Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Research Articles

The Effect of Fiber Volume Fraction on the Bending Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Composites of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches

In this modern era, the palm oil industry is growing, so the waste is also increasing. If the waste from the palm oil industry is not processed, it will pollute the environment. One way to process palm oil waste is to turn the empty palm fruit bunches (OPEFB) fibers into composite reinforcement. Various natural fibers can be applied to become composite reinforcement, so it is necessary to study the character of OPEFB fibers for composite reinforcement. This study will look at the effect of various volume fractions on the bending strength of the composite. The volume fraction consists of 20%, 30%, and 40% fiber. The composite is then tested for bending to determine the bending strength of the composite. The results of the tests showed that the highest bending strength value was the 30% volume fractional variation with 47.70 MPa. The 40% volume fraction variation has the lowest bending strength value of 29.53 MPa.

Combined binary and gasifier-based power generation from biomass and biowaste in Malaysia

Growing environmental concerns due to emission of greenhouse gas from the use of nonrenewable resources can be reduced with the aid of renewable resources, which are considered as an alternative fuel in the absence of fossil fuel in the future. Biomass, one of the renewable resources, is supposed to play an important role in energy sectors because it is the second cheapest energy source among the renewable resources. Apart from generating electricity by using the current biomass technology, such as combustion, gasification, or pyrolysis, a combination of binary and gasification can be one of the effective ways to harvest energy from biomass and to secure the energy production. In term of biomass, Malaysia is blessed with a plenty of renewable energy resources including solar, biomass, and hydro. Hence, a combined binary and biomass power generation can be a promising source of energy generation. In this work, a techno-economic feasibility study on a binary and gasifier-based power generation system from biomass and municipal waste is conducted. The study is conducted to determine the suitability of the system development in Malaysia based on the current resources available. From the results obtained, it is found that the estimated amount of electricity generated from palm empty fruit bunch and municipal waste is 369.65 GWh/yr and 21 262.327 84 GWh/yr, respectively, using combined binary and gasifier-based power generation. Thus, a combined binary and gasifier-based power generation from biomass and biowaste is feasible to be developed in Malaysia.

EFFECT OF PALM OIL BUDLE ASH ON REDUCTION OF OIL/FAT HOSPITAL WASTEWATER

Activities in healthcare facilities have a negative impact in the form of pollution due to waste disposal without proper processing. One of the most dangerous is lipid or fat waste in wastewater. Lipids are also a threat to the aquatic environment, such as those found in ditches and rivers. Oil/fat will cause pollution in the river and in the processing plant itself thereby reducing the efficiency of wastewater treatment. Oil and grease removal usually uses physical methods, namely by trapping oil/fat with a grease trap. The second uses a flotation process utilizing the force of gravity. It is hoped that the ash of empty palm fruit bunches can be used to reduce the oil/fat content in hospital wastewater as another alternative to set aside oil and grease. This research was conducted to determine the relationship between quantitative variables to determine the model to be used. The distribution of the dots on a scatter plot chart can show the relationship between variables. The relationship studied is in the form of patterns that are observed visually and to obtain correlation determinants and equations (models) of the relationship between variables through scatter plot graphics. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between the addition of empty palm fruit bunch ash to the reduction of oil and fat. Adding 0.1 mg.l-1 of empty palm fruit bunch ash resulted in an average decrease in oil and fat content of 60.34%; The addition of 0.2 mg.l-1 resulted in a decrease of 75.38% and the addition of 0.5 mg.l-1 after a decrease of 90.42%. To reduce the oil and fat content to 0 (zero) (perfect emulsion) to 3.25 mg.l-1 sample from the simple regression equation (y = -4.8969x + 2.3919) is 0.47 g/liter of waste water or 0 .47 kg/m3 of wastewater.
 

Bimbingan Teknis Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) di Kabupaten Kolaka

Oil palm empty fruit bunches are the main waste from the palm oil processing industry and are a source of organic matter rich in nutrients N, P, K, and Mg. Composting empty palm fruit bunches naturally takes quite a long time. Techniques to speed up the process of decomposition of organic matter is done by giving activators. Activators are microbial decomposers that act as catalysts to speed up the composting process and make the composting products perfect with good quality. The potential for empty oil palm bunches in Tanggetada District, especially Petudua Village, is very abundant. The people in Petudua Village do not yet know the benefits of empty palm fruit bunches, so they are left lying around which can disturb the surrounding environment. This technical assistance aims to guide the people of Petudua Village on the steps for making organic fertilizer sourced from empty oil palm fruit bunches. The stages of this activity include lectures, training and discussions. The result of this technical assistance is the knowledge of the people of Petudua Village about the steps for making and the procedure for making organic fertilizer from empty oil palm bunches.

Methanolysis of Africa Pear Seed Oil via Thermally Activated Empty Palm Fruit Bunch Ash (TAEPFBA) Catalyst, ANN Prediction and Sensitivity Analysis

This study investigated the catalytic effect of thermal modified empty palm fruit bunch ash (TAEPFBA) on the transesterification reaction of Africa pear seed oil (APSO) with optimization of the process variable, and relative contribution of each variable ascertained. The TAEPFBA was synthesized from empty palm fruit bunches while the APSO was extracted via solvent extraction. The oil and catalyst were characterized using American Standard for Testing of Material (ASTM) and analytical tools. The biodiesel was produced at optimal condition and the yield of biodiesel was predicted with artificial neural network (ANN). The methyl ester produced was characterized and compared with standard properties for its application. The results showed that the oil and catalyst had comparable properties with other oils and catalysts that have been used for transesterification. The optimal conditions for transesterification reaction are temperature of 60oC, reaction time of 3hrs, 10:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, 3wt % catalyst dosage and agitation speed of 300rpm with biodiesel yield of 75%. The biodiesel produced was within the acceptable standard. The ANN predicted the yield of biodiesel with a mean square error (MSE) value of 0.0214 less than 0.05 level of significant. The contributive impact of each process variable shows that the temperature has the highest relative impact on the yield of biodiesel while the methanol/oil molar ratio has the least contribution The overall result shows that the catalyst (TAEPFBA) has the potential to convert the APSO to alkyl ester and the yield can be predicted with ANN tool.

Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) from Water Using Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Based Bio-sorbent

Naproxen has been found in a variety of water sources, including drinking water and groundwater. The effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants and other modern pharmaceutical removal procedures are investigated, with a particular focus on adsorption. There are several significant findings in this report that the quantity of oil palm wastes particularly oil palm EFB has created disposal problems. Utilizing EFB as a pollutant adsorbent in wastewater is a viable option. The aim of this research is to determine the adsorption capacity and the efficiency of EFB in removal of NSAIDs from water. As a result, EFB must be used to mitigate agricultural waste and water pollution. The highest percentage naproxen sodium removal shows at concentration of 100 ppm after 24 hours in 2.5 g of EFB, which was 98.66%. For 5.0 g of EFB, the highest percentage removal recorded in 1000 ppm concentration of naproxen sodium solution after 24 hours was 45.74 %. Aspects for EFB to achieve maximum adsorption capacity and efficiency are smaller EFB and contact time in 24 hours. In conclusion, EFB can be utilized as a cheap raw material to be a bio-sorbent.

Thermal characterization of epoxy bilayer hybrid composites reinforced with kenaf and oil palm fibers

AbstractNatural fiber‐based materials are widely accepted in the composite sector as a substitute for synthetic fiber, particularly in structural and semi‐structural implementations in the automotive and aerospace industries, reflecting a recent trend and increased awareness of the importance of sustainable product design. Hand lay‐up was used to create natural fiber bilayer hybrid composites with epoxy matrix reinforcing oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) and kenaf fiber matting. The overall effect of this hybridization of the natural fiber and the thermal characterizations were studied experimentally. Both the hybrid combinations kenaf fiber and oil palm EFB were made by maintaining the fiber loading at 50% (weight) and weight ratios at 1:1, 1:4 and 4:1. The Tan delta, loss modulus (E″), storage modulus (E′), and Cole‐Cole plot were found to be useful in investigating dynamic mechanical properties. Dynamic mechanical analysis results like coefficient of performance and Cole‐Cole plot clearly show that hybrid pure kenaf composite has the significant complex modulus because interfacial bond between fiber and matrix is strong. As a result, it has been determined that kenaf fibers have the best mixing ratio for improving the dynamic mechanical properties of these hybrid type composites and can be used for aerospace, automotive, and civil engineering applications requiring high dimensional stability and excellent mechanical properties. The thermal gravimetric analysis data demonstrated that as compared to pure, the kenaf fibers and hybrid oil palm empty fruit bunch composites have the best thermal stability, with the highest beginning and ultimate breakdown temperatures of 200 and 450°C, respectively.

Potential Alternative Energy of Hybrid Coal from Co-pyrolysis of Lignite with Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and the Kinetic Study

Lignite is classified as a low-rank coal due to its low content of calories. Co-pyrolysis with biomass waste such as palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) here can be used to increase lignite’s economic value. The mixture of these two materials can produce an alternative energy source called hybrid coal (HC). This study aims to determine the optimum temperature for co-pyrolysis of lignite and EFB as well as characterize liquid (tar) and solid product (HC). Its kinetic study was evaluated as well. A raw material of 200 grams with a composition of 22.5% (w/w) EFB to lignite was put into a reactor to react at a temperature range of 300-450oC for 1 hour. To form hybrid coal briquettes (HCB),tapioca adhesive with a concentration of 6% (w/w) was added to the solid product (HC). The results showed that the tar yield increased with increasing temperature from 300 to 450oC. Similarly, the calorific value of HC increased by 14.50% as also occurred in other physical properties of HC. Meanwhile, the kinetic study revealed that the model was well-fitted to the data, and confirmed the obtained results. Thus, this research can support the development of affordable alternative energy to be implemented in large-scale production.

Platinum/carbon dots nanocomposites from palm bunch hydrothermal synthesis as highly efficient peroxidase mimics for ultra-low H2O2 sensing platform through dual mode of colorimetric and fluorescent detection

Detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose in nanomolar level is crucial for point-of-care medical diagnosis. It has been reported that human's central nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and even amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are presumably caused H2O2 or reactive radical species (ROS). Sensing of H2O2 released from human biofluids, tissues, organ from metabolism disorder at ultra-low concentration assists for early identification of severe diabetis mellitus related to glucose, and heart attack, as well as stroke related to cholesterol. In this work, carbon dots (CDs) having an average diameter at 6.99 nm with highly photoluminescence performance were successfully synthesized from palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) using green and environmentally friendly process via hydrothermal condition. CDs acted well on peroxidase-like activity for H2O2 detection at room temperature, however their sensitivity on ultra-low H2O2 concentration needed to be improved. To enhance their reactivity on H2O2 nanozyme activity at room temperature, synthesis of hybrid metal nanoparticles (AgNPs and PtNPs) on CDs surface was established. The findings exhibited that CDs/PtNPs was the most suitable nanozyme achieving highly efficient peroxidase mimic for dual mode of colorimetric and fluorescent H2O2 sensing platform at very low limit of detection of 0.01 mM (10 nM) H2O2.

H 2 -rich syngas production by sorption enhanced steam gasification of palm empty fruit bunch

Hydrogen-rich syngas from palm empty fruit bunch has been produced using CaO and bentonite as absorbent and catalyst. The gasification process is carried out at 550–750 °C at atmospheric pressure in the fixed bed gasifier with steam to biomass ratio (S/B) of 0–2.5 and Ca/C ratio of 0–2. The results showed that CaO only acts as CO 2 absorbent during the process. Increasing the ratio of Ca/C and S/B has increased the concentration of H 2 and absorption of CO 2 in the syngas. The addition of CaO did not significantly increase the production of CH 4 and CO in the syngas. The H 2 concentration reaches about 78.16 vol% at 700 °C and Ca/C 2.

Investigation of ash formation and deposit characteristics in CFB co-combustion of coal with various biomass fuels

Ash formation and deposit characteristics during co-combustion of coal with 25 wt% and 50 wt% of rice straw (RS), eucalyptus wood (EW), and palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) were investigated. The experiments were carried out in the 10 kWth circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactor. A deposit probe was installed downstream of the recirculation cyclone and the deposit weight could be continuously monitored throughout the experiment by a high precision balance. After 8 h of combustion, excessive fouling deposit could be clearly observed for all experiments of fuel blends as compared to pure coal experiment. At 50% biomass blending ratio, the highest deposit was found for the blend with RS, followed by EW and EFB. The initial deposition rate (the first 2 h) of co-firing with 50 wt% RS was also much faster, i.e. almost double that of EW and EFB at the same blending ratio. The high ash content in rice straw in addition to the ash composition determined its high deposition growth. The amount of deposit was also proportional to the biomass blending ratio. Fouling mechanisms were different depending on the fuel ash composition. FactSage simulation was carried out to predict the ash speciation and explain the mechanism of deposit formation.

Utilization of agricultural waste biomass for co-firing fuel for coal-fired power plant with consideration of the potential of slagging, fouling, and abrasion in pulverized coal (PC) boilers

The world is moving towards clean energy, especially since the Paris Agreement in 2016. Indonesia is no exception, which must reach 23% of its total energy mix usage from renewable energy sources by 2025, as stated in President Regulation No. 22/2017. Biomass as a renewable energy source can be used as a co-firing fuel for power plants based on its calorific value. This study discusses some of the most important characteristics needed in co-firing fuels, including slagging, fouling, and abrasion, using palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), rice husk (RH), and EFB-RH blended with the composition of 5%, 15%, 25%, and 35% on low-rank coal (LRC) and bituminous coal (BTC). The results showed that the addition of biomass on BTC has no significant effect on the slagging and fouling potential. Conversely, the addition of biomass to LRC significantly reduced the potential of slagging and fouling with the composition of up to 35% biomass which has EFB up to 20%. For blends with 75% of LRC and 25% of biomass blends, only biomass blends with 100% RH can be considered from the aspect of slagging and fouling risk. From potential abrasion characteristics, the addition of biomass on two types of coals did not show any problem for all compositions studied.

Evaluasi Ciri Fisik Media Terfermentasi Jamur Pleurotus ostreotus sebagai Pakan Ternak Alternatif bagi Ruminansia

By-products such as oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm kernel cake, and sawdust can be used as alternative feed. It contains nutrients needed by ruminants but is constrained by its high crude fiber content, including lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, and is low in protein. This study was conducted to evaluate the physical characteristics of the fermented media from plantation by-products using Pleurotus ostreotus as an alternative to ruminant animal feed. The experimental design was a completely randomized (CRD) with 3'3 factorial patterns with three replications. Factor A was the type of substrate, namely palm kernel cake, EFB, and acacia sawdust. Factor B was the length of fermentation, namely 0, 30, and 60 d. The data collected were analyzed by variance (ANOVA), and the results were significantly different. The observed variables were the mycelium growth rate, media weight, dry matter, organic matter, particle size, specific gravity, pile density, and compacted pile density. We conclude that the fermented sawdust gave the best growth speed of the P. ostreotus mycelia. The palm kernel cake substrate without storage showed good physical quality concerning particle size, pile density, and pile-compaction density. P. ostreotus fungus grew effectively and did not negatively impact the substrates' biomass, dry matter, and organic matter. Different substrate types give different physical characteristics to the P. ostreotus-fermented media.
 
 Keywords: acacia, empty fruit bunches, palm kernel cake, fermented media, Pleurotus ostreotus

INHIBITORY EFFECT OF EMPTY PALM FRUIT BUNCHES’ BIO-OILS AGAINST SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF THREE SELECTED SEEDS

In a search for effective methods for controlling seed germination and growth, bio-oils were produced from pyrolysis of bunches of empty palm fruit at different temperatures. Physicochemical chemical characteristics of the bio-oils were evaluated using standard analytical procedures. Allelopathic activities of the bio-oils were evaluated against three selected seeds (tomatoes, okra and Amaranthus). The percentage germination inhibition was calculated for each seed after 72 h of germination. The yields of the bio-oils are 22.07%, 35.13% and 37.47% at 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C, respectively. The bio-oils are acidic and contain compounds such as phenols, phenol derivatives, alkanes, and organic acids. The results revealed that the empty palm fruit bunches’ bio-oils have inhibitory effects on the three selected seeds. The percentage seed germination decreased with increasing concentration of the bio-oils while the inhibitory effect of the bio-oils on seedling growth increased significantly with increasing concentration of the empty palm fruit bunches’ bio-oils. The bio-oils obtained at different pyrolytic temperatures showed appreciable allelopathic activities.

Swelling behaviour of natural rubber filled with carbon black and plant wastes

Natural rubber (NR) is used in many applications; ranging from automobile through health to food industry. However, unfilled NR has poor properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of carbon black (CB), carbonized and un carbonized plant wastes on the swelling behavior of NR. The plant wastes used were corn cob husk (CC), cocoa pod husk (CPH) and empty palm fruit bunch (EPFB). NR vulcanisates with carbon black and different organic wastes fillers were prepared by a two-roll mill. The swelling behavior was studied by immersion in toluene for 72 h. Carbon black and carbonised plant wastes filled NR vulcanisates had better swelling resistance than uncarbonised plant wastes filled NR vulcanisates.

Renewable Diesel from Palm Oil Using Bio‐Syngas from Palm Empty Fruit Bunches as a Hydrogen Source

Biofuels have emerged as alternatives to fossil fuels for reducing CO2 emissions. Bio-syngas obtained from palm empty fruit bunch was used in the hydrotreating of palm oil, yielding an oil conversion and a renewable diesel purity quite similar to the values obtained when using pure H2, under similar reaction conditions. The presence of CO in bio-syngas decreases the stability of the catalyst by coke deposition. However, this drawback can be circumvented by regenerating the catalyst or by converting CO into CO2 and H2 through a water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. The use of bio-syngas and its WGS product eliminates the need of an expensive H2 purification process and the lower H2purity in syngas is compensated by a moderate increase in the reaction time.

INNOVATION OF BIODEGRADABLE MEMBRANE NANOFILTER MASK BASED ON CELLULOSE EMPTY PALM OIL BUNCHES AS A FUTURE MASK

Background: Covid-19 has become a public health emergency of international concern that is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Prevention is a very important things to maintain public health, one of which is by using masks. This raises new problems related to mask waste which is non-biodegradable. There needs to be a solution in the form of environmentally friendly masks that are easily biodegradable, one of which is by utilizing the cellulose content in empty palm oil bunches. The purpose of this study was to determine the process of making environmentally friendly masks from empty oil palm fruit bunches, to determine the thickness and biodegradation results of masks. Method: The method used in this research is experimental. In this study, the manufacture of nanofilters, thickness testing, and biodegradation tests were carried out. The process of making environmentally friendly masks from oil palm empty fruit bunches goes through four main stages, namely extraction of cellulose from the waste of oil palm empty fruit bunches, synthesis of cellulose acetate, manufacture of biodegradable nanofilter membranes, and finishing. Result: The results showed that the masks had a thickness of 0.79-0.97 mm and the results of biodegradation tests showed 2.7-7.03% results. These results show a very good indication that it has the potential to be used as an air mask that is feasible to use and environmentally friendly because it is easily biodegradable. Conclusion: The process of making environmentally friendly masks from oil palm empty fruit bunches goes through four main stages, namely extraction of cellulose from the waste of oil palm empty fruit bunches, synthesis of cellulose acetate, manufacture of biodegradable nanofilter membranes, and finishing. Thickness test results yield 0.79-0.97 mm and biodegradation test results show 2.7-7.03% results. Keywords: Biodegradation, Mask, Palm Oil Bunches

Removal of Indigo Blue Dye from Aqueous Medium (or Industrial Effluent) using Chemically Treated Empty Palm Fruit Bunch Wastes

Different treatment methods have been adopted for the removal of dyes from wastewaters in order to prevent or reduce their hazardous effects on living organisms and on the environment. This work was carried out on the empty palm fruit bunch fibers to investigate the effects of various chemical treatments on its ability to remove indigo blue dye from aqueous solutions. The untreated empty palm fruit bunches (UEFB) were subjected to three different chemical treatments (acetylation, mercerization and bleaching) geared towards improving specific properties such as surface morphology and thereafter, characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The values of the maximum dye uptake (UEFB: 39.37 mg/mL; acetylation (AEFB): 84.75 mg/mL; bleaching (BEFB): 135.14 and mercerization (MEFB): 117.65 mg/mL) showed that all the treated fibers were able to considerably improve the sorptive ability of the adsorbent. The data obtained were well fitted to the Freundlich Isotherm while the Langmuir Isotherm could be applicable to UEFB. Chemical treatments of the fiber resulted in a reduction in change in enthalpy of the adsorption system and the modified fibers performed better than the unmodified fiber with BEFB which has the highest uptake of indigo blue dye and AEFB had the least uptake. The improved uptake is as a result of the chemical treatment that the adsorbents have undergone and this makes the bleached adsorbent with highest adsorptive ability suitable for treating indigo blue laden wastewater. The results obtained showed that chemical modification, such as mercerization and bleaching of adsorbents is a good means of improving the surface morphology and the uptake ability of the empty fruit bunch.

Multi-objective atom search optimization of biodiesel production from palm empty fruit bunch pyrolysis

In this study, palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) pyrolysis, bio-oil improvement, and generating electricity were all simulated using Aspen plus. This research employed a kinetic reactor for pyrolysis at 500 °C based on 1,000 tons of PEFB per day. The simulation results indicated that 1 kg/hr. PEFB generated 0.11 kg/hr of char, 0.21 kg/hr of gas, and 0.67 kg/hr of bio-oil, which is in good agreement with literature. The relationship between biodiesel yield, CO2 emissions, and utility costs was then investigated the effect of the distillate-to-feed ratio of biodiesel distillation, heat exchanger temperature, and the flash drum pressure from the process simulation by using central composite design (CCD). The coefficient of determination (R2) values for biodiesel yield, CO2 emissions, and utility costs were 0.9940, 0.9941, and 0.9959, respectively, which was a reason for the excellent model fitting. The optimum response (the biodiesel yield, the CO2 emission, and the utility cost) was obtained at 5,562.73 kg/hr, 33,696.55 kg/hr, and 2,953.99 USD/hr., respectively, with optimum conditions for the distillate-to-feed ratio of 0.899999, temperature of 56.0356 °C and pressure of 18.1479 bar. After that, a quadratic polynomial equation from the RSM was employed as the fitness function to evaluate the fitness value of the multi-objective optimization (MOO) by atom search optimization (ASO) to maximize biodiesel yield and minimize the CO2 emissions and utility costs. The ASO performance was generated into the Pareto optimal solution of 200 generations. The optimal CCD was then compared with the ASO results. It was found that the ASO could reduce CO2 emissions by 1.33% and reduce utility costs by 5.03% while increasing biodiesel yields by 7.01%. It can be observed that the ASO was more efficient at finding parameters than the CCD.

Utilization of Waste Cellulose Raw Material for Making Paper Pulp

Paper consumption in Indonesia in 2003 reached 5.31 million tons, in 2004 the need for paper consumption reached 5.40 million tons. Meanwhile, in 2005, paper consumption reached 5.61 million tons and in 2009 it reached 7.50 million tons, and this figure continues to increase by 3% - 4% every year. The increase in consumption and the paper industry in Indonesia will be accompanied by an increase in the need for the main raw material for pulp and paper, namely wood so that environmental damage will occur. Alternative materials other than wood which contain cellulose and can be used for pulp and paper manufacture are Empty Palm Fruit Bunches (EFB) and coconut fiber. Mixed fiber paper or often called composite paper, is paper made from a mixture of two or more kinds of paper pulp with other materials. Composite paper can be made using the pulp of EFB mixed with coconut fiber using a banana peel binder. This study aims to determine the mixture of EFB pulp, coconut coir pulp, and banana peel binder so that it can be obtained mixed fiber paper with tear resistance and tensile strength which is most suitable to be applied as an alternative to packaging paper. Based on the pulp produced from research that has been carried out, the cellulose content ranged from 46,4316% until 48,4993%, and hemicellulose ranged between 18,2699% until 20,7593%. With a high cellulose content, samples of EFB raw materials and coconut fiber can be used as raw materials for making paper.