Palmitic Acid Content Research Articles

Foliar spray of salicylic acid induces physiological and biochemical changes in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) under drought stress

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a plant with a long history in cooking and folk medicine that has been distributed worldwide. In the present study, purslane was used as a model plant to investigate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on plant tolerance to drought stress. The effects of SA foliar spray (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) on physiological and biochemical responses of purslane seedlings under drought stress (90, 60 and 30% field capacity) were investigated. The results showed that drought stress decreased the contents of photosynthetic pigments, parameters of gas exchanges, proline, soluble sugars, total phenolic, flavonoids, growth, and biomass production. However, SA improved photosynthetic pigments, gas exchanges, compatible solutes and secondary metabolites and thereby increased purslane growth and biomass production. Drought stress also induced oxidative stress (H2O2 and MDA) in purslane seedlings; however, SA reduced the drought-induced oxidative stress by regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Drought stress increased the content of palmitic and arachidonic acid and decreased unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid), stearic and behenic acid in the leaves of purslane. However, SA improved the fatty acids content under drought stress. These results indicate that foliar application of SA improved the adaptation and tolerance of the purslane plant to drought stress by improving gas exchange, increasing the accumulation of secondary metabolites and compatible solutes, improving the antioxidant defence system and regulating the fatty acids profile of membrane lipid.

Palmitic acid reduces the autophagic flux in hypothalamic neurons by impairing autophagosome-lysosome fusion and endolysosomal dynamics

ABSTRACT High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is associated with increased cancer risk. Long-term feeding with HFD increases the concentration of the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (PA) in the hypothalamus. We previously showed that, in hypothalamic neuronal cells, exposure to PA inhibits the autophagic flux, which is the whole autophagic process from the synthesis of the autophagosomes, up to their lysosomal fusion and degradation. However, the mechanism by which PA impairs autophagy in hypothalamic neurons remains unknown. Here, we show that PA-mediated reduction of the autophagic flux is not caused by lysosomal dysfunction, as PA treatment does not impair lysosomal pH or the activity of cathepsin B.Instead, PA dysregulates autophagy by reducing autophagosome-lysosome fusion, which correlates with the swelling of endolysosomal compartments that show areduction in their dynamics. Finally, because lysosomes undergo constant dynamic regulation by the small Rab7 GTPase, we investigated the effect of PA treatment on its activity. Interestingly, we found PA treatment altered the activity of Rab7. Altogether, these results unveil the cellular process by which PA exposure impairs the autophagic flux. As impaired autophagy in hypothalamic neurons promotes obesity, and balanced autophagy is required to inhibit malignant transformation, this could affect tumor initiation, progression, and/or response to therapy of obesity-related cancers.

Physico‐chemical and bioactive properties, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, mineral contents, and sensory properties of cookies enriched with carob flour

Antioxidant activity values of cookie samples were determined between 2.32% (0.0% (carob) and 76.75% (50% carob), while total phenolic contents of cookies vary between 36.59 (0.0% carob) and 123.61 mgGAE/100 g (100% carob). The brightness (L*) of the cookies with carob flour decreased. While palmitic acid contents of cookie samples change between 32.58 (50% carob) and 35.86% (100% carob), oleic acid contents of cookies were determined between 28.84 (50% carob) and 29.59% (60% carob). Gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid,(+)- catechin, and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene were the most common phenolic components in the cookie samples. 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene contents of cookie samples varied between 10.69 (control) and 32.27 mg/100 g (50% carob).While Ca contents of cookie samples change between 1,189.10 (control) and 3,286.82 mg/kg (100% carob), K contents of cookies were determined between 554.65 (control) and 7,402.83 mg/kg (100% carob). Taste, crispness, color, and fragrance values of cookies were partially decreased with the increase in the carob flour concentration. Practical applications Carob is a plant product used for sweetening purposes in the past and healing many diseases. Carob is one of the oldest and most useful plant species known on earth. Carob flour prevents crispness in pastry and muffins and prevents staling. In addition, carob flour can be used in various products, especially cocoa, because it contains natural sugar content, cholesterol-free, and is cheap. The products obtained from carob and carob are very useful in terms of health and are used in the treatment of various disorders. The fried pieces produced from carob fruit in recent years, especially in the common bakery products, confectionery products, and chocolate, are used instead of low-calorie confectionery products.

Chemical Properties, Qualitative Parameters and Antioxidant Activity of Virgin Oil Obtained from Olea europaea Linn cultivar Zard Cultivated in Three Different Regions of Iran (Roudbar, Shiraz and Dezful)

Background: Zard variety is a popular olive variety widely cultivated in different regions of Iran. Despite the extensive cultivation of this olive cultivar, little research has been carried out on its various properties. Thus, chemical properties, qualitative parameters and antioxidant activity of Olea europaea Linn cultivar Zard oil cultivated in three different regions including Roudbar, Shiraz and Dezful could be an interesting topic for research. Methods: After oil extraction of different olive samples, their different characteristics were compared. For this purpose, fatty acid composition, unsaponifiable matters, antioxidant compounds, qualitative parameters (acid value, peroxide value, carbonyl value, total polar compounds) Antioxidant activity assay (DPPH radical-scavenging assay and ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP)) and oxidative stability index were measured. Results: Palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid contents in Zard variety cultivated in Roudbar (ZR), Zard variety cultivated in Shiraz (ZS) and Zard variety cultivated in Dezful (ZD) oils were 13.1, 15.2, 13.2; 72, 60.4, 68.8; 9.1, 17 and 12.2; respectively. The highest phenolic and tocopherol content was observed in ZD oil (90.4, and 160.2 mg/kg), followed by ZR (73.3, and 121.2 mg/kg) and ZS (52.2 and 67.5 mg/kg) oils. Evaluation of qualitative parameters in the oils revealed that they have suitable quality. Antioxidant activity assay indicated that ZD oil had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by ZR and ZS oils. Conclusion: Results of this investigation indicated that there was a direct relation between antioxidant activity and antioxidant content. Also, climatic difference in cultivation regions was a reason of significant difference in the properties of ZR, ZS and ZD oils.

Ovariectomy modifies lipid metabolism of retroperitoneal white fat in rats: a proteomic approach.

Menopause is often accompanied by visceral obesity. With the aim of exploring the consequences of ovarian failure on visceral fat, we evaluated the effects of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement on the proteome/phosphoproteome and on the fatty acid profile of the retroperitoneal adipose depot (RAT) of rats. Eighteen 3-mo-old female Wistar rats were either ovariectomized or sham operated and fed with standard chow for 3 mo. A subgroup of ovariectomized rats received estradiol replacement. RAT samples were analyzed with data-independent acquisitions LC-MS/MS, and pathway analysis was performed with the differentially expressed/phosphorylated proteins. RAT lipid profile was analyzed by gas chromatography. Ovariectomy induced high adiposity and insulin resistance and promoted alterations in protein expression and phosphorylation. Pathway analysis showed that five pathways were significantly affected by ovariectomy, namely, metabolism of lipids (including fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation), fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis, innate immune system (including neutrophil degranulation), metabolism of vitamins and cofactors, and integration of energy metabolism (including ChREBP activates metabolic gene expression). Lipid profile analysis showed increased palmitic and palmitoleic acid content. The analysis of the data indicated that ovariectomy favored lipogenesis whereas it impaired fatty acid oxidation and induced a proinflammatory state in the visceral adipose tissue. These effects are consistent with the findings of high adiposity, hyperleptinemia, and impaired insulin sensitivity. The observed alterations were partially attenuated by estradiol replacement. The data point to a role of disrupted lipid metabolism in adipose tissue in the genesis of obesity after menopause.

Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria as a potential resource for efficient biodiesel production

The incessant utilization of non-renewable energy sources persistently pollutes the earth's atmosphere and thus requires the immediate substitution by renewable energy sources such as biofuel. In this study, several nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are screened for biodiesel production on the basis of biomass productivity, lipid productivity, lipid profiling, and harvesting potential. The assessment performed led to the identification of Nostoc sp. MCC41, a nitrogen ficxing cyanobacteria as promising species (0.39 day−1 specific growth rate, biomass productivity of 540 mg L−1 day−1, lipid productivity of 84 mg L−1 day−1 and 15.7% lipid content). A simple filtration experiment shows that almost 81% of the biomass of Nostoc sp. MCC41 is harvested without flocculation aid, while only 23–45% of the green algae (control) could be filtered. Based on the results, further optimization of Nostoc sp. MCC41 is carried out. The optimum light intensity to attain the highest lipid productivity is found to be 54 μmol photon m−2 s−1. Continuous illumination rather than other photoperiods is superior in terms of lipid productivity. Moreover, Nostoc sp. MCC41 could grow under mixotrophic conditions revealing the potential towards an organic carbon-rich wastewater treatment. At 0.5% glucose, the Nostoc sp. MCC41 exhibited nearly five-fold increase in biomass productivity when compared to the phototrophic conditions. Lipid profiling uncovered that Nostoc sp. MCC41 has a high concentration of palmitic acid, indicating its suitability for biodiesel. Given its easy mode of harvesting, ability to grow under mixotrophic condition, and ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, Nostoc sp. MCC41 can be considered as a potential and eco-friendly resource for efficient biodiesel production.

Oleic Acid Counters Impaired Blastocyst Development Induced by Palmitic Acid During Mouse Preimplantation Development: Understanding Obesity-Related Declines in Fertility

Obesity is associated with altered fatty acid profiles, reduced fertility, and assisted reproductive technology (ART) success. The effects of palmitic acid (PA), oleic acid (OA), and their combination on mouse preimplantation development, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway gene expression, lipid droplet formation, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were characterized. Two-cell stage mouse embryos collected from superovulated and mated CD1 females were placed into culture with KSOMaa medium, or PA alone or in combination with OA for 46 h. PA significantly reduced blastocyst development in a concentration-dependent manner, which was prevented by co-treatment with OA. PA and OA levels in mouse reproductive tracts were assessed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). LC-MS indicated higher concentrations of PA in the mouse oviduct than the uterus. Transcript analysis revealed that PA alone groups had increased ER stress pathway (ATF3, CHOP, and XBP1 splicing) mRNAs, which was alleviated by OA co-treatment. OA co-treatment significantly increased lipid droplet accumulation and significantly decreased mitochondrial ROS from PA treatment alone. PA treatment for only 24 h significantly reduced its impact on blastocyst development from the 2-cell stage. Thus, PA affects ER stress pathway gene expression, lipid droplet accumulation, and mitochondrial ROS in treated preimplantation embryos. These mechanisms may serve to offset free fatty acid exposure effects on preimplantation development, but their protective ability may be overwhelmed by elevated PA.

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of extracted oil from Camelina sativa seed treated by dielectric‐barrier discharge cold plasma

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effects of dielectric‐barrier discharge (DBD) cold plasma (CP) pretreatment on Camelina sativa “Soheil cultivar” seed. A DBD plasma reactor system was employed for this purpose. The experiments were performed by taking into account variables including voltages of 15, 18, and 21 kV and times of 2, 4, 8, and 16 min. The measured properties were oil yield extraction (%), oil colour parameters (CIEL*a*b*), protein content (meal) (%), surface analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and fatty acids profile of Camelina sativa. The results revealed that the CP treatment had a significant improvement in different properties of the extracted oil. It was observed that the extracted oil was increased, with the increasing time of CP exposure. The treatments of CP enhanced the oil yield from 24.3 to 31.5%, and the optimal conditions were identified as 21 kV and 16 min. Also, the maximum protein amount was observed for the samples treated by CP (39.5%). The SEM analysis showed that the cell structures of pre‐treated Camelina samples were damaged, thereby improved the oil extraction efficiency. The variations in the values of L*, a*, and b* (max‐min) were calculated to be 3.9, −2.5, and 9.7, respectively, which indicated minor changes of CP treatment on the oil colour parameters. The treated samples showed considerable changes of enhancement in linolenic and linoleic acids among poly‐unsaturated fatty acids; and a reduction in palmitic acid content, among saturated fatty acids.

Reliability of Peanut Oil Authenticity Identification Based on Fatty Acids and Establishment of Adulteration Analysis Model

In order to establish a highly reliable, fast and effective method for identification of adulterated peanut oil, this paper studies authenticity identification based on fatty acids. A comparison of the credibility using three different methods was conducted, namely the method of GB/T 1534 Peanut Oil, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares analysis (PLS). Firstly, 120 samples were prepared by mixing peanut oil with corn oil, soybean oil or palm oil in different proportions. Afterwards, adulteration models were developed respectively using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares analysis (PLS). The results show that according to the quality standard, the adulteration could be identified only when there was more than 50% soybean oil, 45% corn oil or 15% palm oil; the reliability was low. Both PCA and PLS models were more credible than the quality standards; furthermore, PLS model was more effective than PCA model, it could not only identify the adulteration by 100% when palm oil, soybean oil or corn oil was solely mixed, but also distinguish well the type of oil adulterated. The results also indicate that when peanut oil adulterated with palm oil, the content of palmitic acid and myristic acid had highly positive correlation; when that mixed with soybean oil, the content of linoleic acid and linolenic acid were highly positively correlated; when that mixed with corn oil, the content of heptachenoic acid was positively correlated, but negatively correlated with the content of behenic acid, arachidonic acid and arachidonic acid.

2055-P: S100A8 Suppresses ß-Cell Proliferation in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8), a member of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), reportedly contribute to the islet inflammation by mediating interaction between β-cells and macrophages (J Biol Chem., 2018). However, the role of S100A8 in the regulation of β-cell function and mass remain unclear. To clarify the role of S100A8 in β-cell functionality, we generated β-cell-specific S100A8 knockout mice (KO) by crossing S100A8-floxed mice (control) and Ins1-cre mice. In the presence of high glucose (200 mg/dL) and palmitic acid, the expression of S100A8 in KO islets significantly reduced (0.025-fold, p<0.05) compared to control islets. Islets and peritoneal macrophage (Mφ) were isolated from control and KO, and cultured under the conditions of glucose concentration, presence or absence of palmitic acid, single culture or co-culture. When control Mφ co-cultured with KO islets in the presence of high glucose and palmitic acid, the expression of TNFα, IL-6, or CCL2 in Mφ was significantly reduced (0.17-fold, p<0.05; 0.69-fold, p<0.05; 0.22-fold, p<0.05) compared to that when co-cultured with control islets. KO fed normal chow showed comparable body weight, insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance with control. In contrast, high-fat diet-fed KO demonstrated improved glucose tolerance, increased β-cell mass (2.65-fold, p<0.05), and enhanced β-cell proliferation (1.91-fold, p<0.05) compared to control. Thus, β-cell-derived S100A8 mediates the islet inflammation induced by glucolipotoxicity through the interaction with infiltrated Mφ. Furthermore, S100A8 seemed to negatively regulate β cell proliferation in diet-induced obese mice, and could be a novel therapeutic target to reverse β-cell loss in subjects with diabetes. Disclosure D. Miyashita: None. J. Shirakawa: None. Y. Togashi: None. T. Okuyama: None. M. Kyohara: None. Y. Terauchi: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi. Consultant; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc. Research Support; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novo Nordisk A/S, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc., AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Kowa Company, Ltd., Medscape, Medtronic, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novo Nordisk A/S, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sanofi, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Terumo Medical Corporation.

사육밀도에 따른 토종오리 고기의 육질 특성

This study was conducted to compare and analyze meat quality of Korean native duck (KND) meat relative to stocking density. The stocking densities under investigation were 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 birds/m². The experiment comprised six treatments and four replications, wherein the breast meat (pH, meat color, and physicochemical properties) and leg meat (fatty acid contents) of 8-week-old KNDs (2.8±0.2 kg) were used. pH of breast meat decreased linearly and quadratically (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) as stocking density increased. Ash content also decreased linearly (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) as stocking density increased; however, moisture, fat, and protein contents did not differ significantly among treatments. Furthermore, meat color and cooking loss (CL) increased linearly (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) as stocking density increased whereas neither shear force (SF) nor water holding capacity (WHC) displayed a significant difference among treatments. Palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) contents decreased quadratically (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) as stocking density increased whereas, conversely, linoleic acid (C18:1n9) and eicosenoic acid (C20:1n9) contents increased linearly (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) as stocking density increased. Additionally, γ-linoleic acid (C18:3n6) content increased linearly and quadratically (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) as stocking density increased, but a decrease (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) was observed in arachidonic acid (C20:4n6) content. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) and total unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA) contents did not show significant differences among treatments relative to stocking density. However, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content increased linearly (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content decreased linearly (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) as stocking density increased. These results can be utilized as basic data for research on the effect of stocking density on KNDs.

Separation of microbial oil produced by Mortierella isabellina using polymeric membranes.

The objective of this work was to concentrate, through a membrane separation process, the fatty acids from oil/solvent mixture. The oil was obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction from freeze-dried cells of Mortierella isabellina. The concentration of the fatty acids was investigated using flat-sheet polymer membranes of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. The effects of temperature and pressure were evaluated by the retention of the fatty acids. Oil retentions between 45.23 and 58.20% to ultrafiltration membrane and 43.50 and 56.00% to nanofiltration membrane were observed. The best condition for the ultrafiltration membrane was 4bar and 40°C and for nanofiltration membrane was 12bar and 50°C. The oil contains a high concentration of oleic acid and palmitic acid that is a desirable property for the biodiesel production. The results showed the applicability of this technology in the solvent recovery step whereas the oil recovered contains a high concentration of fatty acids.

The Fatty Acids Composition of Human Milk in Different Lactation Stages of Chinese Population

Abstract Objectives To investigate the fatty acids composition in different lactation stages of human milk in China. Methods A large cross-sectional study was conducted and lactating women (n = 6481) within 0–330 days postpartum were recruited in China between 2011 and 2013. Human milk sub-samples (n = 1135) were randomly selected for fatty acids analysis in the original study. The sample size of colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk were 160, 177, 798 respectively. Fats were hydrolyzed and fatty acids methyl esters were analyzed using gas chromatography. Results The content of oleic acid, the highest level fatty acid in human milk, was 36.63%, 34.53% and 35.12% of total fatty acids in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk, respectively in China. The content of palmitic acid was about 23.69%, 21.90% and 20.82% in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk, respectively. Saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids accounted for 36.99%, 39.14% and 23.49% of total fatty acids of mature milk, respectively. The content of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid was 20.47% and 0.54% in mature milk, respectively. The content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexenic acid (DHA) was 0.06% and 0.28% in mature milk, respectively. In addition to lactation stage, the fatty acids content differed significantly among various regions, nationalities, or mode of delivery. (i.e., Regions (city vs rural): oleic acid: 33.8% vs 36.4%; linoleic acid: 22.88% vs 17.21%; arachidonic acid:0.64%vs 0.59%; DHA: 0.42% vs 0.26%; EPA: 0.09% vs 0.04%. Nationality (Han vs Minority): oleic acid: 34.40% vs 36.59%; linoleic acid: 21.69% vs 16.54%; arachidonic acid:0.64%vs 0.57%; DHA: 0.38% vs 0.24%; EPA: 0.08% vs 0.04%.). Conclusions Oleic acid is the most abundant fatty acids in human milk of China. In addition to lactation stage, the fatty acid concentrations vary among different regions and nationalities in China. Funding Sources This study was supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation (S160002), the National Key R&amp;D Program of China (2017YFD0400601) and the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (2010AA023004).

Combination of spectra and texture data of hyperspectral imaging for prediction and visualization of palmitic acid and oleic acid contents in lamb meat

The feasibility of combining spectral and textural information from hyperspectral imaging to improve the prediction of the C16:0 and C18:1 n9 contents for lamb was explored. 29 and 22 optimal wavelengths were selected for the C16:0 and C18:1 n9 contents, respectively, by conducting the variable combination population analysis–iteratively retaining informative variables (VCPA-IRIV) algorithm. To extract the textural features of images, a gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) analysis was implemented in the first principal component image. The least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) model and the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model were developed to predict the C16:0 and C18:1 n9 contents from the spectra and the fusion data. The distribution map was visualized using the best model with the imaging process. The results showed that the combination of the spectral and textural information of hyperspectral imaging coupled with the VCPA-IRIV algorithm had strong potential for the prediction and visualization of the C16:0 and C18:1 n9 contents of lamb.

Prokineticin 2 (PK2) Rescues Cardiomyocytes from High Glucose/High Palmitic Acid-Induced Damage by Regulating the AKT/GSK3β Pathway In Vitro.

Prokineticin 2 (PK2) is a small 8 kDa protein that participates in many physiological processes, such as angiogenesis, inflammation, and neurogenesis. This experiment investigated the effect of PK2 on high glucose/high palmitic acid-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in cardiomyocytes and the AKT/GSK3β signalling pathway. H9c2 cells were exposed to normal and high concentrations (33 mM) of glucose and palmitic acid (150 μM) with or without PK2 (10 nM) for 48 h. Reactive oxygen species were detected using the fluorescent probes DCFH-DA and DHE. Changes in apoptosis were assessed using flow cytometry, and autophagosomes were detected using Ad-GFP-LC3. Apoptotic proteins, such as Cleaved Caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2; autophagy proteins, including Beclin-1 and LC3B; and PK2/PKR/AKT/GSK3β signals were evaluated using western blotting. Cardiomyocytes exposed to high glucose/high palmitic acid exhibited increases in intracellular ROS, apoptosis, and autophagosomes, and these increases were robustly prevented by PK2. In addition, high glucose/high palmitic acid remarkably suppressed PK2, PKR1, and PKR2 expression and p-AKT/AKT and p-GSK3β/GSK3β ratios, and these effects were significantly prevented by PK2. Moreover, an AKT1/2 kinase inhibitor (AKT inhibitor, 10 μM) blocked the effects of PK2 on the changes in cardiomyocyte exposure to high glucose/high palmitic acid. These results suggest that PK2 attenuates high glucose/high palmitic acid-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and autophagosome accumulation and that this protective effect is most likely mediated by the AKT-related signalling pathway.

A comparative study of seed yield and oil composition of four cultivars of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) grown from three regions in northern Iran

Cannabis sativa L, commonly known as Hemp, shows numerous health and economic benefits with commercial applications such as in seed production, fiber, oil, and pharmaceutical uses. Hemp oil has been widely acknowledged to have a panoply of health benefits, such as cholesterol lowering properties and decreasing high blood pressure, owing to the presence of two essential fatty acids (linoleic acid and α-linolenic). Given the economic and industrial importance of hemp, the present study was designed in an endeavor to select and compare the best cultivar and region to increase both quantity and quality of hemp oil from Iran. Seeds of two native populations from Iran (Fars and Yazd provinces) and one foreign variety from France (Fedora17, as an industrial hemp cultivar) with its progenies (Fedora17-2) were cultivated in research fields of three locations (Gilan, Golestan, and Alborz province) in Iran. The mature seeds of cultivated plants were collected and their oils were extracted by Soxhlet apparatus and analyzed by Gas Chromatograph. The seed yield was 288.70 to 3182.60 kg ha-1 and oil yield were 0.08 to 0.95 t ha-1 in the studied sites. Also, the range of 1000- seed weight was 5.20 to 15.28 g. The oil content of different varieties varied from 15.46 to 36.63%. Based on the results, the highest seed yield, 1000-seed weight, and oil yield belonged to native populations. It was also determined that Alborz was significantly higher in terms of oil production, 1000-seed weight, and seed and oil yield per hectare compared with the other two regions. The most abundant fatty acid in the samples was linoleic acid, (56.80 to 63.98%), and almost identical in all cultivars and areas studied. The range of linoleic acid and α-linolenic in three regions were 57.55 to 63.98% and 7.57 to 22.91%, respectively. In addition, the palmitic acid content of foreign varieties was higher than that of the native populations in all three locations. Since the interfaces in the production and synthesis of fatty acids in plants are influenced by variation in temperature, light and moisture amount and farming conditions so the percentage and kind of fatty acids in hemp oil can be varied in different regions.

Effect of altitude of coffee plants on the composition of fatty acids of green coffee beans

BackgroundThe fatty acids of green coffee beans are one of the major components that determine the quality of coffee. Fatty acids composition of green coffee beans is affected by soil composition and altitude of coffee plants. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of altitude of the coffee plants on the composition of fatty acids in green coffee beans.MethodsFatty acids contents of 40 green coffee beans samples collected from the coffee plants grown at different altitudes (group 1: 1500–1700, group 2: 1701–1900 and group 3: > 1900 m.a.s.l.) in Ethiopia were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Chemometric data analyses were performed to determine the effects of altitude on the fatty acid composition of the green coffee beans.ResultsThe green coffee beans contained main saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid with an average value of 55.5 mg/g and unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid with an average value of 51.6 mg/g. The other major constituents of fatty acids present in green coffee beans were stearic and oleic acids with the value of 12.3 mg/g and 8.92 mg/g, respectively. Palmitic acid content in lowland green coffee beans is significantly different than in the other two regions. On the other hand, stearic and oleic acids contents in the green coffee beans did not show a significant difference between the three topographical regions. While linoleic acid content in the green coffee beans showed significant difference between group 1 and 3 but did not show significant differences between group 1 and 2 and between group 2 and 3. The four major fatty acids, palmitic (R = − 0.574), linoleic (R = − 0.506), stearic (R = − 0.43) and oleic acids (R = − 0.291) in green coffee beans showed a moderate negative correlation with the altitude of coffee plants.ConclusionThe fatty acids contents decreases with increasing altitude of the coffee plants and hence affects the quality of coffee. The fatty acid composition of green coffee beans can also be used to determine the topographical origin of coffee plants.

Effect of alginate coating enriched with Shirazi thyme essential oil on quality of the fresh pistachio (Pistacia vera L.).

In this study, different concentrations of alginate (0%, 1% and 1.5% w/v) enriched with various concentrations of Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss) essential oil (0%, 0.3% and 0.5% w/v), were examined on postharvest characteristics of the fresh pistachio. The measurements (including total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, free fatty acid, peroxide value, aerobic mesophilic bacteria, mold and yeast, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) were performed after 0, 13, 26 and 39days during storage (3 ± 1°C, 80 ± 5% RH). The results showed that alginate edible coating enriched with thyme's essential oil (EO), contributed to the maintenance of higher values of phenolic content and antioxidant activity in comparison with the control. Edible coating treatment of enriched alginate with thyme oil reduced mold and yeast growth compared to the control and the alginate without thyme oil. Peroxide value and free fatty acid content were significantly lower in fruits treated with alginate-thyme in comparison with the control. All fruits which had been treated with alginate-thyme EO showed lower changes in saturated and unsaturated fatty acids after 39days of storage, and fruits coated with combination of 1% alginate and 0.3% EO showed the highest content of palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, compared with other treatments.

The integration of image processing and artificial neural network to estimate four fatty acid contents of sesame oil

Sesame produces prominent oil whose high-quality emanates from its satisfying combination of fatty acids and antioxidants. Oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids are the four main fatty acids of sesame oil that are presently measured in laboratories using time-consuming and expensive methods that mainly destruct genetic seeds. The aim of this study is to estimate the qualitative traits of oil in sesame seeds from their digital image using image processing techniques. To this end, some seed features including color, length/width ratio, and texture were derived and homogenized from the sesame images. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network was employed to estimate fatty acid contents of 125 different sesame genotypes based on the seed image data. Then, the efficiency of the MLP model was compared against several other modeling techniques. The results showed that the MLP model provided an optimal estimation of all four fatty acids as compared to the other models. In testing, the MLP model phase could estimate linoleic, oleic, stearic and palmitic acids content in sesame oil accurately with a root-mean-square-error of 0.972, 0.619, 0.714 and 0.313 percent and a determination coefficient of 0.938, 0.982, 0.907 and 0.932, respectively.

Deacidification of Palm Oil Using Betaine Monohydrate-Carboxylic Acid Deep Eutectic Solvents: Combined Extraction and Simple Solvent Recovery

Steam stripping is commonly used to remove free fatty acids from crude palm oil. An alternative deacidification method, solvent extraction performed at a much lower temperature, would preserve the natural antioxidants in the refined palm oil. In this work, palmitic acid was extracted using betaine monohydrate-propionic acid and betaine monohydrate-acetic acid deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The effect of temperature (40 °C to 80 °C), mass ratio of palm oil to solvent (2:1 to 1:2), and palmitic acid content in the palm oil feed (2% to 8% mass) on the distribution coefficient values of palmitic acid (0.44–0.93) was investigated. For the first time, a facile recovery of DESs could be accomplished by a cooling process where up to 98% of the palmitic acid separates as solid. A solvent extraction process for palm oil deacidification, employing a DES with a distribution coefficient value much higher than unity, will provide advantages over the steam stripping process.