Dietary Palm Oil Research Articles

Effect of lipid sources with different fatty acid profiles on the intake, performance, and methane emissions of feedlot Nellore steers1

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lipids with different fatty acid profiles on the intake, performance, and enteric CH4 emission of Nellore steers. A total of 45 Nellore animals with an average initial BW of 419 ± 11 kg (at 15 ± 2 mo) were distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of 5 treatments and 9 replicates. The roughage feed was maize silage (600 g/kg on a DM basis) plus concentrate (400 g/kg on a DM basis). The dietary treatments were as follows: without additional fat (WF), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), protected fat (PF; Lactoplus), and whole soybeans (WS). The lipid source significantly affected (P < 0.05) nutrient intake. The greatest intakes of DM, OM, and CP were observed in the animals that were fed the WF or PF diets, and the lowest intakes were observed in the animals that were fed the PO diet. Intake of NDF decreased (P < 0.05) with the addition of PO. Enteric methane emission (g/kg DMI) was reduced by an average of 30% when the animals were fed diets containing WS, LO, and PO (P < 0.05), and these diets caused a larger reduction in the energy loss in the form of methane compared to those without added fat and with added PF (3.3 vs. 4.7%). The different fatty acid profiles did not affect the backfat thickness or the loin eye area of the animals (P > 0.05). However, animals fed PO displayed lower daily weight gain (0.36 kg/d), feed efficiency (0.08 kg ADG/kg DM), HCW (245 kg), and hot yield percentage (52.6%) compared to animals that were fed the other diets. Therefore, PO compared to the other lipid sources used in this study reduces intake, performance, feed efficiency, and carcass yield. Therefore, PO is not suggested for feedlot-finished animals.

Haematological Profile of Rats Administered With Aqueous Leaf Extract of Moringa Oleifera Following Thermooxidixed Palm Oil Diet Induced Toxicity

In assessing the effect of haematological parameters of rats administered with aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera following thermooxidixed palm oil induced toxicity. Twenty-five (25) Female rats weighing 150-170g body weight were assigned randomly into five groups: A-E of 5 rats, after permission was granted by the Collage Ethical Committee on Experimental Animals. Groups A serves as control received rat chow and water, Group B was fed with fresh palm oil diet (Diet I), Group C was fed with thermoxidized palm oil diet (diet II), Group D was fed with fresh palm oil diet and 600mg/kg body weight aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf orally for 28days, Group E received thermoxidized palm oil diet and 600mg/kg body weight orally for 28days. They were allowed free access to water and standard feeds ad libitum throughout the experimental periods. The animals were housed in stainless cages at temperature of 28±20 o Cand 12hrs dark cycle and humidity of 60%. After 28 th day of feeding, the rats were allowed an overnight fast. They were anaesthetized with chloroform/diethylether mixture, their thorax was opened and blood was withdrawn by cardiac puncture with sterilesyringeinto EDTA sample bottle for haematological studies.Sequel to this, the bioactive component of Mo ringa oleifera was determined using standard methods.Results shows the presence of alkaloids,glycosides, sapo nins, tannins, flavonoids, reducing compounds, polyphenol, titerpenes, steroid with highest concentration of flav onoids and polyphenols while anthraquinones, hydroxyl methyl and phlobatannins are notdetected.Hematologic al result from RBCs showed significant increase (P<0.001) in FPO, FPO+MO and TPO+MO; WBC were significantly increased in TPO, FPO+MO and TPO+MO. Platelets, HB and HCT were significantly reduced in TPO but were significantly (P<0.001) higher in FPO+MO and TPO+MO. MCV and MCHC were significantly (P<0.001, P<0.05) increase in test groups compared with the control. The granulocyte % were significantly reduced (P<0.001) in TPO and FPO+MO but were increased in FPO while monocyte were significantly reduced in test groups compared with the control. Lymphocytes were significantly (P<0.05) increased in test groups compared with control. The results are indications of its haematopoietic and erythropoietic effect which suggests that the bioactive component of Moringa oleifera might possess a chelative or scarvengive effect on the TPO diet.

Effects of birth weight and maternal dietary fat source on the fatty acid profile of piglet tissue

This study aimed to investigate the effects and possible interactions of birth weight and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation of the maternal diet on the fatty acid status of different tissues of newborn piglets. These effects are of interest as both parameters have been associated with pre-weaning mortality. Sows were fed a palm oil diet or a diet containing 1% linseed, echium or fish oil from day 73 of gestation. As fish oil becomes a scarce resource, linseed and echium oil were supplemented as sustainable alternatives, adding precursor fatty acids for DHA to the diet. At birth, the lightest and heaviest male piglet per litter were killed and samples from liver, brain and muscle were taken for fatty acid analysis. Piglets that died pre-weaning had lower birth weights than piglets surviving lactation (1.27±0.04 v. 1.55±0.02 kg; P<0.001), but no effect of diet on mortality was found. Lower DHA concentrations were observed in the brain of the lighter piglets compared with their heavier littermates (9.46±0.05 v. 9.63±0.04 g DHA/100 g fatty acids; P=0.008), suggesting that the higher incidence of pre-weaning mortality in low birth weight piglets may be related to their lower brain DHA status. Adding n-3 PUFA to the sow diet could not significantly reduce this difference in DHA status, although numerically the difference in the brain DHA concentration between the piglet weight groups was smaller when fish oil was included in the sow diet. Independent of birth weight, echium or linseed oil in the sow diet increased the DHA concentration of the piglet tissues to the same extent, but the concentrations were not as high as when fish oil was fed.

Chronic consumption of three forms of palm oil diets alters glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow

The effects of chronic consumption of three types of palm oil diets on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF) and blood pressure were studied. Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups of ten rats each, respectively: control, fresh (FPO), photoxidized (PPO), thermoxidized (TPO) palm oil diet-fed rats. The control group was fed rat chow only, while experimental groups had different palm oil diets at 15% wt/wt for twelve weeks and tap water ad libitum. After the feeding period, GFR, RPF, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured. GFR and RPF of the TPO (0.07 ± 0.01 ml/min and 1.50 ± 0.24 ml/min) and PPO (0.14 ± 0.01 and 2.54 ± 0.11) groups were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced compared with control (0.77 ± 0.04 and 5.3 ± 0.30) and FPO (0.81 ± 0.02 and 4.8 ± 0.13) groups. The GFR and RPF of the TPO group was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of the PPO group. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the TPO group (140 ± 3 mmHg and 106 ± 4 mmHg) were significantly (p < 0.01) increased when compared with the control (112 ± 6.4 and 78 ± 5), FPO (118 ± 5 and 81 ± 6) and PPO (122 ± 5 and 89 ± 5) groups. These results suggest that chronic consumption of TPO and PPO caused a decrease in GFR and RPF, but increased blood pressure in rats, while FPO did not adversely affect blood pressure, GFR and RPF.

Óleo e torta de dendê em rações para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a inclusão da torta e do óleo de dendê em rações para tilápia-do-nilo. Foram utilizados 312 peixes, distribuídos em 24 tanques (150 L), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x3 - duas fontes de óleo (soja ou dendê) e três níveis de torta de dendê (0, 15 e 30%). A fonte de óleo não influenciou o desempenho zootécnico. A inclusão da torta de dendê não alterou a conversão alimentar aparente e a taxa de sobrevivência dos peixes; porém, promoveu aumento nos valores de consumo diário de ração, ganho de peso diário, taxa de crescimento específico e fator de condição. A fonte de óleo e a inclusão da torta não influenciaram o teor de gordura e o rendimento de carcaça, o índice hepatossomático, o valor produtivo da energia e o colesterol plasmático. O óleo de dendê pode substituir o óleo de soja, e a inclusão da torta de dendê melhora o desempenho zootécnico de tilápias-do-nilo, sem alterar características corporais e sanguíneas.

Effect of Plants Containing Secondary Compounds with Palm Oil on Feed Intake, Digestibility, Microbial Protein Synthesis and Microbial Population in Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of rain tree pod meal with palm oil supplementation on feed intake, digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and microbial populations in dairy cows. Four, multiparous early-lactation Holstein-Friesian crossbred (75%) lactating dairy cows with an initial body weight (BW) of 405±40 kg and 36±8 DIM were randomly assigned to receive dietary treatments according to a 4×4 Latin square design. The four dietary treatments were un-supplementation (control), supplementation with rain tree pod meal (RPM) at 60 g/kg, supplementation with palm oil (PO) at 20 g/kg, and supplementation with RPM at 60 g/kg and PO at 20 g/kg (RPO), of total dry matter intake. The cows were offered concentrates, at a ratio of concentrate to milk production of 1:2, and chopped 30 g/kg of urea treated rice straw was fed ad libitum. The RPM contained condensed tannins and crude saponins at 88 and 141 g/kg of DM, respectively. It was found that supplementation with RPM and/or PO to dairy cows diets did not show negative effects on feed intake and ruminal pH and BUN at any times of sampling (p>0.05). However, RPM supplementation resulted in lower crude protein digestibility, NH3-N concentration and number of proteolytic bacteria. It resulted in greater allantoin absorption and microbial crude protein (p<0.05). In addition, dairy cows showed a higher efficiency of microbial N supply (EMNS) in both RPM and RPO treatments. Moreover, NDF digestibility and cellulolytic bacteria numbers were highest in RPO supplementation (p<0.05) while, supplementation with RPM and/or PO decreased the protozoa population in dairy cows. Based on this study, supplementation with RPM and/or PO in diets could improve fiber digestibility, microbial protein synthesis in terms of quantity and efficiency and microbial populations in dairy cows.

Echium oil and linseed oil as alternatives for fish oil in the maternal diet: Blood fatty acid profiles and oxidative status of sows and piglets1

Echium oil (source of stearidonic acid) and linseed oil (source of α-linolenic acid) were evaluated as alternatives for fish oil in the diet of sows to increase the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status of the offspring. The hypothesis was that echium oil would be more efficient than linseed oil to increase the DHA concentration, as it bypasses the enzyme Δ6-desaturase. In addition, it was determined whether adding PUFA to the diet affected the plasma oxidative status. Sows were fed either a palm oil diet or a diet containing 1% linseed oil, echium oil, or fish oil from d 73 of gestation and during lactation (n = 16 per dietary treatment). Total oil concentrations in the diets were similar among dietary treatments. Blood samples were taken for fatty acid analysis and oxidative status of sows on d 73 and 93 of gestation and at parturition and the lightest and heaviest piglet per litter at birth and weaning. Colostrum was also sampled. No effect of diet was observed on total number of piglets born (13.7 ± 0.4), number of weaned piglets (10.8 ± 0.4), and gestation length (114.8 ± 0.2 d). Piglets from sows fed fish oil had lighter birth weights (1.41 ± 0.03 kg) than piglets from the linseed oil diet (1.54 ± 0.03 kg; P = 0.006), with no difference between the palm oil (1.45 ± 0.03 kg) and echium oil diet (1.49 ± 0.03 kg). Daily BW gain until weaning was less for piglets from sows fed the fish oil diet (214 ± 5 g) compared with piglets from sows fed the echium oil (240 ± 5 g; P < 0.001) or linseed oil diet (234 ± 5 g; P = 0.02). Compared with the palm oil diet, echium and linseed oil in the maternal diet increased the DHA concentration in the colostrum and the sow and piglet plasma to the same extent (1.1 to 1.4-fold; P < 0.001). On the fish oil diet, 20.7-fold, 10-fold, and 2.4-fold increases in DHA in colostrum, sow, and piglet plasma, respectively, were observed (P < 0.001). At 1% in the maternal diet, echium oil had, thus, no benefit over linseed oil and resulted in a twofold less DHA concentration in the plasma of piglets compared with fish oil. Including n-3 PUFA in the maternal diet did not affect oxidative status of the mother or the offspring.

The effect of palm oil or canola oil on feedlot performance, plasma and tissue fatty acid profile and meat quality in goats

Twenty-four entire male Kacang kid goats were fed diets containing 3% canola (n=12) or palm oil (n=12) supplements for 16weeks. The goats had an initial live weight of 14.2±1.46kg and were fed a mixed ration ad libitum (10.4MJ/ME and 14% crude protein). There was no difference in feedlot performance due to diet. Inclusion of canola oil reduced (P<0.05) kidney fat weight and increased (P<0.05) linolenic acid (18:3n−3) concentration in the blood plasma, m. longissimus lumborum (LL), liver, and kidney. The palm oil diet increased (P<0.05) myristic (14:0) and palmitic (16:0) acid content in the blood, but this did not alter these fatty acids in the LL muscle. Lipid oxidative substances in the liver and LL from palm oil fed kids were higher (P<0.05) than those from canola supplemented kids. The incorporation of canola oil into the goats' diet increased muscle omega-3 fatty acid content, but lipid oxidation was lowered in the blood and muscle LL.

Anti-Hypercholesterolemic and Hepatoprotective effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Moringa oleifera in Rats fed with Thermoxidized Palm Oil Diet

In the impact of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on the lipid profile and key liver function enzymes of female rats fed with palm oil diets, twenty-five (25) female rats were divided into five groups (A-E). The rats in group A served as the control, fed with rat chow and water ad libitum, group B (FPO) and C (TPO) were fed with Fresh palm oil and thermoxidized palm oil diet respectively, while group D (FPO + MO) and E (TPO+MO) were fed with fresh palm oil diet and thermoxidized oil with 600mg/kgbody weight of Moringa leaf extract added in each respectively. Each of the palm oil diet contained 15 %( w/w) thermoxidized or fresh palm oil. At the end of 28 days administration, blood samples were collected for the analysis of lipid profile and key liver function enzymes. The result showed that HDL was significantly (P<0.05) increased in all the test samples except TPO, while LDL followed a reverse trend. The Serum alanine amino tranferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in all the test samples except TPO which was significantly (P<0.05) increased. Serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) showed decrease in all the test samples except TPO which was significantly (P<0.05) increased. The results indicate that Moringa oleifera has anti-hypercholesterolemic effect. The serum enzyme levels also show that the liver tissue integrity was stabilized by the addition of Moringa oleifera leaf extract to thermoxidized palm oil diet hence its hepatoprotective activity.

Growth, nitrogen metabolism and carcass composition of goats fed palm oil by-products

Thirty-two Kacang×Boer crossbred male goats were used in a 100-day experiment to assess effects of feeding palm oil decanter cake (DC), palm kernel cake (PKC) and palm oil (PO) on growth, carcass quality and nitrogen metabolism. Goats were assigned randomly to one of four total mixed rations with approximately 16% crude protein on a dry matter basis: control diet (CD), DC diet (DCD), PKC diet (PKCD) and CD plus 5% PO diet (CPOD). The CD was based on corn grain, soybean meal and rice straw and was fed to all goats for 21 days before the start of the experiment. In the last 10 days of the experiment, four animals from each group were placed in metabolic crates for collection of feces and urine. At the end of the experiment, four animals from each treatment were sacrificed after overnight fasting for measurements of carcass quality. Goats fed PKCD had higher (P<0.05) feed intake compared with other treatments. Daily gain, slaughter weight, and hot and cold carcass weights were higher (P<0.05) in goats receiving CD and CPOD than in other goats (DCD and PKCD). It was concluded that a high dietary level of DC or PKC (80% of DM) might have an adverse effect on growth performance and carcass quality in goats.

Digestibility, rumen protozoa, and ruminal fermentation in goats receiving dietary palm oil by-products

Sixteen goats fitted with a rumen cannula were used in completely randomized block design to test the effects of dietary crude palm oil (PO), palm kernel cake (PKC) and decanter cake (DC) on rumen total protozoa counts, rumen fermentation, and digestibility. Goats received once daily (1.5% of BW) one of four concentrate diets: reference diet (RD), DC diet (DCD), PKC diet (PKCD) and RD plus 5% PO diet (CPOD). The RD was based on corn grain and soybean meal and was fed to all goats for 28days before the start of a 30-day experiment. Organic matter (OM) digestibility was reduced (P<0.05) by feeding DCD, whereas digestibility of acid detergent fiber (ADF) was higher (P<0.0001) in the goats fed PKCD. The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was higher (P<0001) in goats fed PKCD followed by those fed DCD, CPOD and CD. Ammonia–N concentration was lower (P<0.001) for treatments DCD, PKCD and CPOD than for treatment RD. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were lower (P<0.05) for treatments PKCD and CPOD than for treatments RD and DCD. Total protozoa counts were higher (P<0.001) for treatment CD than for other treatments. It was concluded that the dietary DC, and PKC could be included in the diet of goats up to 80% without any adverse effects on dry matter intake; however, rumen fermentation parameters and total protozoa counts were changed.

Saturated fat stimulates obesity and hepatic steatosis and affects gut microbiota composition by an enhanced overflow of dietary fat to the distal intestine

We studied the effect of dietary fat type, varying in polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratios (P/S), on development of metabolic syndrome. C57Bl/6J mice were fed purified high-fat diets (45E% fat) containing palm oil (HF-PO; P/S 0.4), olive oil (HF-OO; P/S 1.1), or safflower oil (HF-SO; P/S 7.8) for 8 wk. A low-fat palm oil diet (LF-PO; 10E% fat) was used as a reference. Additionally, we analyzed diet-induced changes in gut microbiota composition and mucosal gene expression. The HF-PO diet induced a higher body weight gain and liver triglyceride content compared with the HF-OO, HF-SO, or LF-PO diet. In the intestine, the HF-PO diet reduced microbial diversity and increased the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio. Although this fits a typical obesity profile, our data clearly indicate that an overflow of the HF-PO diet to the distal intestine, rather than obesity itself, is the main trigger for these gut microbiota changes. A HF-PO diet-induced elevation of lipid metabolism-related genes in the distal small intestine confirmed the overflow of palm oil to the distal intestine. Some of these lipid metabolism-related genes were previously already associated with the metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, our data indicate that saturated fat (HF-PO) has a more stimulatory effect on weight gain and hepatic lipid accumulation than unsaturated fat (HF-OO and HF-SO). The overflow of fat to the distal intestine on the HF-PO diet induced changes in gut microbiota composition and mucosal gene expression. We speculate that both are directly or indirectly contributive to the saturated fat-induced development of obesity and hepatic steatosis.

P01.50. Influence of dietary red palm oil on antioxidant status in male Wistar rats

Methods Male wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 (n=5) received no supplementation and served as the control while group 2 (n=6) and 3 (n=6) received 2ml and 4ml red palm oil (RPO), respectively. Plasma total polyphenols, plasma antioxidant capacity [i. e. oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)], ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) as well as levels of antioxidant enzymes [catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] were determined using established techniques.

Effects of Vernonia amygdalina Del. Extract on Cholesterol Level and Lipid Peroxidation Status in Rats Given Red Dye Adulterated Palm Oil Diets

Effects of Vernonia amygdalina Del. Extract on Cholesterol Level and Lipid Peroxidation Status in Rats Given Red Dye Adulterated Palm Oil Diets

Influence of Maternal Diet During Early Pregnancy on the Fatty Acid Profile in the Fetus at Late Pregnancy in Rats

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of different dietary fatty acids during the first half of pregnancy on the fatty acid composition of maternal adipose tissue and of maternal and fetal plasma at mid- and late-pregnancy. Pregnant rats received soybean-, olive-, fish-, linseed- or palm-oil diets from conception to day 12 of gestation. Virgin rats receiving the same treatments were studied in parallel. At day 12, some rats were sacrificed and others were returned to the standard diet and studied at day 20. At day 12, the concentrations of most fatty acids in plasma reflected the dietary composition and individual fatty acids in lumbar adipose tissue of pregnant rats correlated with those in the diet. At day 20, the plasma concentration of each fatty acid was higher in pregnant than in both virgin rats and day-12 pregnant rats. The composition in 20-day pregnant (but not in virgin) rats resembled the diet consumed during the first 12 days. Fatty acid concentration in fetal plasma was also influenced by the maternal diet during the first 12 days of pregnancy, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) concentrations correlated with those in the mothers. In conclusion, during the first half of pregnancy maternal adipose tissue stores dietary-derived fatty acids, which are released into blood during late pregnancy enabling LC-PUFA to become available to the fetus.

In comparison with palm oil, dietary nut supplementation delays the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in female apoE-deficient mice

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the benefits of nut consumption on cardiovascular risk factors and CHD, attributed to their fatty acid profile, rich in unsaturated fatty acids, and also to other nutrients. The effect of nuts on atherosclerotic lesions was studied in female and male apoE-knockout mice fed a diet supplemented with 3 % (w/w) mixed nuts (mix: almonds, hazelnuts and walnuts in a proportion of 0.25:0·25:0.50, respectively), and compared with mice receiving an isoenergetic diet of similar fat content provided as palm oil. After 12 weeks, plasma lipid parameters and aortic lesions were measured. Males receiving nuts had lower plasma cholesterol than the palm oil group, and both sex groups had lower plasma non-HDL-cholesterol and lower content of reactive oxygen species in LDL than mice receiving the palm oil diet, the latter decrease being more pronounced in females than in males. Females consuming the nut diet showed a smaller aortic lesion area than those consuming palm oil, whereas no differences were observed in males. In females, hepatic paraoxonase 2 (Pon2) mRNA increased, and no change was observed in prenylcysteine oxidase 1 (Pcyox1) expression after the consumption of the nut-containing diet. In addition, aortic atherosclerotic lesions correlated directly with total plasma cholesterol and inversely with hepatic Pon2 expression. The results suggest that the beneficial effect of nut intake in female apoE-deficient mice may be attributed to reduced non-HDL-cholesterol levels and enhanced PON2 antioxidant activity.

Effects of Vernonia amygdalina Del. Extract on Cholesterol Level and Lipid Peroxidation Status in Rats Given Red Dye Adulterated Palm Oil Diets

Aims: To evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of V. amygdalina on lipid profile and lipid peroxidation status in rats. Study Design: Experimentation. Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Benin, Benin city, Nigeria. From February, 2011 to November, 2011. Methodology: Biochemical analyses were carried out to determine the activities of liver and plasma catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and levels of malondialdehyde, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Consequently, forty-eight rats were divided into six groups of eight rats each; the first group of animals was fed on rats’ chow only while others were given 90% rats’ chow supplemented with 10% palm oil. Solvent red 24 was administered in the diet to provide levels of 0% (PO/GM). 0.005% (PO/0.005), 0.01% (PO/0.01) and 0.015% (PO/0.015). The sixth group of animals was given 0.015% dye along with 200mg/kg extract of V. amygdalina. The animals were given these diets for six weeks along with water ad libitum. Results: There were reductions in catalase activities at all dose levels of dye administration and significant (P<0.05) increase in SOD and malondialdehyde levels in those groups administered with 0.015% dye (PO/0.015). These effect was significantly ameliorated on administration of the V. amygdalina extract. LDL-Cholesterol levels was significantly increased and HDL-Cholesterol reduced at all levels of dye administration, Research Article

Effects of Vernonia amygdalina Del. Extract on Cholesterol Level and Lipid Peroxidation Status in Rats Given Red Dye Adulterated Palm Oil Diets

Effects of Vernonia amygdalina Del. Extract on Cholesterol Level and Lipid Peroxidation Status in Rats Given Red Dye Adulterated Palm Oil Diets

Effects of Dietary Fish Oil Substitution with Palm Oil on Growth, Survival, and Muscle Proximate Composition of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822)

A 60-day growth experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of replacing dietary cod liver oil with palm oil on the growth, survival, and muscle proximate composition of the Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala. Five diets were fed to triplicate groups of 20 advanced C. mrigala fry (2.16±0.01 g): 100% cod liver+0% palm (control), 25% palm+75% cod liver, 50% palm+50% cod liver, 75% palm+25% cod liver, and 100% palm+0% cod liver. At the end of the experiment, mean weight gain, average daily growth, specific growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, feed conversion ratio, and percentage survival were assessed. Growth performance and survival were not compromised when fish oil was substituted with palm oil up to 25%. However, beyond this level, growth was significantly retarded (p&lt;0.01). There were no significant (p&gt;0.01) differences in feed efficiency or muscle proximate composition. Results confirm the feasibility of substituting up to 25% dietary fish oil by palm oil in diets for C. mrigala advanced fry without negatively affecting growth or feed utilization efficiency.

Effect of dietary palm oil on growth and carcass composition of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings

This study investigated the effects of dietary palm oil (PO) on growth performance and carcass composition of Heterobranchus longifilis with the goal of replacing dietary fish oil with palm oil. In this study triplicate groups of H. longifilis fingerlings were fed the experimental diets for 8 weeks. Five isonitrogenous (45% crude protein), isoenergetic (20 KJg-1) experimental diets were made containing either 6.0% FO and 0% PO, 4.5% FO and 1.5% PO; 3.0% FO and 3.0% PO; 1.5% FO and 4.5% PO; or 0% FO and 6.0% PO using soybean and fish meal as the protein source. Dietary palm oil had no significant effect on growth rate or feed conversion ratio. Similarly, No significant differences were observed between dietary treatments for moisture, protein and ash content in H. longifilis fingerlings. However, fillet saturated, monounsaturated fatty acids and liver lipid deposition were significantly (P<0.05) higher in fish fed 6.0% PO diet. This study suggests that the replacement of cod liver oil by palm oil as lipid supplement in the diet permitted a clear improvement of growth and FCR of H. longifilis. This indicates that PO can effectively replace FO in the diet of the fish without compromising fish growth and feed efficiency.