Palm Oil Fuel Ash Research Articles

The Effect of Palm Oil Fuel Ash as Cement Additive on High-Strength Concrete

Palm oil production is one of the essential economies of Malaysia. Unfortunately, the by-product of this industry, a massive volume of palm oil fuel ash (POFA), may negatively impact the environment and human health. Hence, this study hypothesized that to reduce environmental or health hazards of the POFA, it could be reused as an additive or replacement in concrete. However, the idea of using the POFA has been chiefly applied to standard-concrete grades, but the use of high-strength concrete in structures is increasing worldwide, including in Malaysia. Hence this paper presents the experiment of the effect of POFA as an additive ranging between 0% and 15% to produce high-strength concrete with good workability. The tests conducted were the compression and slump tests. The specimen used in the compression tests were 100 mm concrete cubes tested in 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. It was found that the inclusion of 5% POFA as addictive to cement in concrete produced the highest compressive strength, 84.12 MPa, on the 28th day of testing. It was also found that its workability was as good as the control concrete. Thus, the utilization of POFA could be considered an environmental-friendly cement additive to be used as supplemental cementitious material to produce workable high-strength concrete.

Enhancement of Mortar Performance by Utilising POFA and GFRP as a Partially Replacement of Sand and Cement

Malaysia’s rapid growth has caused many industries to expand rapidly, particularly in the construction industry due to the need for more homes, buildings and infrastructures. Thus, it will lead to high demand in concrete and mortar. Consequently, the use of sand and cement rises because both are the major components in the production of concrete and mortar. High usage of natural materials will threaten and create a worrying situation in which the sand crisis will worsen and carbon dioxide emissions that comes from the production of cement will increase. Hence, the goal of this study is to minimize the use of sand and cement by introducing wastes such as Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and waste from Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) as a replacement in mortar. Both types of waste are an unwanted substance that is usually disposed in an open area that led to concerns of environmental problem. The incorporation of POFA and waste from GFRP as a partially sand and cement replacement will contribute to lowering the cost of production through sustainable materials because natural resources can be saved, environmental pollution reduced, and more lightweight production can be produced. This paper presents the effect of POFA and GFRP in mortar as a replacement ranging between 0% and 10% to study the effects towards compressive strength at 3, 7 and 28 days. It was found that POFA and GFRP in mortar as a replacement of sand and cement showed high strength compared to control specimen, respectively. Besides, microstructural analysis will be analysed on the waste materials. Thus, this research will aid in reducing the use of non-renewable resources and can be used as one of the innovations in engineering design.

Modeling and Optimizing the Effect of Palm Oil Fuel Ash on the Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composite

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are strongly advised as an alternative to cement to reduce its adverse environmental effects. One such SCMs is palm oil fuel ash (POFA), a waste material generated in large quantities in Southeast Asian countries, and there is insufficient data on its use in engineered cementitious composite (ECC). This study aims to optimize the properties of ECC using POFA as a cement replacement, by using 13 mixes developed by response surface methodology (RSM) with the POFA (at 20, 30, and 40% cement replacement levels) and PVA fiber (at 1, 1.5, and 2% volume fractions) as the input factors. The compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths, and tensile capacity (CS, TS, FS, and TC) were assessed. The microstructural properties were determined using Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP). Results indicated that while the ductility and strain capacity increased with POFA, the strengths decreased by up to 51.5%. However, a structural POFA-ECC could be made with up to 30% POFA and 1–5% PVA fiber. The RSM optimization revealed 27.68% POFA and 2% PVA fiber as the optimal levels of the input factors, with the experimental validation correlating with the predicted values at less than 10% error.

Utilization of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as an Admixture for the Synthesis of a Gold Mine Tailings-Based Geopolymer Composite

The repurposing of gold (Au) mine tailings from artisanal and small-scale mining (ASGM) operations via alkali activation technology is a promising strategy for waste reduction in developing countries. Direct activation of mine tailings, however, is challenging because these materials contain relatively low aluminum (Al)-bearing minerals. In this study, palm oil fuel ash (POFA) was elucidated as a high Al-bearing waste derived-admixture for the synthesis of an ASGM tailings-based geopolymer composite. Semi-quantitative XRD analysis showed that the tailings contained quartz (SiO2) (~58%), pyrite (FeS2) (~20%) and calcite (CaCO3) (~15%) with minor to trace amounts of aluminosilicates (~7%). Substantial amounts of environmentally regulated pollutants such as mercury (Hg) (40 mg/kg), lead (Pb) (8430 mg/kg) and arsenic (As) (300 mg/kg) were also found in the tailings. SEM-EDS, XRD and ATR-FTIR results showed the successful formation of a hybrid geopolymer-CASH matrix, which improved the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of geopolymer composites from ~5 MPa to ~7 MPa. Furthermore, POFA did not significantly affect the thermal resistivity of geopolymer composites based on thermal analysis. Finally, the TCLP results showed that the Pb leaching concentrations from ASGM tailings exceeded environmental standards (~15,000 µg/L), which was suppressed after alkali activation to 300–500 µg/L. This means that POFA addition to ASGM tailings-based geopolymer composite improved not only its applicability as backfill, pavements and bricks but also its ability to immobilize toxic elements.

The Impact of Density and Porosity on Thermal Properties of Kernelrazzo Concrete Floor Finish

Understanding the impact of density and porosity on the thermal characteristics of kernelrazzo concrete floor finish was the study's main goal. Kernelrazzo is a combination of palm kernel shell, marble chippings in place of terrazzo, quarry dust, cement, palm oil fuel ash and water. In this study, it was determined which factors normally have the biggest influence on the thermal development of kernelrazzo concrete by conducting a scan of the literature and specifications. In this study, experiments in the laboratory were carried out at USM's HBP Concrete Lab. The components were mechanically combined in a concrete mixer with the calculated water using the Department of Environment (DoE) method. Concrete mix design for M20 grade is included in the scope of laboratory investigations. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), palm oil fuel ash (POFA) was used as an added pozzolana element, and quarry dust, aggregates made from palm kernel shell (PKS), and marble chippings were utilized to create the mixture. By examining kernelrazzo concrete cube samples after proper curing, the study involved estimating density, specific heat, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity. Density is important to control the material's thermal characteristics of kernelrazzo concrete. Lower-density kernelrazzo concrete is a sign of more porosity. In lower-density kernelrazzo concrete, specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity are all decreased. There is strong relationship between thermal properties, temperature, density, water, and porosity.

Characteristics of palm oil fuel ash geopolymer mortar activated with wood ash lye cured at ambient temperature

The development of geopolymer cement has gained recognition in recent years as an innovative cementitious material that can be used as an alternative for ordinary Portland cement. However, using aggressive chemicals such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as an alkaline activator and oven curing has limited geopolymer technology to laboratory research only. This study investigates the properties of a user-friendly geopolymer mortar produced using untreated palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) activated with wood ash (WA) lye and sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃) under ambient curing conditions. The effectiveness of WA lye as an alkaline activator in geopolymer production was examined using three sets of liquid binder ratios (L/B) and five sets of alkaline activator ratios (AARs) to optimise the L/B and AAR. Using the optimised L/B and AARs, five combined groups containing 0, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% GGBS were produced and tested for their rheological, mechanical and durability properties. Results show that the setting time and flowability of the mortar decreased with the addition of GGBS. The compressive and flexural strength of the investigated specimens were found to be in the range of 20.23–28.17 MPa and 4.04–4.48 MPa for 30% and 40% GGBS content, respectively. Moreover, the investigated durability properties improved with the increase of the GGBS content. In addition, the dense microstructure and geopolymerisation reaction products improved with the increase of GGBS content, as indicated in the scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analyses. The study revealed that an economised user-friendly WA lye activated geopolymer mortar can be produced at ambient curing conditions by partially replacing untreated POFA with 30% GGBS, thereby eliminating the necessity of NaOH alkaline activator and oven curing.

Compressive Strength and Porosity of POFA Blended Concrete Admixed with Micro Silica

Blended Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) concrete as an alternative sustainable material depends on the quality of POFA. Microsilica can improve the quality of blended POFA concrete; however, the optimum quantity must be determined. This study investigates the effect of micro silica content, POFA content, and concrete age of the blended POFA concrete admixed with silica fume. Portland Composite Cement concrete was the control mix with a target strength of 20 MPa. The blended POFA concrete contains 0%, 20%, and 40% POFA as cement replacement material using various microsilica contents (0, 5, 10, and 15%). Three series with twelve mixtures were cast and cured for 28 days in water. Compressive strength and porosity at 3, 7 and 28 days were measured. The results show that compressive strength and porosity of blended POFA concrete admixed with microsilica were influenced by concrete age, micro silica content, and POFA content. The highest strength shown by concrete without POFA that using microsilica of 10%. In contrast, the lowest strength was concrete with 40% POFA and without microsilica. Porosity is also reduced by using 10% micro silica in the mixes. Adding microsilica affects the strength and porosity of the resulting blended POFA concrete.

A Review on The Compressive Strength and Workability of Concrete with Agricultural Waste Ash as Cement Replacement Material

Concrete is commonly used as a construction material because of the important properties is broadly utilized as development materials within the development segment. Unfortunately, the component of cement within the concrete results in many side-effects such as affecting the environment. Therefore, this paper presented the review of essential to seek out an alternative materials which may be utilized as cement replacement materials by reutilizing agricultural waste ash. Selected agricultural waste ash which are Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Oyster Shell Powder (OSP) were review in terms of their compressive strength and slump height of the mixture. The treated palm oil ash which is going to be used as partial cement replacement material for the proper design mix and optimal ash replacement. The replacement percentage of palm ash in the concrete were set at 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight with the optimal replacement ratio of the supplementary cementitious content. Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) is a material that having sufficient requirements to be a good pozzolana and cementitious material according to ASTMC618 in terms of chemical composition. POFA is a material that consists high silica contents. By having more silica contents, it will help to improve the properties, in particular its compressive strength, bond strength, and abrasion resistance. After conducting several research, it was concluded that the optimal replacement for POFA is 20% and it is better to have finer POFA. POFA also proved some of the important properties is the CO2 emissions would be reduce.

Experimental study on black cotton soil treated with xanthan gum and palm oil fuel ash

This paper presents the results of the laboratory evaluation of black cotton soil stabilized with Palm Oil Fuel Ash(POFA) and Xanthan Gum(XG), to determine its suitability as reliable construction material. POFA, a major byproduct of the palm oil industry is being dumped into open fields which can cause environmental problems. Using POFA as an additive in soil stabilization can be an eco-friendly and sustainable practice. XG which is generally used as a thickening agent in the food and pharmaceutical industries is used in this study as a binding material. Several influential properties such as UCS, CBR, Compaction characteristics, and Atterberg limits were found for control samples and compared with the samples treated with different percentages of POFA and XG ratio and on different curing periods. The tests are performed by varying the POFA (0-25%) while keeping the XG constant at 1% to the weight of dry soil. The specimens were cured for different curing periods. There is a significant change in the shear strength of the soil as the UCS value increased by 374% and the CBR value increased by 379% when the control sample is compared with those of treated samples with 20% POFA+1% XG at 90-day curing period.

Investigation of Compressive Strength of Slag-based Geopolymer Concrete Incorporated with Palm Oil Fuel Ash

The paper investigated the compressive strength of ground granulated blast furnace slag-based geopolymer concrete incorporated with palm oil fuel ash compared to portland limestone cement concrete. An appropriate geopolymer mix design was first determined. This mix entailed fine aggregates: coarse aggregates: cementitious material: liquid ratio of 2: 2.5: 1: 0.5, respectively, with 100% replacement of portland cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) incorporated with palm oil fuel ash (POFA). An alkaline solution was used in place of water containing sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Following this design, five geopolymer mixes were prepared, each of varying POFA-GGBS ratios of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0, and a 14M alkaline solution was used. In addition, a control mix was determined, comprising 100% portland limestone cement (PLC) as the cementitious material and 100% water. Three cubic samples were casted for each geopolymer mix with the control mix, and then the geopolymer mixes were thermally cured for 24 hours. The compressive strength test was conducted on the test samples after ambient curing of 7 days and 28 days, and values for compressive strength (MPa) and failure load (KN) were recorded. Through comparative analysis, it was determined that the most efficient geopolymer mix was mix 2 of GGBS: POFA ratio of 75:25 with 14M alkaline solution. Mix 2 achieved the highest compressive strength of 65.41MPa, approximately 21.99% higher than the strength attained by portland cement concrete samples, measured to be 53.62MPa. Thus, geopolymer concrete can achieve greater strength than portland cement concrete. Keywords: Alkaline solution, Geopolymer concrete, cementitious material, ground granulated blast furnace slag, compressive strength, palm oil fuel ash

The strength and economic benefit of soil stabilization with Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as agro-waste

Soil stabilization is most effective method to increasing the strength of poorly soil. In generally, adding cement is preference that other but it is not environmentally friendly. Due to the production process of cement more released the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Alternative stabilization method can use agro-waste from palm oil milling is called POFA, which having pozzolanic properties such as cement. The purpose of this study to find how much the increasing soil strength when add 20% treated POFA and how the economic benefits in replacing cement. Soil strength testing utilize an unconfined compression test (UCT) and economic benefits by reviewing previous research on soil-cement stabilization. Based on compaction standard that added 20% treated POFA was decrease the maximum dry density (MDD) and increase the optimum water content (OMC). The Soil-treated POFA stabilization gained the maximum compressive strength after curing for 28 days. Exhibit the increasing of compressive strength from 0.55 MPa to 1.04 MPa. The economic advantage with add of 20% treated POFA was able to replace the cement between 5% - 7.5%. Thus, treated POFA is feasible to be used as a soil stabilization material by considering the curing times.

Foamed Concrete using Red Gypsum and Palm Oil Fuel Ash: A Sustainable Building Material

Concrete is the most commonly used building material. Even then, it has a drawback that it hasheavy density. Hence, researches are progressing everywhere to develop a new building material, which has low density, less water absorption as well as economical. And here lies the importance of foamed concrete. Foamed concrete is a type of lightweight concrete in which stable foam is used as the main ingredient. Stable foam is produced from standard foaming agent using a foam generator. The peculiarity of foamed concrete is that no coarse aggregate is used in it. An attempt is made in this research to use palm oil fuel ash as a partial replacement for cement and red gypsum as a partial replacement for manufactured sand. Both of these materials are waste materials and are abundantly available. The concrete made up of this will be more sustainable as well as economical. By adjusting the addition of stable foam, foamed concrete of various densities can be developed. Foamed concrete blocks made up of these materials can be used for load bearing as well as non-load bearing masonry works. It has been observed that the addition of Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Red Earth has improved the properties of foamed concrete.

Optimized single-step synthesis of graphene-based carbon nanosheets from palm oil fuel ash

Recycling palm oil fuel ash (POFA) into lucrative holey graphene nanosheets will not only save resources but will also prove to be a great solution to avoid the hazards of environmental pollution. The present research aims on studying the effects of temperature and ratio of potassium hydroxide (KOH) during the chemical activation reaction of POFA, resulting in porous graphene sheets with great scope in a variety of industrial applications. These two parameters were studied because of their major influence on the yield, surface area, porosity, and quality of the produced graphene sheets. Porous graphene sheets were prepared by optimizing different activation temperatures (700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C) and POFA to KOH impregnation ratios (1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5). The optimal conditions for producing the best POFA-derived holey graphene in terms of the number of layers, surface area, and porosity were found with impregnation ratio of 1:3 and at temperature of 800 °C. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analyses, it was found that the resulting few layer nanosheets have more uniform porosity at these optimized conditions. We found Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pore volume and carbon percentage of 1506.64 m2/g, 0.88 cm3/g and 99% respectively which are comparable to the previous findings using other biomass sources. It was also found that a higher temperature and higher KOH ratio resulted into pore widening and increasing the surface area, but at temperatures beyond the optimized conditions, the surface area and pore volume were reduced due to more vigorous reactions, and volatilization, which led to pore destruction. The present work emphasizes that these parameters have major impact on POFA activation, and their optimisation resulted into good quality graphene nanosheets in a greener and sustainable way, which can be used for many applications including inexpensive energy-storage and water purification applications.

Short-Term Ability of Concrete Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash Exposed to Sodium Sulphate

Uncontrolled palm oil waste disposal can lead to an environmental problem andrecycling the waste can assistin reducing the disposal problem. On another side, concrete exposed to sulphate normally will lose its strength after some time. Replacing cement with palm oil fuel ash (POFA) can lower the disposal issue and help reduce the concrete from strength losses.The main objective of this study is to investigate the short-term effects on the strength of concrete containing POFA exposed to sulphate solution. The POFA was prepared by drying in an oven for 24 hours at105°C and sieved passing through a 300 μm sieve. Then, the POFA had been refined using ball mills for two hours. The percentage of POFA as cement replacement used in this study is 10%, 20% and 30% by volume of cement. Two types of specimens were prepared,i.e., cube specimen (100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm) and prism specimen (500 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm) that fully immersed in water and 3.5% sulphate solutions. Density test, water absorption test, compression strength test and flexural strength test were conductedafter 7 and 28 days of the exposure period. A total of 144 specimens was subjected to these tests. The experiments show that concrete with 10% replacement of POFA had a higher slump value, while the density test showed that the 10% POFA mixture had a lower density than the other specimens. Furthermore, the water absorption test showed that more POFA in concrete contributes to higher water absorption when exposed to sulphate solution compared to water. In conclusion, the compressive strength and flexural strength test recorded replacement of 10% POFA is the highest strength of concrete containing POFA exposed to sulphate solution and water.

Palm oil fuel ash as a sustainable supplementary cementitious material for concrete: A state-of-the-art review

New progress in recycling processes has resulted in the conversion of non-renewable materials to partially renewable resources. in this regard, the role of employing supplementary cement-based ‎materials in the concrete is significant to avoid excessive waste ending in landfills. There ‎are ‎numerous by products and wastes of have an immense value in the production of environmentally friendly concrete. In terms of application, the literature has highlighted the enormous potential of palm-oil fuel ash (PFA) as an alternative material in green concrete. PFA has been frequently used in the substitution of cement in concrete production to minimize the cost, health risk, energy consumption, and environmental degradation associated with cement production. Moreover, recycling by products and wastes aid in alleviating issues related to waste material disposal. The goal of this paper is to offer a state-of-the-art review of the published academic studies on the use of PFA in concrete and its impact on the workability, compressive strength (CS), splitting tensile strength (STS), and durability of concrete. Also, this paper aims to investigate the effect of PFA on sustainability by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the micro-structure of concrete. The results indicate that using PFA with partial substitution improves workability and CS while decreasing STS and water absorption (WA). Furthermore, this study underscores the need for future research developments in this field.

Durability and Acoustic Performance of Rubberized Concrete Containing POFA as Cement Replacement

Given that rubber tires are almost immune to biological degradation, this vast amount of solid waste is a major environmental concern worldwide. Reuse of these waste tires in the construction industry is one of the strategies to minimize their environmental pollution and landfill problems, while contributing to more economical building design. Thus, we assessed the improved traits of rubberized concrete made by combining palm oil fuel ash (POFA) with tire rubber aggregates (TRAs). Studies on the effects of POFA inclusion on the durability properties of rubberized concrete with TRAs as the replacement agent for fine or coarse aggregates remain deficient. Herein, the rubberized concrete contained 20% POFA as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) substitute, and various amounts of TRAs (5, 10, 20 and 30%). The proposed mixes enclosing three types of TRAs (fiber, fine and coarse aggregates) were characterized to determine their durability and acoustic performance. The water absorption, fire endurance performance, chloride penetration, and acoustic properties of the proposed concrete were evaluated. The designed concrete showed a systematic increase in water absorption and chloride penetration with the increase in rubber amount and particle size. These POFA-modified rubberized concretes displayed a satisfactory performance up to 500 °C, and superior acoustic properties in terms of sound absorption. The presence of TRA as 30% coarse aggregate replacement was found to improve the sound absorption properties by as much as 42%.

Influence of Palm Oil Fuel Ash on Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete

The cost of producing concrete has increased, and its effects on the natural environment have become apparent. The ideal solution is to use agro-waste material instead of cement in concrete. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is a by-product of the burning of waste material at the palm oil power plant. Looking at the utilization of POFA in concrete research, there has been study conducted on the behaviour of properties of normal strength concrete containing POFA in terms of compressive strength performance. However, the performance of ultra-high strengthconcrete produced using POFA is still lack. This research aims to determine how well POFA works as a cement substitute in ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC).It also to determine the mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) withPOFA addition. In this study, the percentage of POFA used as a cement replacement was 5%, 10% and 15% by binder weight. The results were collected from slump test and compressive strength test. Tabulation and graph illustration were the methods used to present the data. The workability test conducted showed that with the increase of POFA addition to the UHPC, the workability of fresh concrete was reduced. Meanwhile, the compressive strength at 28 days, UHPC with 5% of POFA addition showed the maximum valueof compressive strength at 84.12 N/mm2.

Geotechnical performance of tropical laterite soil using palm oil fuel ash and activator magnesium oxide stabilizer

Agricultural by-products waste, such as palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and magnesium oxide (MgO) activator, were utilized to achieve the chemical stabilization of laterite soil. This approach is environmental friendly as it aims at eliminating the potential hazards related to improper waste disposal methods and decreasing greenhouse gas emission generated by cement production to enhance the compressive strength of the soil. In this work, different percentages of additives ranging between (10% and 40%) with the addition of MgO between (2.5%and10%) were incorporated into the examined soil and cured at room temperature. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, flexural strength (FS) test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were conducted to examine the stabilized soil samples. The results showed that UCS values of LS-POFA-MgO sample increased up to 3.56 and 5.05 MPa after 7 and 28 curing days when the POFA-MgO was used at a ratio of 30:10, respectively. An increase of approximately 17 times greater than the untreated soil was also found. The FS LS-POFA-MgO showed a significant increase, exhibiting an enhanced peak behavior, thereby reducing deflection with brittleness. The findings were also substantiated by the pozzolanic activity enhancement of the former composition, as validated by the EDX patterns and SEM analyses. Therefore, the use of POFA based MgO activator is effective in addressing some soil issues and selecting the best soil mixtures. Furthermore, the soil's compressive strength improved significantly, making it suitable for utilisation as a material for the pavement base.

Effects of nano palm oil fuel ash on hydration of cement under the accelerated carbonation curing

• Accelerated carbonation reaction of cement paste due to the nPOFA. • Conversion of CSH to Ca-modified silica gel and poorly crystalline CaCO 3 . • The synergetic effects of carbonation curing and usage of nPOFA for carbon sequestration. The ultimate goal of usage of supplementary cementitious materials and accelerated carbonation curing in concrete is to reduce the generation of CO 2 . This study firstly investigated the effect of nano Palm Oil Fuel Ash (nPOFA) on the accelerated carbonation curing of cement paste. The results showed that P30 (30% of nPOFA) had larger amounts of Ca-modified silica gel from the decalcification of CSH and calcium carbonate compared to P0 (0% of nPOFA). It might be assumed that high contents of potassium oxide in nPOFA accelerates the ionization of CO 2 and carbonation of calcium silicates and hydration products.

Minimizing river pollution by batik dye wastewater using palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as an environmentally friendly, low-cost adsorbent alternative

The rise of the batik industry in Jambi Province causes the accumulation of waste in the environment. Disposal of batik dye wastewater directly into the environment is one source of heavy metals entering the river. Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), as a part of waste originating from combustion residues of oil palm, is potential to be used as a low-cost adsorbent in overcoming the batik dye wastewater problem. The POFA is also potential to be used in the removal of heavy metals and chemical and organic compounds in industrial waste treatment. This paper reported the potential use of POFA and the modification of POFA as batik dye adsorbents in overcoming waste problems from the batik industry. Results of this study showed that POFA could adsorb the dye in batik waste with up to 22% removal efficiency and adsorption capacity up to 62 mg/g. The isotherm adsorption in this study was in accordance with the Freundlich model that showed adsorption occurred at multi-layer and heterogeneous surfaces. The adsorption process occurred endothermically and spontaneously.