Pale Purple Research Articles

Gill necrosis — a complex disease of carp

Gill necrosis is a widespread disease of common carp in Europe. Much effort has been concentrated in the investigation of its aetiology during the last 15 years. The results of a three-year research project are presented here and the role of bacteria is demonstrated. This paper shows the development of the disease and the relationship between environmental stress and bacterial invasion. Both healthy and diseased carp populations were monitored for the presence of Flexibacter columnaris. Gill necrosis was reproduced experimentally using Flexibacter columnaris isolates. Based on the bacteriological investigations, artificial infection and field monitoring, three stages of gill necrosis could be distinguished. The first stage is initiated and maintained by environmental stress (probably ammonia, pH, temperature or any toxins). At this stage, Flexibacter columnaris is seldom present on the gills if at all. The gills are pale or dark purple. The second stage starts when Flexibacter columnaris invades the damaged gill (only at water temperatures above 20°C). The infected part of the gill is necrotized and covered with a grey-white coating. The third stage occurs if the fish survives bacterial invasion. Flexibacter columnaris with its grey-white coating disappears and the site of the invasion remains distorted. Different stages of gill necrosis may appear in the same fish population.

北海道大江,稲倉石両鉱山産菱マンガン鉱の化学組成について

Rhodochrosite from the Oe and Inakuraishi Mines situated in south-western Hokkaido, which consist of veins of the epithermal type developed in the Miocene formation and intrusive quartz-diorite, occurs in various kinds of colors from rose pink to pale purple and gray showing the crustified banding structure, sometimes in association with the bands of sulfide minerals. The seven kinds of rhodochrosites in color as given in Table 1 were analysed by EPMA on their chemical composi-tions. The measured values were calculated by the Bence and Albee method, and analytical data were obtained as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 5. The composition ranges of rhodochrosite from both mines are represented in Fig. 6. The maximum amounts of CaCO3, FeCO2 and MgCO3 moles in the rhodochrosite are 30%, 370% and 9% respectively. Also the changes of chemical composition in the bandings of rhodochrosite ore associated with calcite, quartz an sulfide minerals are shown in Fig. 7.

Masutomilite, manganese analogue of zinnwaldite, with special reference to masutomilite–lepidolite–zinnwaldite series

A new mineral with the following formula is described: (K1.788Na0.148 Rb0.141)(Li2.536Mn2+0.985Fe2+0.183Fe3+0.061Al1.958Ti0.012) (Si6.646 Al1.354)·O19.634 (F3.159 (OH)1.202)=(K, Na, Rb)2.077(Li, Mn, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al, Ti)5.735(Si, Al)8.000·O19.639 (F, OH)4.361 as OH+O+F=24. It corresponds to manganese analogue of zinnwaldite and is expressed by a K2(Mn2+2−1Li2−3Al2) (Al2−1Si6−7O20) (F2−3 (OH)1−2). The name masutomilite is proposed for the material with Mn2+> Fe2+ in honor of Dr. Kazunosuke Masutomi for his contribution to minerals of Japan.X-ray powder diffraction and optical data indicate the mineral to be monoclinic, space group Cm or C2⁄m with a 5.253(8)A, b 9.085(4)A, c 10.108(8)A, β 100.15(0.03)°, V 474.84(0.56)A3 and Z=1. The precession method verified the space group. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder pattern are 10.10(72)(001), 3.64(43)(-112), 3.32(100)(003), 3.09(58)(112), 2.903(35)(-113, 031), 2.589(17)(200, -131), 1.989(46)(005), 1.653(23)(204, -135). It is pale purplish pink. Transparent. Cleavage {001} perfect. Hardness (Mohs) 2.5. Sp. Gr. (meas.) 2.94 and 2.96 (calc). Optically biaxial negative with α 1.534, β 1.569, γ 1.570, (−)2V 29°–31°, r>v very weak, X, Z colorless to pale purple, Y purple, absorption X<Z<Y. Optical orientation b=Y, X nearly perpendicular to (001), a∧Z 3°.The mineral occupies core part of a zoned single mica crystal up to 10 cm across and 1 cm thick found in a druse of granite pegmatite at Tanakamiyama, Otsu, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. The outer part of the crystal is a brown manganoan zinnwaldite. The associated minerals are topaz, schorl, albite and quartz.For comparison of a high manganese zinnwaldite with masutomilite, a mica from Tawara, Naegi district, Hirukawa-mura, Gifu Prefecture, Japan is also described.A complete solid solubility does exist for the masutomilite–lepidolite–zinnwaldite series. The relationship between chemical composition, unit-cell dimensions a or b, and optical properties for the masutomilite–lepidolite series is figured out.

Genetic Variability in the German Cockroach: X. Genetics of pale purple, pearl, and stumpy

Genetic Variability in the German Cockroach: X. Genetics of pale purple, pearl, and stumpy

Cylindrocladium braziliensis . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Cylindrocladium braziliensis . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Eucalyptus . DISEASE: Dieback of adult trees and damping-off of seedlings (31, 524). On leaves, spots are at first pale purple and later darken producing a necrotic centre defined by a narrow dark purple halo. Defoliation may be followed by death of entire plants (41, 414). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil. TRANSMISSION: Transmission by seeds has been reported (41, 104).

A New Satellite of the Anolis gadovii Species Swarm (Reptilia: Sauria) in Mexico

Ho/otype.-University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ) No. 131685, an adult male from 2.2 km (by road) W Patio de Aviacion, Guerrero, Mexico, 2160m, 15 Dec. 1969, taken by Kraig Adler, David M. Dennis and David H. Snyder. Hypoparatypes. * Two very small juveniles: UMMZ No. 131686, 5 km NE Yerbabuena (=Yerbasanta) (=24 km by road W Asoleadero), Guerrero, 2000 m, 18 Dec. 1969; and UMMZ No. 131687, 1.4 km NE Yerbabuena, Guerrero, 1820 m, 18 Dec. 1969; same collectors. Diagnosis.-A member of the gadovii group of Anolis, having perfectly smooth ventrals and large supraoculars forming a distinct disc; body scales relatively large; ventrals (about 22 in head length) twice as large as largest dorsals; latter gradually decreasing in size laterally from vertebrals; auditory meatus larger than interparietal in adults; hind leg reaching eye; suboculars contacting supralabials; ventral surfaces heavily pigmented; dewlap pale purple in life; snout-vent length in males to 44 mm. Description of holotype.-Dorsal head scales largely smooth, feeble keels present on supraoculars; frontal ridges well developed, with a pronounced concavity between them. Five postrostrals between supralabials; 6 internasals; 5 intercanthals; 5-6 canthals; supraorbital semicircular scales large, broadly in contact medially by two scales in each row; interparietal 3/5 as wide as long, smaller than auditory meatus; latter oval, 1 X 1.5 mm; 1-2 rows of rather large, flat scales between interparietal and supraorbital semicircles; enlarged supraoculars somewhat irregular but forming a discrete disc of 2-3 large and 1-2'smaller scales, total of 4 on each side; 1 complete row of small scales between supraocular disc and supraorbital semicircles; 1-3 rows of small scales between supraocular disc and superciliaries. Four rows of loreals; 3 suboculars broadly contacting supralabials; 6 of latter to below middle of eye; 11 scales from below middle of eye to anterior margin of auditory meatus. Anterior chinshields separated from

XV. The Madreporaria

Mr. C. Hedley furnishes the following note: "For one who has surveyed the wealth of life as developed on the great coral reefs of Queensland, New Guinea, or New Caledonia, the chief impression of the coral reef of Funafuti is its poverty. In a single tide one could collect more genera and species on any of the former reefs than an industrious search of several weeks would yield from the latter. Neither is the poverty of species compensated for by an abundance of individuals. "At the first glance over the wind ward reef flat, no living corals would probably be seen, but an exploration of the deep cracks and pools near the outer edge would usually reveal a few Astraea, Porites, and others, sheltered from the blows of the surf. "A better field for observation is provided by the small reefs which stud the lagoon. Two or three of these, just in front of the village, and from a quarter to half a mile from the shore, yielded much of the material now dealt with. "On approaching a coral reef the first glimpse a naturalist usually has of his quest are the great hemispherical masses of some Astrean coral, dimly seen through the shoaling water, studding the sea floor. If the boat passes a submarine ledge, from its face are sure to project the large basin or bracket-shaped corallia of Montipora, sometimes in clusters like a group of huge sea mushrooms. Jumping overboard in shallow water he is likely to step on a flat tabular mass of pale purple, whose corallites are too small to be distinguished in the water. Applying hammer and chisel, he will find that at his first venture he has struck the hardest, toughest, and most unbreakable thing on the whole reef, a Porites block. From the Madrepora bush beside it his difficulty, on the contrary, is to convey his samples ashore intact. The stout limbs of red, yellow, or green Pocillopora or Stylophora snap easily; while a skull-shaped mass of Astraea will split along the grain. A fragile little coral is the Pocillopora caespitosa, which grows in dainty little pink tufts here and there among the stones...."