Palm Kernel Oil Research Articles

Enzymatic Glycerolysis of Palm Kernel Olein-Stearin Blend for Monolaurin Synthesis as an Emulsifier and Antibacterial.

Monolaurin is a monoacylglycerol, which can act as an emulsifier and antibacterial. Palm kernel oil is a monolaurin raw material that can be fractionated into palm kernel olein (PKOo) and palm kernel stearin (PKS). Therefore, this study prepares monolaurin through enzymatic glycerolysis of the PKOo-PKS blend. The effects of enzyme concentration, molar ratio of oil to glycerol, solvent to oil ratio, and reaction temperature on the products of glycerolysis were investigated. The best conditions were selected for further production, purification, and characterization of the monolaurin. The results showed that the best glycerolysis condition was obtained with an enzyme concentration of 10% w/w, an oil–glycerol molar ratio of 1:4, a solvent–oil ratio of 2:1 v/w, and a glycerolysis temperature of 40 °C with a stirring speed of 600 rpm based on the monoacylglycerol (MAG) concentration. The identification of the sample with FTIR and NMR indicated that the purified glycerolysis product is the monolaurin. The thermal analysis showed a large endothermic peak with a melting point of 35.56 °C. The purified monolaurin has a HLB value of 5.92, and an emulsion capacity and stability of 93.66 ± 1.85% and 89.54 ± 3.36%, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the monolaurin for Escherichia coli FNCC 0091 and Staphylococcus aureus FNCC 0047 were at 500 ppm, and 100 ppm for Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0060.

Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Biomass: Multi-Optimisation of Solid Char Yield and Its Calorific Value Using Response Surface Methodology

Recovery of oil palm resources is essential towards conserving environment. This study investigated the behaviour of oil palm kernel shells (PKS), palm mesocarp fibre (PMF) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) through microwave assisted pyrolysis. Power level (300–1,000 W), exposure time (10–30 min) and mass loading (20–50 g) were varied to determine its influence on char yield and calorific value at one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) analysis. Model equations obtained from Box-Behnken design was used for Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in determining the optimum operating condition. It was found that the power level has least important influence on the solid char yield of EFB and PMF. No significant impact on the solid char yield of PMF beyond 10 min of exposure. Maximum mass inside the pyrolyser for EFB, PMF, and PKS are 40, 50, and 25 g, respectively. Calorific values of solid char produced were comparable to a low rank coal (>22 MJ/kg). From the RSM analysis, the optimum conditions for obtaining high char yield and calorific values have been determined with power level of 300 W, exposure time in the range of 16.7–32 min, and biomass mass in the range of 20–40.4 g. The outcome from this analysis is vital as it provides an alternative solution to utilise oil palm industrial wastes to be converted to solid fuel as source of renewable fuel and reduce its pollution to the environment.

Improvement of environmental characteristics of natural monoesters for use as insulating liquid in power transformers

Natural esters have high viscosity in their triglyceride form. Transesterification reduces their viscosity but lowers their flash point. In this paper, we proposed an optimal blend of natural esters, having the better compromise between flash point and viscosity, for use in power transformers. Mixtures of two components, refined and methyl esters of palm kernel oil (RPKO and MEPKO), were investigated by simplex lattice design (SLD). For each sample, the viscosity, flash/fire points, neutralization number and biodegradability in an aqueous environment were determined. The mixture flash point increases with triglyceride proportion. The adverse effects are viscosity rise and biodegradability reduction. Optimal combination i.e., 32.22 % of MEPKO and 67.78 % of RPKO, has a lower viscosity of 41.01 % compared to RPKO and flash point reduced by only 9.32%. Although optimal flash point is lower than the requirements for natural esters, it is much higher than mineral oils flash point, with a viscosity close to that of mineral oils and a high biodegradability. • 11 proportion of blends of refined and monoester of palm kernel oil were elaborated. • Flash/fire point, viscosity, acidity and biodegradability level of each blend were investigated. • Choice of Optimal proportion using Simplex Lattice Design method in DesignExpert 13. • Optimal proportion 32.22% MEPKO and 67.78% RPKO, Viscosity of 17 cSt, close to that of mineral oil. • Neutralization number 0.04 mg KOH/g, Flash point 190 °C, Fire point 216 °C, Biodegradability 75%.

Development of a protocol based on classic and modern techniques for detection of shortening and hydrogenated palm kernel oil addition to Buffalo’s milkfat

Development of a protocol based on classic and modern techniques for detection of shortening and hydrogenated palm kernel oil addition to Buffalo’s milkfat

Effect of Heat Transfer on Wall Thickness and Insulation at Sterilizer Station PT. Socfindo Kebun Seunagan


 
 
 
 Palm Oil Mill PT. Socfindo Kebun Seunagan is a factory engaged in the processing of palm oil, which is obtained in Crude Oil or called Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Kernel Oil. PT. Socfindo Kebun Seunagan has also experienced a conflict in the Sterilizer machine, which is a very important machine for processing Crude Oil. Stabilizer at PT. Socfindo Kebun Seunagan uses 3 horizontally shaped boiling units, each with a capacity of 7 lorries, each lorry containing two, five tons. A sterilizer means a pressure vessel used to cover palm oil, which uses steam as a heating medium that comes from a back pressure vessel that has a pressure of 2.0 bar and a temperature of 100 C. If the above requirements are not met, then the CPO production efficiency obtained may not be able to meet the specified specifications. therefore this analysis needs to be done so that we can understand or find out how to analyze heat transfer in the Sterilizer machine at PT. Socfindo Seunagan Gardens. This allows us to know the incoming energy, outgoing power, heat efficiency, losses, and changes in energy in transient conduction. The energy that comes out of each peak is Peak I as much as 48979,614 kJ, peak II at 79169,164 kJ and at Peak III as much as 81705,414 kJ. The highest heat efficiency is found in peak I of 0.846277. the lowest losses are at peak III as much as 51.765kJ.
 
 
 

Density, water, and swelling characteristics of cellular palm kernel oil bio‐polyol modified polyurethane toward more sustainable growing media application

AbstractDeveloping a bio‐based polyol polyurethane foam with the desired properties for use as growing media for green vertical walls could be beneficial in the quest to create a more sustainable urban living. In this work, palm kernel oil‐based polyol (PKOP) was mixed with petroleum‐based polyol (PP) at different ratios in synthesizing polyurethane foam. The impacts of PKOP/PP formulation on the density, cell morphology, water absorption, water retention, swelling behavior, and their chemical functional groups were evaluated. It was determined that replacing PP with low levels of PKOP could reduce the water absorption ability due to the introduction of hydrophobic plant‐based fatty acids. On the contrary, polyurethane foam containing more than 30% PKOP has improved the water absorbing ability and retention properties. Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum indicates that the synthesized foams are isocyanate‐free and stable toward pH changes. The trial planting attempt was a success where the plants were grown from seeds using the synthesized foam media. It was proposed that 50% PKOP is most suitable for use as a growing media, based on its water absorbing and retention properties. The findings of this study highlight the potential for the use of bio‐based polyol polyurethane foam for more sustainable growing media in urban gardens.

Water Absorption Behavior of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) and Oil Palm Kernel Shell (OPKS) as Fillers in Acrylic Thermoplastic Composites.

In recent years, the use of oil palm wastes has been an interesting approach for the development of sustainable polymer matrix composites. Nevertheless, the water absorption behavior of these materials is one of the most critical factors for their performance over time. In this study, the water uptake characteristics of acrylic thermoplastic matrix composites reinforced separately with oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) and oil palm kernel shell (OPKS) were evaluated through immersion test in distilled water. The specimens of both composites were manufactured using the compression molding technique at three temperatures (80, 100, and 120 °C) using different particle sizes (425–600 and 600–850 µm). The composites, before and after the absorption test, were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The evaluation was complemented by the application of the Fickian diffusion model. Overall results showed that water absorption capacity decreased at a higher processing temperature and a larger particle size. In particular, it was observed that the type of reinforcement also influenced both water absorption and diffusivity. OPKS/acrylic and OPEFB/acrylic composites reached a maximum absorption of 77 and 86%, with diffusivities of 7.3 × 10−9 and 15.2 × 10−9 m2/min, respectively. Experimental evidence suggested that the absorption mechanism of the composites followed a non-Fickian model (n < 1.0).

Creating values from wastes: Producing biofuels from waste cooking oil via a tandem vapor-phase hydrotreating process

This study is focused on producing biofuels from waste oils via a tandem vapor-phase hydrotreating process in a pressurized two-stage fixed bed reactor over a bifunctional Ni/Al2O3-SiO2 catalyst under 0.25 MPa H2. A 100% hydrodeoxygenation efficiency both in liquid and gas products was observed, yielding 83.9 wt% C5-C19 n-alkanes which corresponds to a 7.4-fold increase compared with that obtained from non-catalytic conversion. The hydrodeoxygenation mechanism of waste cooking oil in the catalytic tandem hydrotreating process induced by Ni/Al2O3-SiO2 was proposed. The hydropyrolysis temperature in the first reactor, hydrogenation temperature in the second reactor, reaction pressure, catalyst to waste cooking oil mass ratio, and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) was optimized at 550 °C, 300 °C, 0.25 MPa, 3, and 56 s−1, respectively. The application potential of this cascade vapor-phase hydrotreating process was evaluated by employing different waste oils such as palm kernel oil, woody oil (swida wilsoniana), soapstock, and waste lubricating oil as feedstock, giving C5 to C19 n-alkane yields ranging from 21.6 to 87.5 wt%. This work provides a novel and promising approach to upcycle waste oils into upgraded biofuels compared with conventional catalytic pyrolysis.

Evaluating Oil Palm Cultivation using Geospatial Approach in Kerdau, Temerloh District

Oil palm is one of the cultivation that synonyms in Malaysia. Malaysia become one of the biggest palm oil producer globally after Indonesia. In order to achieve successful yield per year, oil palm need constant effort and labor to monitor them accordingly. Manual method in monitoring the palm oil consumes large amount of time and energy. Palm oil comes from the fleshy fruit of oil palms. Unrefined palm oil is sometimes referred to as red palm oil because of its reddish-orange color. Remote sensing technique utilizes usage of satellite imageries to analyzes healthiness and canopy features of palm oil plantation. There are several advantage in determining palm oil condition through multispectral and texture analysis in ERDAS Imagine and Envi. Utilizing Landsat-8 imagery, monitoring palm oil cultivation and yield can be effectively implemented in Malaysia. In this study, we will use three vegetation indices which are Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI). This study will demonstrate that selected satellite-derived vegetation indices can be used to estimate oil palm yields with reliable accuracy. In this work, the ability of selected vegetation indices, derived from a single-date archived high resolution satellite imagery, to estimate oil palm yields at the management block scale was demonstrated. This technique applied to determine the condition of the palm oil tree. Using remote sensing technique, the value of the vegetation indices will be determined and analyzed. Result from this process, palm oil condition can be evaluated. This study provides an important benchmark for applying remote sensing technology in the management of plantation-scale oil palm. Oil palm yield estimation based on empirical models, as described in this work, can be computerized using a simple spreadsheet interface so as to facilitate optimal agronomic intervention, particularly with regard to crop harvesting, crop stress alleviation and input application. However, it’s important to note that palm oil should not be confused with palm kernel oil. While both originate from the same plant, palm kernel oil is extracted from the seed of the fruit. It provides different health benefits.

DESKRIPSI INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN KELAPA SAWIT DI PT. TRI BAKTI SARIMAS PKS 2 IBUL, RIAU TAHUN 2020

Palm oil processing is one of the determining factors for the success of an oil palm plantation business. This study is aimed to examine the palm oil processing industry at PT. Tri Bakti Sarimas PKS 2 Ibul, Riau in 2020 where the subject of study is devoted to the palm oil processing system into CPO (Crude Palm Oil) and PKO (Palm Kernel Oil). The descriptive method is used in this study and data are taken through experiments, observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that the processing of palm oil into CPO and PKO is processed to several stages and processes, namely weighing, grading and sorting, loading ramp, splitter, sterilizer, thresher, digester and press. PT. Tri Bakti Sarimas has carried out the processing of palm oil in accordance with standard operating procedure.

Lubrication Potential of Palm Kernel Oil Modified with Selected Biowaste

Lubrication Potential of Palm Kernel Oil Modified with Selected Biowaste

Impact of Palm Kernel Oil Mill Effluent on the Soil's Physicochemical Characteristics and Growth of Tomato Plant

Effluent is wastewater flowing out of a sewer which constitutes environmental problems ranging from long-term ecological damage to increased water-borne diseases. In Nigeria, palm kernel oil is extracted from oil palm fruits in oil mills and the effluent is discharged without treatment to the soil in the vicinity of such mills. The effluent-receiving soil has been observed not to support the growth of vegetation. Hence in this work, the impact of palm kernel oil mill effluent on the soil physicochemical characteristics and growth of tomato plant was determined and compared with the effluent discharge limit established by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency. Samples of untreated and treated effluent, untreated and treated effluent-polluted soil and unpolluted soil were used for the study. The physicochemical analysis was carried out using standard physicochemical methods. The physicochemical values of the untreated effluent, except the pH, which was acidic, were higher than those of the treated effluent. Most of the physicochemical values of the untreated effluent-polluted soil were higher than those of the treated effluent-polluted soil and the unpolluted soil. The tomato plant grown in the unpolluted soil had better growth characteristics and yielded more fruits than those grown in the treated effluent-polluted soil. In addition, the tomato plant grown in the untreated effluent-polluted soil showed the lowest growth characteristics and yielded no fruits due to its elevated level of heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbons. The study showed that the untreated palm kernel oil mill effluent had a negative impact on the soil's physicochemical and growth characteristics of the tomato plant. Therefore, the effluent must be adequately treated to remove hazardous substances before its discharge into the terrestrial environment.

Blends of palm kernel oil, soybean oil and palm stearin as an alternative to milk fat for frozen dessert application

In this study, the ternary blends of palm kernel oil (PKO), soybean oil (SBO) and two types of palm stearin (PS) (PS33 and PS38) were systematically prepared and evaluated for their application as an alternative to milk fat in frozen dessert. The physicochemical characteristics namely fatty acids constituent, triacylglycerols (TAGs) composition, melting behavior, solid fat content (SFC) and microstructure were studied. All ternary blends of PKO/SBO/PS33 and PKO/SBO/PS38 had comparable microstructure to that of milk fat. However, 80/15/5 (PKO/SBO/PS33) and 80/15/5 to 80/5/15 (PKO/SBO/PS38) mixtures were found to have similar SFC as milk fat at temperature above 20 °C, allowing these ternary blends to be completely melted at body temperature. With this, 80/15/5 (PKO/SBO/PS33) and 80/15/5 to 80/5/15 (PKO/SBO/PS38) mixtures were able to provide similar meltdown and mouth feel as milk fat at room temperature. Nonetheless, fatty acids constituent, TAGs composition and melting behavior of the blends were different from milk fat. This study showed that ternary blends of PKO, SBO and PS at ratios 80/15/5 (PKO/SBO/PS33) and 80/15/5 to 80/5/15 (PKO/SBO/PS38) can be potentially used as a milk fat alternative for frozen dessert application based on its similar microstructure and SFC profile as the milk fat.

Triglycerides of medium-chain fatty acids: a concise review.

Medium-chain triglycerides contain medium-chain fatty acid esterified to the glycerol backbone. These MCFA have a shorter chain length and are quickly metabolized in the body serving as an immediate energy source. They are known to have good physiological as well as functional characteristics which help in treating various health disorders. Naturally, they are found in coconut oil, milk fat, and palm kernel oil, and they are synthetically produced by esterification and interesterification reactions. Due to their numerous health benefits, MCT is used as a functional or nutraceutical oil in various food and pharmaceutical formulations. To increase their nutraceutical benefits and food applications MCFA can be used along with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the synthesis of structured lipids. This review aims to provide information about triglycerides of MCFA, structure, metabolism, properties, synthetic routes, intensified synthesis approaches, health benefits, application, and safety of use of MCT in the diet.

Physicochemical and textural properties of natural cosmeceutical fats prepared from interesterified oil blends consisting of palm olein and palm kernel oil

Natural oil is commonly used as the base oil of high-end cosmetics. To meet the requirements of general users, the ratio of traditional vegetable oil-based interesterified fats continues to increase in industrial applications. Common interesterified fats are derived from chemical catalysis, which shows high specification requirements for raw materials and catalysts. Although enzymatic interesterification (EIE) is not commonly used in industry, it is far more economical, healthy and environmentally friendly. This study aims to use palm olein (POL) and lauric acid-based palm kernel oil (PKO) as raw materials to produce EIE fats by using Lipozyme TLIM® as the catalyst. The migration of acyl groups during EIE contributed to the modifications of the triacylglycerol compositions, the production of fats with fine crystals due to the accelerated crystallization rate, and improved fat properties such as plasticity, melting profile, viscosity, and spreadability. The interesterified cosmetic base oil showed reduced hydrophobicity and unaltered refractive index with no toxic heavy metal elements introduced during the process.

Determination of some physical properties, angles of repose and frictional properties of a local variety of kernel and nut of oil palm

The study was to determine the moisture content, size, volume, sphericity, solid density, bulk density and porosity, angle of repose, coefficient of static friction and compressive strength of oil palm kernel and nut. The results show that the moisture contents were 7.94% and 25.31% for the kernel and nut respectively. The arithmetic and geometric mean diameters were 1.56 cm and 45.79 cm (kernel) and 0.87 cm and 1.27 cm (nut). The average volumes were, 1.75 cm3 (kernel) and 0.79 cm3 (nut). The average sphericities were 66.37 % (kernel) and 64.36 % (nut). The average solid densities, bulk densities and porosities of the samples were 1.63 g/cm3, 0.00053 g/cm3 and 61.32 % (kernel) and 2.13 g/cm3, 0.0008 g/cm3 and 46.91 % (nut). The average values for the angles of repose on wood were 20.8 0 (fresh), 22.81 0(boiled), 19.09 0 (kernel) and 60.71 0 (nut). On glass, the angles of repose were 17.53 0 (kernel) and 64.08 0 (nut). Those on metals were, 18.55 0 (kernel) and 62.3 0 (nut). The coefficients of static friction on wood were 0.35 (kernel) and 1.89 (nut). On glass, coefficient of static friction was 0.32 (kernel) and 2.18 (nut). Those on metals were 0.34 (kernel) and 2.0 (nut).

Investigation of optimal processing parameters of palm kernel oil extraction under uniaxial loading towards food security and energy sustainability

The present study evaluates the optimal conditions for palm kernel oil extraction under uniaxial compression loading. The response surface regression technique was used to test the independent variables, which were the force, vessel diameter and speed at three levels separately. The kernel oil yield was observed as the dependent variable where a regression model was described using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% probability level. The observed palm kernel oil yield was found to be 22.61% whereas the optimized value was 22.99%. The corresponding extraction (deformation energy) was calculated to be 1.24 kJ. The lack-of-fit of the regression model was non-significant (P > 0.05) implying its adequacy. The force, vessel diameter and speed at the levels of 200 kN, 60 mm and 4 mmmin-1 were identified as the optimum parameters for obtaining high percentage palm kernel oil under uniaxial compression. The findings would be validated in a mechanical screw press type Farmet Duo at a laboratory scale to optimize the palm kernel oil extraction process at small-to large -scale production.

Pollutants removal from palm oil mill effluent (POME) final discharge using oil palm kernel shell activated carbon in the up-flow continuous adsorption system

Pollutants removal from palm oil mill effluent (POME) final discharge using oil palm kernel shell activated carbon in the up-flow continuous adsorption system

Extracted saponin from Anabasis setifera plant as a biosurfactant for stabilization of oil in water (O/W) nano-emulsion based on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) kernel oil

Abstract Saponin was extracted from the Anabasis setifera plant and used to stabilize an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion based on date palm kernel oil. Different amounts of the extracted saponin were used with a constant oil concentration (1.5% w/w). The droplet size distribution, emulsion droplet size value (d-ave), polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential of the emulsions were determined using dynamic light scattering (DLS). These parameters were measured and compared after seven days of emulsion preparation. The best results (d-ave = 41.7 nm, PDI = 0.1 and zeta potential = −29.8 mV) were obtained for the CMC of saponin. Both the oil and the surfactant were specifically extracted and used from the nature of Saravan in the Baluchestan region of Iran. This research presents a green and cost-effective aspect for potential formulations of nano-emulsions that can be used in the food and cosmetic industries.

The Role of Fat Blends in Improving the Physicochemical Properties of Palm Kernel Oil for Monolaurin Synthesis

This study aims to analyze the physicochemical properties of fat blends between palm kernel olein and stearin in different ratios. Furthermore, it determines the fat blends, which have more than 50 % lauric acid at the sn-2 position. The liquefied RBDPKOo (refined bleached deodorized palm kernel olein) and RBDPKOs (refined bleached deodorized palm kernel stearin) were mixed in proportions of 100:0; 80:20; 60:40; 40:60; 20:80; and 0:100 (w/w), and homogenized at 70 °C for 15 min. Also, the samples analyzed were fatty acid composition, triglyceride profile and physicochemical properties. The results showed the blending of RBDPKOo with RBDPKOs resulted in a change in melting point, iodine value, and behavior. Increased RBDPKOs resulted to a higher melting point, and a lower iodine value of fat blends. A blending with higher RBDPKOs (more than 60 %) resulted in a sharp endothermic peak. Meanwhile, blending of RBDPKOo with RBDPKOs significantly changes the fatty acid composition and triglycerides profiles. The RBDPKOs in the fat blends increased the trilaurin, and the composition as well as the amount of lauric acid at the position of sn-2. In addition, the 2 fat blends obtained with more than 50 % lauric acid at the position of sn-2 were RBDPKOo: RBDPKOs ratios of 40:60 and 20:80, respectively.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; Palm kernel olein and stearin blend&#x0D; Improving the Physicochemical Properties of Palm Kernel Oil&#x0D; Raw material of monolaurin synthesis&#x0D;