and stearic acid content, displayed growth defects, and were male sterility. Analysis of the seed oil profile revealed that fatb1a and fatb1b had significant lower palmitic and stearic acid contents, 39–53% and 17–37%, respectively, while that of the unsaturated FAs were the same. The relative content of the beneficial FA, linoleic acid, was increased by 1.3–3.6%. The oil profile changes in these mutants were confirmed for four generations. Overall, our data illustrate that GmFATB1 knockout mutants have great potential in improving the soybean oil quality for human health.

Avocado Consumption Alters Gastrointestinal Bacteria Abundance and Microbial Metabolite Concentrations among Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ABSTRACTBackgroundAvocados are rich in dietary fiber and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), nutrients that have been independently connected to metabolic health benefits and the gastrointestinal microbiota.ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate the impact of avocado consumption on the gastrointestinal microbiota and microbial metabolites, secondary outcomes of the Persea americana for Total Health (PATH) study, and conduct exploratory analyses to assess relations between the fecal microbiota, fecal metabolites, and health markers.MethodsAdults [n = 163, 25–45 y, BMI (kg/m2) ≥ 25.0] were enrolled in the PATH study, a 12-wk investigator-blinded trial where participants were batch randomized to match the 2 groups by age, sex, visceral adiposity, and fasting glucose concentrations. Participants consumed isocaloric meals with or without avocado (175 g, men; 140 g, women) once daily for 12 wk. The fecal microbiota was assessed with 16S ribosomal RNA gene (V4 region) sequencing and analysis using DADA2 and QIIME2. Fecal fatty acid and bile acid concentrations were quantified using GC and LC-MS. Per-protocol (≥80% meal consumption) and intent-to-treat analyses were conducted using univariate ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U tests. Bivariate correlations were conducted between fecal microbiota, fecal metabolites, and health measures.ResultsThe avocado treatment increased ɑ diversity and enriched Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, and Alistipes between 26% and 65% compared with the control group. The avocado group had 18% greater fecal acetate, 70% greater stearic acid, and 98% greater palmitic acid concentrations than the control group, while the concentrations of the bile acids cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid were 91% and 57% lower, respectively.ConclusionsDaily avocado consumption resulted in lower fecal bile acid concentrations, greater fecal fatty acid and SCFAs, and greater relative abundances of bacteria capable of fiber fermentation, providing evidence that this nutrient-dense food affects digestive physiology, as well as the composition and metabolic functions of the intestinal microbiota. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02740439.