Palm Oil Clinker Powder Research Articles

Experimental study on environment-friendly concrete production incorporating palm oil clinker and cockle shell powder as cement partial replacement

The demand for civil construction has increased recently; cement is now the most produced and consumed material globally. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are strongly influenced by the cement industry which make up 5 to 7% total global emissions, are ejaculating at a rate of one ton of CO2 for every ton of cement produced. Consequently, additional cementitious substances like palm oil clinker powder (POCP), a by-product of palm oil mills and cockle shell powder (CSP), an agricultural and aquaculture byproduct derived from cockle shell combustion, can beemployed as partially binding materialto alleviate the ecologicalfootprint of cement manufacturing. By substituting cement in different weight ratios ranging from 0 to 20%, this study examines the impacts of POCP and CSP on concrete. Concrete compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption of varying POCP and CSP proportions for 7 and 28 days of curing are analyzed in the experimental investigation. Thisresearch demonstrated that samples with 10% cement substitution, comprising 5% POCP and 5% CSP, performed well in terms of mechanical aspects and water absorption. The study of concrete structures with POCP and CSP is a novel and important scientific topic, according to the research findings, and it should be emphasized.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PALM OIL CLINKER AS CEMENT AND SAND REPLACEMENT MATERIALS IN FOAMED CONCRETE

Cellular lightweight concrete (CLC), also known as foamed concrete, has been extensively used in construction for decades. Foamed concrete’s properties include low density, excellent thermal conductivity, great workability, and selfcompaction; these features enable foamed concrete to be utilized in various contexts. However, the excessive use of conventional materials in concrete production harms the environment. Therefore, using agro-waste as a material to construct ecologically sustainable structures has numerous practical and financial benefits. Palm oil clinker (POC) is a waste product resulting from solid waste combustion during palm oil extraction. This research focused on the properties of foamed concrete with POC at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% as the fine aggregate replacement to develop lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) with a density of 1300 kg/m3. Besides, the potential of POC powder (POCP) and thermally activated POCP (TPOCP) at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% as cement replacements was examined. The development of compressive strength during a 90-day curing period was investigated. In addition, tensile and flexural strengths were assessed and reported, and the elastic modulus of the LFC was discussed. The transport properties of water absorption, porosity, and sorptivity were also investigated. The durability of concrete derivatives can exhibit the product’s resistance to chemical attacks and environmental conditions. After 75 days of immersion in hydrochloric acid and magnesium sulfate, the chemical resistivity of the produced LFC was determined by measuring the loss in weight and compressive strength. In addition, the effects of elevated temperatures on the LFC were determined by analyzing the mass loss and compressive strength degradation of specimens exposed to temperatures ranging from 200 to 800 °C. The test results demonstrated that the complete replacement of sand with POC enhanced the compressive strength of LFC by more than 50%. Similarly, POC-based LFC had higher flexural and tensile strengths than normal LFC. Besides, substituting 20% of cement with TPOCP could improve the strength of LFC by 23% during the initial curing days. Utilizing the optimal proportions of POC and POCP could enhance the residual strengths of LFC. Therefore, POC has the potential to be utilized as a fine aggregate and cementitious material to produce sustainable concrete.

Modeling and optimization of asphalt content, waste palm oil clinker powder and waste rice straw ash for sustainable asphalt paving employing response surface methodology: A pilot study

Waste management is becoming increasingly important around the world, and incorporating agro-waste into the pavement industry represents a promising strategy for achieving sustainability while improving mixture properties. In this study, we optimize and determine the optimum asphalt binder content of asphalt concrete mixtures modified with waste palm oil clinker powder (WPOCP) and waste rice straw ash (WRSA) to improve their engineering properties. To optimize the interactions between three independent variables (asphalt binder, WPOCP, and WRSA content) on mixture bulk unit weight (BUW), void in the total mix (VTM), Marshall stability, and flow values, the Marshall mix design approach and response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design were used. WPOCP samples containing 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight of asphalt mixtures were prepared, as were WRSA samples containing 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by weight of filler, with asphalt binder content ranging from 4 to 6% by weight of the mix. The statistical model results show that all responses were significant, with high coefficients of correlation (R2) of 0.9840, 0.9971, 0.9920, and 0.9891 for the BUW, VTM, Marshall stability, and flow, respectively. Individual effects of the input variables and synergistic interactions between the three variables were observed to influence all of the responses. Numerical optimization produced optimum WPOCP, WRSA, and asphalt content values of 8%, 74%, and 5%, respectively. The mean error for all responses was less than 5%, indicating that predicted values agree well with experimental data and that generated models accurately reflect experimental results. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that RSM is an effective method for determining the optimal asphalt binder and modifier content in asphalt mixtures. It enables the identification of the most important variables influencing the response of the asphalt mixture and enables mixture optimization for improved performance. Furthermore, incorporating WPOCP and WRSA into asphalt mixtures was found to improve both volumetric and Marshall properties, resulting in a more sustainable approach in the pavement industry.

Feasibility Evaluation of Waste Palm Oil Clinker Powder as a Fillers Substitute for Eco-Friendly Hot Mix Asphalt Pavement

Feasibility Evaluation of Waste Palm Oil Clinker Powder as a Fillers Substitute for Eco-Friendly Hot Mix Asphalt Pavement

Synthesis of ternary binders and sand-binder ratio on the mechanical and microstructural properties of geopolymer foamed concrete

The development of sustainable construction building materials with a lower environmental impact throughout both the manufacturing and operation phases of the material lifecycle is capturing the attention of the global housing and construction sectors. Recent advancements have resulted in the development of geopolymer foam concrete, which combines the performance and energy savings associated with lightweight foam concrete with the cradle-to-grave emissions reductions associated with the use of a geopolymer binder composed of supplementary cementitious materials (by-products). The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of sand to binder ratio and by-product materials, fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, palm oil fuel ash, palm oil clinker powder and bottom ash on structural grade geopolymer foamed concrete with a density of 1700 kg/m3. The mechanical properties such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, rupture modules, and static and dynamic modules of elasticity were investigated; microstructure investigations using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) were also reported. The results show that geopolymer foamed concrete (GFC) with a structural grade concrete of compressive strengths ranging from 27 to 39 MPa could be produced. The use of fine sand improved the geopolymer foamed concrete's mechanical and microstructural characteristics. The tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and elasticity modulus were found in the ranges of 0.9 – 2.53 MPa, 1.35 – 4.28 MPa, and 3.54 – 6.86 GPa, respectively. The non-uniform distribution of the voids of ternary composites geopolymer foamed concrete and the formation of calcium aluminosilicate hydrates C-(N-) A-S-H gel are found.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Palm Oil Boiler Ash and Palm Oil Clinker Powder

Physical and Chemical Properties of Palm Oil Boiler Ash and Palm Oil Clinker Powder

Novel masonry grout incorporating high volumes of industrial by-products: microstructure characteristics and pursuance of durability properties

One solution to the high cost and scarcity of building materials is to use alternative and sustainable materials. The study presented herein developed an eco-friendly masonry grout using high volumes of palm oil clinker powder to replace cement and palm oil clinker to replace coarse aggregate. Several batches of grouts with different amounts of these materials were made to determine the technical viability of the grout. Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), X-Rays Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) analyses were conducted to investigate the microstructure characteristics of the grout, and water absorption, initial rate of absorption, sulphate attack and electrical resistivity tests were conducted to determine its durability. Compressive strength tests were conducted at different curing ages and the drying shrinkage of the grout was monitored for 180 days. The results indicate that the new grout is as good as a conventional grout but with added sustainable and economic benefits. The new grout can be used in masonry construction and can be used to alleviate the inadequate supply of affordable housing.

Chemo-physico-mechanical characteristics of high-strength alkali-activated mortar containing non-traditional supplementary cementitious materials

The effect of non-traditional cement replacement materials as a replacement in the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) - fly ash (FA) based alkali-activated mortar (AAM) was investigated. In AAM, GGBS was replaced with 20%, 30% and 40% of palm oil fuel ash (POFA), treated palm oil fuel ash (TPOFA), palm oil clinker powder (POCP) and bottom ash (BA) by weight. Microstructure of mortar was investigated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The significant parameters investigated include the microstructures, alkali-activated material's reactivity, setting behavior and mechanical properties following ASTM standard. The potential of the pozzolanic binder materials was evaluated from the Chapelle test. The results indicated that among all the non-traditional SCMs, TPOFA achieved a satisfactory performance in all the investigations conducted. In case of AAM, 30% replacement of GGBS with TPOFA attained the highest 28-day compressive strength of 82.45 MPa. The formation of C–A–S–H gel was identified in GGBS based AAM. The results obtained from this study revealed that the TPOFA based AAM can be consider as a novel alternative sustainable green and environmental friendly material. In addition, the use of 30% of pozzolanic cementitious material can be used to replace GGBS in the development of AAM to develop high strength AAM in the range of 60–100 MPa.

An Application of Blended Palm Oil Waste in Brick Production

Cement brick is an essential construction component, which uses cement as the primary binder. The cement industry was identified as the major contributor to carbon dioxide emission, which is a greenhouse gas. The application of agro-industrial waste as partial cement replacement can reduce the negative impacts on the environment. In this study, the palm oil wastes, namely Palm Oil Clinker Powder (POCP) and Palm Oil Boiler Ash (POBA), were used as partial cement replacement. A total of 60 specimens were prepared with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% cement replacement by POCP and POBA. The physical and mechanical properties of bricks, such as density, water absorption, voids, and compressive strength, were investigated. The results show that the brick with 20% CP and BA could be used as a severe weathering brick.

The Effect of Palm Oil Fuel Clinker Powder and Cockleshell Powder as Cement Replacement on Durability Properties of the Concrete Mortar

The concepts of eco-friendly building are getting more attention today. The standard materials of concrete that used such as cement and aggregate are not totally environmentally friendly. Thus, many materials from natural sources can be an alternative to the realization of the green building concept. As a result, many researchers have devoted their attention towards identifying eco-friendlier substitutions to be used in concrete. This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of two different types of waste materials which are palm oil clinker (POC) and cockle shell (CS) as partial replacement of cement on durability aspects. The POC and CS materials were ground to achieve a small particle size to fit with the concrete mix as cement replacement. The replacement of cement was at different levels (10% and 20%). Six mix proportions were made with different percentage of palm oil clinker powder POCP and cockle shell powder CSP. The specimens were cured by immersing in water for 7 and 28 days. The tests that were conducted were acid resistance test and water absorption test. Therefore, the experiment result showed that the POC had a negative impact to the concrete in both tests while the CSP proved it is resistance to acid.

Comparison study between POFA and POCP in terms of chemical composition and physical properties-Review paper

High volume waste from agriculture industry can be utilized in concrete production instead of causing environmental problems. Palm oil fuel ash POFA and palm oil clinker powder POCP are two agricultural wastes resulted from palm oil industry. The high content of silica oxide SiO2 in the POFA and POCP are responsible for pozzolanic reaction required to improve the hydration products in the concrete mixture. However, both of POFA and POCP can be used as greener cement due to the small particle size and high surface area required to improve the mechanical properties of concrete. In addition to reduce the environmental problems due to accumulate the agriculture waste in landfills and open area.

Pozzolanic reactivity and strength activity index of mortar containing palm oil clinker pretreated with hydrochloric acid

Palm oil clinker powder (POCP) is an agro waste material that is often overlooked due to its low pozzolanic reactivity and contaminated with impurities and organic carbon. Therefore this study was proposed to enhance the pozzolanic reactivity of palm oil clinker powder through a chemical pre-treatment process. Characterization of treated and untreated POCP is determined through chemical oxides composition, mineralogical characteristics and microstructure properties. Its effect on the hydration of cement was studied through the inclusion as cement replacement material in mortar mixtures at the level of substitution of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0% (by weight of cement) for pre-treated and untreated POCP. Based on the findings, the pre-treatment process would enhance the pozzolanic reactivity of POCP up to 170% higher, increase the proportion of amorphous silica up to 9.6% higher, and better contribute to the strength development of mortar than untreated POCP. Hence, proving the effectiveness of chemical pre-treatment in producing pozzolanic POCP as a promising supplementary cement material.

The Effect of Palm Oil Clinker and Oil Palm Shell on the Compressive Strength of Concrete

This article reviews the physical, chemical and microstructural properties of palm oil clinker (POC) and oil palm shell (OPS) by-products of palm oil. They are considerably used as lightweight aggregate to produce lightweight concrete so as to conserve the virgin resources and to reduce environmental contamination, whereby sustainability will be achieved. This paper is devoted to explaining the compressive strength behavior of concrete incorporating POC and OPS as lightweight aggregate. It is demonstrated that POC of size below 4.75 mm can be used as a partial fine aggregate replacement. Coarse POC sized 9–4.75 mm can be used as coarse aggregate substitution. POC powder (POCP) showed an improvement in compressive strength of concrete when used as filler. POCP treated at 850 °C showed a distinct increase in compressive strength when added as 30% by weight of cement. Previous studies have investigated the possibility of using OPS as the coarse aggregate replacement in concrete after following certain treatments. However, they have also documented a significant drop in compressive strength of concrete due to the smooth texture surface of the convex and concave of shells, hence weakening the bond between aggregate and mortar. Consequently, the compressive strength of concrete is reduced. On the contrary, coarse POC showed a compressive strength development when used as OPS substitution. Future studies should focus on OPS treatments to remove purities and develop bond strength in concrete. Future investigations should consider a broader usage of POC and OPS as lightweight aggregate in other applications like mortar, tiles, bricks and blocks. All in all, the usage of oil palm by-products as lightweight aggregate has recorded an accepted compressive strength for lightweight concrete.

Influence of palm oil clinker powder on the fresh and mechanical properties of masonry mortars

Masonry and rendering mortars are is well known oldest techniques in the building. A common idea is to use strong material as possible, and as a result mortars are often rich in cement. Not only this is unnecessary expensive, it has also technical disadvantages and harmful to environment. Hence, in this study focuses on utilisation of palm oil mills waste, namely palm oil clinker powder (POCP) and POCP influences on the fresh and mechanical properties of masonry mortars are analysed and comparison between cement – lime (CLM) and masonry cement mortar (MCM) are addressed. The masonry mortars were prepared using cement – lime and masonry cement as control masonry mortars christened as type ‘S’ mortar. The POCP used as cement replacement material in the masonry mortar mixture from 0-80% by volume in the preliminary study and ideal replacement of 40% was used in the final mixture of mortar for comparison. All specimens were cured in water and air curing regimes for 7, 28 and 56 days and the physical and mechanical properties were analysed. The results show that as replacement of cement with POCP increases, there is a reduction in fresh density with subsequent increase in air content. Further, the use of masonry cement with POCP (MCP) shows highly workable mix even at lower w/cm ratio compared to cement-lime mortar with POCP (CLP). Moreover, CLM, CLP obtained higher strength (28 & 20 MPa) than MCM and MCP (24 MPa & 11 MPa). on the contrary, the cement-lime mortar with POCP shows higher compressive strength compared to masonry mortar prepared with masonry cement-POCP.

Effect of binder content and water-binder ratio in mortar developed using partial replacement of cement with palm oil clinker powder

The manufacture of cement leads to almost 5 to 7% of the total production of carbon dioxide which causes greenhouse effect. So, it is vital to replace the ordinary Portland cement by the other binders which have the similar or better properties than cement. Besides, the recent interests on the palm oil industrial wastes in the development of mortar led to research works on usefulness of these wastes in construction materials. The palm oil industry produces many wastes such as oil palm shell, palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and palm oil clinker powder (POCP). In this research work, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of different binder contents, and water-binder (w/b) ratio on the development of mortars. Conventional ordinary Portland cement was replaced with 40% of POCP and the total binder contents of 450, 500 and 550 kg/m3 with w/b ratios of 0.45, 0.35 and 0.32 used. The properties of mortars were evaluated for fresh and hardened properties; XRD characteristic was also studied. Test results showed that the strength of mortar specimens improved as the binder content increased with subsequent decrease in w/b ratio. POCP mortar specimens with binder content of 550kg/m3 with cement replacement of 40% produced 28-day compressive strength of 45.3 MPa, compared to 65.12 MPa for control cement mortar (CM). The value of flow diameter of 40% replacement of POCP mortar was 108.51 mm and this was 16.6% lower compared to control mortar. Though POCP based mortar produced a strength reduction of about 36.6%, its usefulness in achieving acceptable strength and sustainable aspect of reducing 40% of conventional cement could be considered significant.

Microstructural investigation and durability performance of high volume industrial by-products-based masonry mortars

The use of eco-efficient building materials in construction has become a trend in regard to the effort of mitigating the effect of global warming which include CO2 emission, energy demand, and natural resources depletion that lead to negative environmental impacts. The present study was attempts to investigate the microstructure behaviour and durability performance of masonry mortars. In this context, palm oil clinker powder (POCP) was utilised to replace cement up to 80%, while the incinerated bottom ash aggregates (IBAA) was utilised to replace mining sand up to 100%. Eventually, further investigation was carried out on the durability performance through water absorption, sorptivity, sulphate attack, and electrical resistivity on the ideal mixtures of 40% of POCP (CLP) and IBAA with 50% (CLPI50) & 100% (CLPI) mixtures. As a result, irregular shape of POCP particles in SEM and the presence of high silica in POCP were observed to produce the peaks of portlandite as well as early occurrence of calcite. In this case, IBAA particles have angular, while porous microstructure in SEM and the XRD results showed high peaks of quartz and calcite. The final mixes containing CLP, CLPI50, and CLPI respectively obtained 51, 56, and 61% of 28-day compressive strength of control mix (CL) that was greater than the requisite 12.4 MPa. On another note, the mix- CLP showed better durability performance (6% water absorption, 84 mm/100 cm2 of IRA) compared to CLPI50 (7%, 89 mm/100 cm2), while the drying shrinkage performance of CLP possessed similar trend to that of the CL (0.064%). Finally, the mix CLP managed to produce extremely good electrical resistivity.

Assessment on engineering properties and CO2 emissions of recycled aggregate concrete incorporating waste products as supplements to Portland cement

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the durability properties and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of concrete developed using waste products. The concrete comprised of recycled concrete aggregate (RA) as a complete coarse aggregate replacement. In addition, rice husk ash (RHA), palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and palm oil clinker powder (POCP) were used as replacement materials for cement at levels up to 30%. The supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) were used in RA concrete with the aim of reducing the dependency on cement as a stand-alone binder. The compressive strength, water absorption, chloride-ion penetration and electrical resistivity were investigated for RA concrete containing SCMs. Moreover, the residual compressive strength was also examined along with the weight loss to check the elevated temperature resistance of RA concrete with SCMs. The results revealed that the use of 30% RHA as SCM produced the highest compressive strength efficiency of 0.143 MPa/kg cement among all mixes at the age of 90 days. In addition, a significant enhancement was observed for the durability-related properties at later ages, although the engineering properties of RA concrete containing SCMs was low at the age of 28 days. The thermogravimetric (TG) analysis indicated that the RHA is more effective as a pozzolanic additive than POFA and POCP. The CO2 emissions from RA concrete were reduced by approximately 29% when it was incorporated with 30% SCM, where the eco-strength efficiency showed the highest values at 20% cement replacement level of 20%.

Effect of elevated temperatures on compressive strength and microstructure of cement paste containing palm oil clinker powder

Residual compressive strength of cement after exposure to elevated temperatures is important when introduces a new supplementary cementitious material for cement based applications. Palm oil clinker (POC) is a residue produced upon burning of palm oil shells and fibres in a boiler of palm oil mill. The aim of this work is to evaluate the high temperature effect on compressive strength and microstructure change of palm oil clinker powder (POCP) containing cement paste. The palm oil clinker powder containing cement (POCPC) was prepared for 30% replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Elevated temperatures at 300 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C have been maintained for 3 h for both OPC and POCPC paste. The compressive strengths of OPC and POCPC were measured at the curing age of 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. The mineralogy, IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis and microstructure were investigated using XRD, FTIR, TGA and FESEM, respectively. The compressive strength of POCPC is significantly higher than that of OPC sample when thermally activated at 600 °C and 800 °C for 3 h. The XRD, FTIR, TGA and FESEM results reveal that more hydration products (C-S-H) sustain in POCPC compare with OPC after exposure to elevated temperature that is the causes behind higher compressive strength in POCPC.

High volume cement replacement by environmental friendly industrial by-product palm oil clinker powder in cement – lime masonry mortar

Abstract Cement-lime based mortar is extremely popular for a wide range of construction around the world and conserving natural resources used in the production of such material is of capital importance. Identification of alternative materials from palm oil based industrial by-products enabled researchers to use palm oil clinker powder (POCP) as a cement replacement material; in this research work, POCP was used as cement replacement material in masonry mortar. The physical, chemical properties and SEM of POCP were analyzed to investigate the feasibility of utilizing POCP as cement replacement for up to 80%. Based on the feasibility study, final mortar mixes were prepared utilizing 40% of POCP. Further investigations were carried on fresh, mechanical and bond properties of mortar. The hardened properties for mechanical performance and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) investigated in water and air cured regimes show that up to 40% of cement could be replaced to obtain the requisite compressive strength of 12.4 MPa for cement-lime mortar. Further, POCP ground to more number of cycles had minor impact on the mechanical properties. The investigation on the potential use of POCP as cement replacement confirmed the potentiality through energy saving, cost effective and cleaner environment.

Adopting particle-packing method to develop high strength palm oil clinker concrete

Utilization of locally available waste and by-product to replace conventional concrete materials has gained considerable attention over the past two decades. This study is a part of an extensive research program on the characteristics of palm oil clinker (POC) incorporated concrete. In this study, experimental investigation was carried out on incorporating POC as aggregates and filler material in the production of high strength concrete (HSC). Crushed POC were used as partial and full replacement of natural aggregates i.e. fine and coarse. Palm oil clinker powder (POCP) was then incorporated to fill the voids present on the surface of POC particles, while maintaining the other mix constituents. Fresh and hardened properties of the POC concrete with and without POCP were investigated. Substituting coarse aggregate with POC negatively affected the concrete fresh and hardened properties due to POC porous nature. However, the results of the study revealed that incorporating additional POCP as filler material by adopting Particle-Packing (PP) method improved the engineering properties of POC concrete. Therefore, there is a potential towards utilization of POC for many practical construction applications. POC being an environmentally-friendly and a low-cost aggregate can serve as a normal aggregate alternative for future use.