Pakistani Citizens Research Articles

Important Dimensions of Digital Divide: A case study of NADRA Portal Pakistan

The aim and purpose of this paper is to contribute and understand the nature of the digital divide as it affects the Pakistani citizens, who are users of NADRA online portal. To study the digital divide; NADRA is the best case because this institute is rich in this context; it is the most developed e-services provider of the government of Pakistan. It is compulsory for every citizen of Pakistan to get register with NADRA to avail facilities of Travelling within and outside the country, to have a bank account, apply for jobs, having a house, driving license and many more. To conduct the survey data was collected from the citizen of Pakistan living in Turkey, China, and Pakistan. 355 responses were collected, and ANOVA and t-test were perform using SPSS-16. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used to measure the attitude and intention of individuals towards e-services provided by government whereas, demographic, geographic, education and computer and internet experiences are the digital divide dimensions. Results reveal that location, education, and computer and internet significantly affect the user attitude and intention whereas gender and age are not significant. Overall, this study offers an understanding of complex of digital divide concepts.

China–Pakistan economic corridor projects development in Pakistan: Local citizens benefits perspective

China and Pakistan have initiated a mega project with the name of CPEC (China‐Pakistan Economic Corridor). CPEC projects in Pakistan are an initial stage, and government officials and policymakers expected that CPEC projects are beneficial for local Pakistani community, as this project generates several business and employment opportunities for local citizens. This research study examines the benefit of the CPEC projects and its influence on local Pakistani citizen's living standards. Data were collected online using the Google platform from 310 citizens, residing in all provinces of Pakistan. In total, 310 samples were analyzed and reported, and for data analysis, SPSS version 21 and AMOS 8.0 tools were used; the findings of this study validate most of the hypothesis. Based on results, this study discussed the local Pakistani community benefits with numerous factors such as perceived education, income, and employment. Results of this study will guide the officials and policymakers of CPEC to gain local citizen's support for the CPEC development projects and designs policies accordingly for the future projects. This study also provides important guidelines for CPEC policymakers and officials.

G.A. Naqvi: from Indian Police (UP), 1926 to Pakistani Citizen (Sindh), 1947

AbstractThis is the story of how G. A. Naqvi (Indian Police, 1926) of the United Province (UP) was affected by the events of 1947–1948 in British and independent India and Pakistan and had to become what he did not wish to be: a private citizen in Pakistan. It shows how he, like so many others, had to become reconciled to the idea of British India breaking-up into independent India and Pakistan. This process changed forever the relationship between institutions of the Indian State and individual lives of Indian Muslims; the ‘long’ Partition of British India prompted new questions of legitimacy, citizenship and sovereignty, while producing “displacement, disruption and disappointment”. This was especially so in the so-called ‘Muslim-minority provinces’, among which the UP held the pre-eminent position and to which Naqvi belonged. After 21 ½ years of service, Naqvi found himself unwanted in both India and Pakistan, in a time of deepening communal divide, suspicion and hostility. A much sought-after officer during the Second World War, how was he to know that over 1947–1948, not one of the four governments to which he was and/or could be affiliated with would want to have anything to do with him.

Intention for Voting IN PAKISTAN: THE role of Social Media, Ethnicity, and Religiosity

The issue “Exploring Social Media, Ethnicity, and Religiosity Role on Intention for Voting in Pakistan“ is a huge study embracing more issues. The politics of Pakistan is basically the politics of semantic groups. Pakistan is a multilingual state more than six languages. There are 245 religious parties in Pakistan, as elaborated by the Daily Times research. The use of social media sites in Pakistan peaked to its maximum after announcement of election schedule by the Election Commission of Pakistan in March 22, 2013. Most of the political parties used it for the recent elections in Pakistan to promote their agenda and attract country's 80 million registered electors. The theories interact with the research topic are theory of reasoned action (TRA), theory of planned behaviour (TBP), Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), and Social Ecological Model (SEM. The variables introduced in this research are Social Media, Ethnicity, Religiosity, and Intention for Voting. The proposed model have four dependent variables. A survey constructed from 24 questions were used to capture the respondents’ opinions regarding eight variables in a 7-likert scale. A sample of 1336 Pakistani citizen were collected. Data was collected within three months’ period, from 1 March 2015 until 31 May 2015. Distribution of the survey took place in four major cities; Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, and Rawalpindi/Islamabad. Data obtained from the survey is analysed by utilizing the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The proposed research model have three hypothesis that demonstrate the relations. From the three hypotheses, two hypothesis are significant while one hypothesis are rejected. Results highlight on the importance of social media in politics aspects, therefore further research is recommended.

Cultivation of New Emerging Agro-Nutritional Crop of Quinoa at Madinat al-Hikmah Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan

Aim: Quinoa is a popular source of protein, minerals and alternative to traditional grains. The objective of this study is to introduce the Quinoa in the semi-arid zone of Sindh province of Pakistan. Method: A variety of NARC-9 from the agricultural Punjab province was cultivated and subjected to analyze the growth, morphological characters of the varieties obtained, saponin, protein and the elemental composition viz. Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Pb, and Zn. Result: The result demonstrated the optimum growth and no disease were found in the experimental area. At least three major varieties of quinoa were obtained. Seed morphological data of these three quinoa cultivars were collected. The average saponin levels were quite reasonable. Overall proteins band pattern revealed very high polymorphism in quinoa cultivars and the results were also in good agreement with earlier studies. Conclusion: All quinoa cultivars of Madinat al-Hikmah showed high concentrations of albumin than globulin concentrations (i.e. 48-52% and 24-27%, respectively) as compared to control seeds from market that had similar concentrations of the two fractions i.e. 35.58% and 37.68%, respectively. Likewise, low concentrations of prolamin 14-16% and glutelin 11-12% compared to control seeds 13% rank our crop much better quality than the imported one in the market. The trend of elemental accumulation was followed as K >Na >Fe >Zn >Cu >Pb >Cd, while for comparison it was Na >K >Zn >Fe >Cu >Pb >Cd >Pb for wheat grown under similar conditions. Traditional grains together make a major contribution to the total nutritional element intake of the average Pakistani citizen through diet, not only because of large amounts consumed, but also in part by suitable levels of their proteins and elemental up take for good health. Thus the successful cultivation of quinoa in the semi-arid zone of Sindh will certainly prove beneficial.

Fundamental Scope of the Right to Privacy in Pakistan Need for a New Data Protection Law

The statute books in Pakistan have not properly defined the right to privacy, and it is only the Constitution that has asserted importance of right to privacy by declaring a universal guarantee for the same, and has coupled it with the concept of human dignity.Therefore, in any discussion about the right to privacy in Pakistan, one must refer to Article 14 of its Constitution, which mandates that the dignity of man and (subject to law) the privacy of the home, shall be inviolable.Pakistan’s Courts did not have any statutory guidance as to the scope for a right to privacy and its varieties, therefore, Pakistan's Courts have attempted to define and explain such scope by relying on the Islamic Shariah law.The select international standards, that Pakistan has committed to, impress upon providing minimal assurances as to the protection of bodily privacy, territorial privacy, and privacy of communications. Pakistan’s Courts have not been able to lay down any scope for the right of one’s information privacy (which involves the establishment of rules governing the collection and handling of personal data such as credit information and medical records).The author urges that there should be legislation in place to preempt breach of one’s information privacy (or unauthorized use of a Pakistani citizen’s personal data). The new data protection law will fill significant gaps…that are relevant to public interest, business interest, and government interest!

An Ethical Analysis of Assisted Reproduction Providers' Websites in Pakistan.

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and reproductive genetic technologies (RGTs) are intertwined and coevolving. These technologies are increasingly used to fulfill socially and culturally framed requests, for example, "family balancing," or to enable postmenopausal women or homosexual couples to have genetically linked children. The areas of ART and RGT are replete with ethical issues, because different social practices and legal regulations, as well as economic inequalities within and among countries, create vulnerable groups and, therefore, the potential for exploitation. This article provides an overview of the ART and RGT landscape in Pakistan and analyzes the available online content addressing Pakistani citizens and international clients. We explored the topic in view of socioeconomic challenges in Pakistan, particularly deeply rooted poverty, lack of education, gender discrimination, and absence of regulation. As online information given by ART and RGT providers is readily available and could easily raise false hopes, make use of discriminatory statements with regard to women, and promote gender selection to meet sociocultural expectations, it should be subjected to quality control.

Evaluating Citizen e-Satisfaction from e-Government Services: A Case of Pakistan

Citizen satisfaction is a critical and decisive factor for persistent use of e-Government services as it can substantially impact on failure or success of e-Government projects. Main hurdle for e-government planners and practitioners in Pakistan is to find out the key determinants of e-satisfaction of their citizens. This article actually tries to identify the major factors that drive Pakistani citizen’s e-Satisfaction while using Punjab Province Portal (http://www.punjab.gov.pk/) in Pakistan. After extensive relevant literature review we formulated 7 hypotheses and distinguished 7 different determinants namely trust, accessibility, awareness of e-services, quality of e-services, computer anxiety, customer expectations and security/privacy. A sample of survey data from 200 employees in 8 universities in different cities of Punjab Province of Pakistan was gathered to perform data analysis. Several key outcomes based on multiple linear regression and factor analysis were exhibited. These final results would help to understand the degree of satisfaction of Pakistani citizens. E-governmental policy-makers and practitioners both would be benefitted by this analysis and results of these determinants of e-satisfaction. Some recommendations and implications of our findings were also addressed at the end.

Shufa: A Dead Law Walking

Shufaa or Pre-emption. This law imposes restrictions on a Pakistani citizen of selling his land against the wishes of his neighbor. Thus in order to buy a property in Pakistan, not only its owner but all the neighbours must also consent to the deal. Yes!

Exploring the impact of good governance on citizens' trust in Pakistan

In democratic governments, administrative ethical practices have always been recognized as a critical tool for determining the good governance and a crucial element to be incorporated in building citizen trust. In this context, the purpose of this research is to assess how unethical actions affect the Good Governance practices in developing citizens' trust. Field survey was conducted by sending questionnaires to 1000 Pakistani citizens who were above the age of 20, having minimum education of high school diploma. The response rate was 53.3%. The results confirmed the causal relationship between good governance and citizen trust and a negative moderating effect of unethical actions. The findings may be practically useful for both research and policy making, since it investigated the citizens' perspective of good governance, citizen trust and unethical behavior. The findings emphasize addressing the ethical modeling and re shaping of the behavior of public sector specifically in Pakistan, hence, it opens the way for future studies on the reflection of ethics and culture on good governance and citizen trust.

Imposing Limitations on the Right to Travel An Analysis of Pakistan's Exit Control Law

The Exit from Pakistan (Control) Ordinance, 1981 (EFPO '81) was enacted during the tenure of General Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq while he was the President of Pakistan. EFPO '81 vests power in the federal government to prohibit any person or class of persons from exiting out of Pakistan.This treatise attempts to highlight that through EFPO '81 Pakistan's Federal Government is able to impose limitation on constitutionally guaranteed rights of Pakistani citizens. Whereas, Pakistan's Courts maintain that the right of a citizen to travel aboard is a fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 2A, 4, 9, 15 and 25 of Pakistan's Constitution, and that abridgment of these rights by the State through legislative or executive measures have to be tested on the touchstone of the Constitutional provisions. Hence, the moment Pakistan's Courts seize the opportunity of holding EFPO '81 unconstitutional, the more advantageous it will be for Pakistan to enhance its international image as a country that believes in due process, fundamental rights, and development of democratic traditions in Pakistan.

Overview: International Law

The Supreme Court decided four international law related cases in the 2012–13 legal year. The judgment in Rubin v Eurofinance SA arose from two conjoined appeals.1 The issue concerned whether courts in England andWales would enforce foreign judgments brought in insolvency-related avoidance proceedings, if the defendant was not subject to the in personam jurisdiction of the foreign court. In Rubin, the Supreme Court allowed the appeal by a majority of 4:1, with Lord Collins giving the leading judgment. Lord Collins confirmed the traditional Dicey Rule, according towhich a judgment in personamwould not be enforced if the defendant had not submitted to the jurisdiction of the foreign court2. While the Court of Appeal had tried to depart from the Dicey Rule, the Supreme Court reversed its decision, denying that a more liberal approach should be taken in the interest of universality of bankruptcy and similar procedures. Lord Collins considered the question as `one of policy', and could not see a valid reason for distinguishing between insolvency cases and others.3 He argued further that a liberal approach in avoidance proceedings would develop new jurisdictional rules.4 The Court of Appeal's conclusion therefore represented a `radical departure from substantially settled law', which in his view was `a matter for the legislature and not for judicial innovation'.5 Lord Clarke's dissent upheld the Cambridge Gas case6 as well-founded and would have led to the rejection of the appeal.7 In New Cap, the appeal was dismissed unanimously as the Syndicate had submitted to the jurisdiction of Australia. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs v Yunus Rahmatullah involved a Pakistani citizen, who had been detained by UK forces in an area

Nation, Space, and Exception

Pakistan’s first military dictatorship launched the Basic Democracies scheme in 1960, after a bloodless coup that dissolved political parties and legislative institutions. Naqvi’s essay considers how the architects of the “BD system” reconceived the Pakistani nation in response to the ends of martial rule, namely, the permanent empowerment of the postcolonial executive. Naqvi theorizes the BD scheme as an extraconstitutional system of governmentality that produced the Pakistani citizen ambivalently—as an authentic yet nontranscendent subject of the nation. He further shows how the Basic Democracies scheme rationalized the state’s negation of wider channels of democratic participation by nationalizing the parochial as an expression of the true “genius” of the Pakistani people. Such attempts to fragment and reassign the experience of national solidarity, he contends, drew inspiration from the racial assumptions of the colonial state in a postcolonial context marked by uncertainty about the form of Muslim national solidarity. Moving between programmatic literature on Basic Democracies and nineteenth-century colonial debates on the reform of local self-government, the essay traces the genealogical and comparative significance of the following question: Can a nation in which democratic participation is confined exclusively to the local level continue to feel and act as a nation?

Determining the Different E-Services Required By the Pakistani Citizens

This primary effort of this research study was to highlight the needs of citizens in Pakistan. Since Pakistan is a developing country and day-per-day the demands and provisions of e-Services are being increased, therefore, this same research can be extended to the study of available e-Services in Pakistan in terms of respective levels of e-Services. This study might come up with the exact data, methods, policies, strengths and major weaknesses of continuous shifting of the e-Services from the bottom to the top level.

Mixed Legacies in Contested Borderlands: Skardu and the Kashmir Dispute

The article explores the sense of belonging of people from Skardu, a border town located in the Gilgit-Baltistan region, a territory administered by Pakistan but which is disputed by India for its being part of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir. Neither full Pakistani citizens, nor identifying themselves with Kashmiri nationalism, the people of Gilgit-Baltistan lack of a common sense of belonging. The uncertain future of the territorial entity contributes to this, despite transformations already at work there. By examining the social and material landscape of Skardu town, and therefore using a micro-level perspective, the article aims to address issues of identity and security connected with broader constructed narratives of intrastate or interstate conflict, such as the Kashmir dispute within the wider geopolitical imaginary of India–Pakistan rivalry.

An Interview with H M Naqvi

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. An American rapper, widely regarded as one of the most influential and most skilled MCs. 2. An influential left-wing intellectual, revolutionary poet, one of the most famous Urdu language poets from Pakistan. 3. A world-renowned Pakistani musician, primarily a singer of Qawwali, the devotional music of Sufis. He was considered one of the greatest singers ever recorded. Possessing a six-octave vocal range, he could perform at a high level of intensity for several hours. 4. A combination of traditional Yoruba music, jazz, highlife, funk and chanted vocals fused with percussion and vocal styles, popularised in Africa in the 1970s. Its main creator was the Nigerian multi-instrumentalist and bandleader Fela Kuti, who gave it its name. 5. Niggaz Wit Attitudes, an American hip hop group from Compton, California, widely considered one of the seminal acts of the gangsta rap sub-genre, at times even credited as the most important group in the history of hip hop. Active from 1986 to 1991, the group endured controversy due to the explicit nature of their lyrics and was subsequently banned from many mainstream US radio stations. In spite of this, the group has sold over 10 million CD units in the US alone. 6. Part of a hip hop duo with Rakim. 7. From ‘The Hour of Faithlessness’ by Faiz Ahmad Faiz. In The True Subject: Selected Poems of Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Trans. Naomi Lazard. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1988. 8. An American DJ from the South Bronx, New York, instrumental in the early development of hip hop throughout the 1980s. 9. Josh Malihabadi (5 Dec. 1894–22 Feb. 1982), born as Shabbir Hasan Khan, was a noted Urdu poet born in British India, who was an Indian citizen until 1958 when he emigrated to Pakistan and became a Pakistani citizen. He wrote ghazals and nazm under the takhallus (Urdu for nom de plume) Josh (literally ‘passion’ or ‘intensity’). 10. Iqbal (9 Nov. 1877–21 Apr. 1938), also known as Allama Iqbal, was a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement. He is considered one of the most important figures in Urdu literature, with literary work in both the Urdu and Persian languages. 11. Ice Cube is the stage name of O'Shea Jackson (born 15 June 1969), an American rapper, record producer, actor, screenwriter, film producer and director. He began his career as a member of the group CIA and later joined the rap group NWA. After leaving NWA in 1989 he built a successful solo career in music, and also as a writer, director, actor and producer in cinema. He was ranked eighth on MTV's list of the Ten Greatest MCs of All Time.

Islamisation and activism of a Muslim NGO in Pakistan: Jama'at‐ud‐Da'wa as a case study

This paper locates the study of Jamat‐ud‐Da'wa (JUD) within the context of global political developments. Premised on the nexus between the local and the global developments, it discusses how changes in the domestic or international arena shaped the policies of JUD after 9/11. It argues that, as a successor to the Lashker‐e‐Toiba in Pakistan, the JUD has been active in the social welfare space. It has moved into roles that reside in the domain of the state's responsibility but have passed to the private sector due to the state's failure to meet the needs of its citizens, including the provision of education and relief and rescue efforts after natural disasters. Though not categorically identified as being part of the jihadi agenda, this activism increases the appeal of the JUD among Pakistani citizens, with a possibility of increasing their declared and/or active support for JUD's views on Pakistan's foreign policy.

Development of a Consumer Confidence Index for Pakistan: A Pilot Study on Three Main Urban Cities

What is meant by consumer sentiments index? What influences these indices? How should confidence indices be developed and how are they to be analyzed. And most importantly, how should an index for Pakistan be developed? These are the questions that have been focused in this study. The purpose of this pioneer study is to develop a reliable consumer confidence index for Pakistan and to plot test it on a small urban sample. The two most quoted indexes to measure consumer confidence in the US are the Michigan Consumer Sentiments Index (ICS) and the Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) published by the Conference Board. Based on these surveys, a unified scale was developed and tested for Pakistan. The findings for the survey are that, urban Pakistani citizens have very little confidence in the economy which includes sentiments about their own wellbeing as well as their expectations about the future.

A Biographical Profile of Professional Women Managers in Pakistan’s Private Sector

The purpose of this paper is to develop a biographic profile of women managers in the private sector in Pakistan. The profile would help identify (i) the types of women who had opted for managerial professions in the private sector, and (ii) any trends in their social, economic, or educational backgrounds that might have a bearing on the types of women likely to pursue a managerial career.Research for the survey included 152 organizations that had employed graduates from business educational institutions. Out of these 87 organizations reported women at managerial level. All the women managers at these organizations were asked to complete a questionnaire package comprising measures obtained from self-reporting questions on their social, economic, and educational backgrounds.The author developed a representative profile of the woman manager in Pakistan’s private sector based on the findings. The findings suggest that unlike their Western counterparts, Pakistani women managers do not pursue their careers at the cost of personal or family commitments. The profession remains the domain of upper-middle-class women. Women’s chances of obtaining a senior managerial position increase if they have been educated at schools or institutions at which the medium of instruction was English. This is significant because few Pakistani citizens have access to such institutions.

Polygamy, Purdah and Political Representation: Engendering citizenship in 1950s Pakistan

AbstractDebates on Islam, citizenship and women's rights have been closely interconnected in Pakistan, from the time of the state's creation in 1947 through to the present day. This article explores the extent to which during the 1950s campaigns to reform Muslim personal law (which received a boost thanks to the outcry against 1955 polygamous marriage of the then Prime Minister, Muhammad Ali Bogra) were linked with wider lobbying by female activists to secure for women their rights as Pakistani citizens alongside men. Through a close examination of the discussions that were conducted on the pages of English-language newspapers, such asDawnand thePakistan Times, it highlights in particular what female contributors thought about issues that were affecting the lives of women in Pakistan during its early, and often challenging, nation-building years.