Economy Of Pakistan Research Articles

Challenges and Opportunities for Women Entrepreneurs of Supply Chain Businesses in Pakistan

The purpose of this paper is to look into the challenges women business owners in Pakistan confront, the opportunities available to them, and how social media can improve their knowledge and business skills while also promoting women's empowerment. Qualitative methodology was used for this exploratory research using phenomenological approach. Result of this study have been broadly categorized into eight major themes that contribute to women entrepreneurs success including Socio-Economic Factor, Family support, Entrepreneur’s skills, Well-being & Work life balance, Dynamic Environment, Utility of social media, Entrepreneurial support & education and E-Commerce. The present study shows the challenges and opportunities for women entrepreneurship in supply chain dynamics is multi-dimensional and they are related to all these factors. Since this study is one of early ones to consider exploring the challenges and opportunities of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan and provides a deeper understanding on the subject so, it has practical implications for dealing with the social issue especially in the local context of Pakistan. The results of this study can be used by numerous organizations to create learning & growth materials, improving the lives of female entrepreneurs. The study has also suggested the need for further research on the subject, as in addition to qualitative, quantitative studies can be conducted. By using the research study as a foundation and building it in quantitative research, there are many opportunities for expanding the research.

Nexus Between Economic Development and Population: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

The article explores the real-world connection involving population increase and economic development in Pakistan. This research examines the long-run and short-run implications of demographic parameters like population expansion, expectancy of life and fertility rate on the advancement of the Pakistani economy. The theoretical foundation of the study is built on demographic change, which takes into account life expectancy and the birth rate in the production function, as well as human capital development to establish research goals. The current study used Pakistan's time-series information from 1981 to 2021. The dataset was retrieved using the World Development Indicator engaging the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) to figure out the short and long-run interactions between prosperity and population increase. The outcomes demonstrate an adverse and substantial association between the expansion of the population with the growth in the economy. On the contrary, life expectancy has a large and favourable impact on the development of the economy. According to the results, population growth has a detrimental impact on the development of the economy; nevertheless, appropriate usage of these assets must be made. Whenever a nation maintains an extensive population and fails to utilize its strength effectively, then it will become a strain on the economy. The authorities ought to implement comprehensive strategies for improving employment opportunities in the entire nation. Though Pakistan possesses an intelligent workforce, the challenge remains how to harness its potential profitably.

Monetary Policy, Oil Rents, Exchange Rate and Consumer Prices Nexus: A Case Study of Pakistan

This research examines the effects of monetary policy in the form of nominal money supply, economic growth, exchange rate, and oil rents on domestic prices for Pakistan's economy. By taking an annual data series, this research reports evidence of mixed integrated order of the data series. The estimates of the ARDL bounds test suggest that consumer prices have a long-run cointegrating relation with its factors. The findings also highlight that the money supply supports the causality thesis, indicating that when the money supply stretches, it accelerates domestic prices. Moreover, it is also exposed that domestic output, exchange rates, and oil rents have significant and appreciating effects on consumer prices in both time spans. These results are robust to the diagnostics used in this research ensuring the reliability of the results. Based on these results, money supply and exchange rate should be controlled by the policymakers in such a way that it should not allow domestic prices to rise. Moreover, an attempt should be made via which increase in domestic out, and oil rents should remain greater than the increase in prices.

Surface-Level Analysis of International Economic Agreements and Their Strangulatory Impact on Pakistan Economy

The international economic system that evolved after World War II, which was conceived by and rolled out on behalf of Global North states, essentially stood on a tripod of international economic agreements, that is, International Investment Agreements, Double Taxation Agreements, and International Trade Agreements. The ostensible purpose of these agreements was to (a) facilitate cross-border deployment of surplus investible capital, (b) export of finished and capital goods, and (c) allocate favorably taxing rights between states on various incomes earned by multinational enterprises in overseas jurisdictions. Intuitively, when these agreements are signed by and between states at par level of economic development, their resultant economic outcomes would be equal or near-equal. But when such agreements are signed in asymmetrical bilateral economic settings, that is, between a developed and a developing country, the resultant economic outcomes would most likely be lopsided and inimical to the economic interests of weaker partner in the equation. From the global south perspective, these agreements expose developing countries to international arbitration on account of suits filed by investors, erode their tax base by allowing multinational corporations to enter aggressive tax planning ploys, and undermine their export competitiveness vis-à-vis stronger economies. The paper premises that developing countries that signed more of these agreements, would find themselves in a deeper trouble than those which signed less of them, and that countries that signed the agreements in a quicker span of time, got into trouble quicker, too. In this connection, Pakistan is brought in to undertake a surface-level time-series analysis of its signing agreements and the corresponding trajectory of select economic indicators over the past seven decades.

The mediating role of stakeholders on green banking practices and bank's performance: The case of a developing nation.

The banking sector serves as a nudge between increased financial investments and reduced environmental impacts in the modern era of sustainability thus, integrating the social, environmental, and economic dimensions. This paper aims to explore the practices and ongoing activities on account of sustainable banking which is being practised in the Pakistani Banking Sector. A mixed methods approach using a survey with a sample size of (n = 250) and in-depth interviews of (n = 25) provides significant evidence for the research. SmartPLS4.0 was used for hypotheses testing and to ascertain the path coefficient association within the constructs. This research fills the gap in existing literature by testing and implying the mediating role of Stakeholders' Influence on the relationship between Green Banking Practices and the Bank's Performance. The results of the quantitative analysis show a positive association between variables, highlighting the role of stakeholders and their need to partake efficiently, in the countrywide execution of green banking. The qualitative analysis portrays that; green banking is currently the partial focus of the banking sector in the developing economy of Pakistan whereas, approaches like financing green projects, investments in renewable energy, in-house greening of the banking sector, and provision of easy lending facilities to encourage and support environmental initiatives are some commonly practised accomplishments of the banking sector.

Geographical indications (GIs) protection in Pakistan: assessing the role of new legislation in sustainable development

ABSTRACT This study examines the potential of Pakistani Geographical Indication (GI) products and compares the old and new legal frameworks for GI protection. It also explores GI Laws in Asian countries and compares them with Pakistan’s newly enacted GI Law i.e. Geographical Indications (Registration and Protection) Act, 2020 (GIRPA’20). Additionally, this article explores challenges after Pakistan’s recent enactment of sui generis GI legislation. Based on an extensive review of the GI literature and policy documents, this qualitative study utilises secondary data to identify numerous potential GIs in Pakistan, collectively representing significant economic value. This study finds that inadequacies in the previous legal system, institutional weaknesses, and delays in enacting sui generis GI legislation caused considerable damage to Pakistani economy, including the usurpation of GIs, market losses, and declining exports among others. The new legislation addresses previous lacunas, providing greater protection to GIs and significantly contributing to Pakistan’s sustainable development. However, comparing Pakistan’s GI law with those of India, Malaysia, China, Indonesia, and Thailand reveals similarities and differences in terms of the registration process, scope of protection, legal framework, protection of traditional knowledge, and enforcement mechanisms. This study also discusses important post-GI legislation issues and proposes unique solutions for Pakistan’s sustainable development.

Impact of Sound Decision-Making on Small and Medium Businesses in Pakistan

This research aims to investigate the significance of sound decision-making in the success and sustainability of Small and Medium Businesses (SMBs). The study will concentrate on key constructs such as risk management, financial stability, innovation and adoption, and customer relationship management. The study uses a quantitative approach, surveying a sample of SMB owners and managers in Pakistan's different industries to gather data. In order to find out how respondents feel about decision-making processes and how they affect SMB performance, a structured questionnaire is used. Regression analysis is one of the statistical techniques used to examine the data and evaluate the hypotheses. The results demonstrate how important sound decision-making is to the resilience and success of SMBs in Pakistan. Financial stability stands out as a crucial component that impacts the performance of small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs). This is followed by efficient risk management, innovation and adoption, and customer relationship management. These results highlight how crucial strategic decision-making is for promoting SMB sustainability and growth in a fast-paced business climate. The results provide useful information to managers, owners, and regulators of SMBs who want to improve SMB decision-making procedures. Small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) can enhance their competitive standing, boost operational effectiveness, and promote long-term growth and profitability by placing a high priority on financial stability, proactive risk management, innovation, and customer-centric methods

Can the military be a better manager of the economy?

AbstractPakistan has struggled for a political system suitable for its postindependence development; however, repeated struggles between democracy and dictatorship have slowed Pakistan's economic growth. I quantified the impact of military dictatorship on Pakistan's economy from 1999 to 2008 using synthetic control methods. I found that while the average annual GDP per capita growth grew during the military dictatorship, it was four times lower than synthetic Pakistan's. I conclude that the military did not help Pakistan with its economic malaise. The increase in military expenditure and the prevalence of terrorism due to the military dictatorship may have hindered Pakistan's economic growth.

Impact of Performance Expectancy on Adaptive Performance: through Serial Mediation Mechanism

Performance Expectancy has an effect on the adaptive performance of managers in small and medium-sized businesses in Pakistan. This study looks at how this expectation work together. The research also looks at how mobile usage can act as a mediator, as well as how productivity also mediates in the same way. In this study, the researchers wanted to study that how usage of mobile and productivity helps managers change their performance at work. The people this study is aimed at are managers or owners of small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) that are listed with the Chambers of Commerce in Pakistan's major cities. As part of the full study, 406 responses were gathered, which is a 75% answer rate. Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to build measurement and structure models that were used to test the theory. The findings showed that there were progressive mediators in the link between Performance expectancy and adaptive performance. There was a strong and good direct effect of performance expectation on adaptive performance. This link was also affected by sequential mediators, such as the usage and productivity. There is a positive and statistically significant link between all the variables. The study's results will help academics, the banking industry, SMEDA, and practitioners understand how important it is to use mobile devices and how performance expectation affect flexible performance. Researchers should focus on doing an empirical study in the future to look into how information quality, system quality of mobile devices, and mobile payments affect the change in the system. Small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) and big businesses in Pakistan might be compared as part of this study.

Analyzing the box jenkins methodology: predicting apple production in Pakistan

Utilizing the ARIMA model, this investigation explores the growth patterns of apple farming regions and outputs in Pakistan between 1959-60 to 2019-20. Moreover, it predicts future trends from 2021 to 2030. This study aims to provide an all-encompassing evaluation and future projection, particularly regarding apple farming as a significant contributor in the horticultural sector of Pakistan's economy. The purpose is to assist decision-makers by offering insightful guidance based on this pivotal role of agriculture. The study utilized time series data obtained from the Federal Bureau of Statistics and employed EViews software for analysis. Through this, they determined that the most effective model to use for forecasting was ARIMA (1,1,0). According to the findings, apple cultivation and production are projected to consistently expand in Pakistan over the next decade. This indicates a promising future for the country's apple farming industry. According to forecasts, the apple farming area will increase from 200.66 thousand hectares in 2021 to 247.02 thousand hectares by 2030 along with an estimated rise in production output from its current level of 6094.29 thousand tonnes to approximately 693 .98thousand tons during this period. The importance of accurate forecasting in agricultural planning is highlighted in this paper, along with the need to overcome sectoral obstacles and capitalize on growth prospects. By adding new insights to the field of agricultural prediction, this research highlights a promising future for apple farming in Pakistan.

International Linkages of Inflation‐Output Dynamics: Fresh GVAR Evidence from Pakistan and Its Trading Partners

The key purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between inflation and output dynamics in a global macroeconomic framework by utilising time‐series data from Pakistan and thirty‐two trading partners which account for around 95 per cent of foreign trade of Pakistan, over the period 1979Q2–2016Q4. By featuring the GVAR approach, this paper empirically examined the international linkages to account for cross‐country inflationary spillovers. The findings show that both foreign and global variables jointly and significantly matter for the inflation‐output relationship in developing economies, in general and, in particular, in the economy of Pakistan. The findings from general impulse response functions (GIRF) reveal that shocks to the US real output, oil prices and food prices are transmitted and settled quickly, and put forward a significant impact on real GDP and inflation in Pakistan and its trading partner economies. Inflation in Pakistan is driven more strongly by the global changes in oil and food prices than GDP. For monetary policy formulation, the central bank should take into account developments in inflation‐output dynamics of Pakistan's major trading partners.

BIOCHAR IMPROVES TOMATOES GROWTH CHALLENGED WITH KHOKHRAN VIRUS INFECTION

Tomato production in Pakistan is being seriously hampered by begomoviruses. To sustain tomato production and to contribute the growing economy of Pakistan, the researchers should focus on the innovative and organic disease prevention/management options. In this regard, the utilization of biochar as a soil amendment and to activate the defense mechanism of plants against invading pathogens emerged to be a reasonable solution. In this study, biochar produced from available organic waste through pyrolysis was used to tackle the begomovirus called the Khokhran virus. Various levels of biochar were applied alongside the soil. Five treatments were used, each involving the addition of biochar to soil: only soil with no biochar served as control, then treatments with 5 and 10% Green Biochar each, as well as 5 and 10% Wood Biochar amended soil substrate. According to the results of root and shoot mass, the treatment with 5%, Green Biochar yielded the best outcome. Plants grown with Green Biochar were taller and had higher yields compared to those in other treatments. Additionally, tests including PCR assays, RNA extraction, and DNA quantification were conducted to confirm the presence of viral load in each treatment. In conclusion, 5% Green Biochar was found to be most effective against the Khokhran virus, by boosting plant growth and inducing resistance.

Resilience and transformation: The impact of COVID-19 on Pakistan’s textile industry

The economy of Pakistan has faced many challenges due to COVID-19, leading to numerous systemic failures and leaving it struggling to recover. This research aims to shed light on the specific challenges faced by Pakistani textile companies during the pandemic. Comprehensive data was collected from one hundred fifty-three textile managers in Pakistan. Upon examining the impact of COVID-19 on businesses, it has been found that the most pressing issues revolved around working capital and strategies for generating new sales. Interestingly, many of these businesses were well-prepared in the digital realm, readily embracing digital knowledge and seizing opportunities by pivoting to the production of personal protective equipment (PPE) and N95 masks. This study aims to evaluate the early consequences of COVID-19 on Pakistan’s textile industry. Considering the scarcity of research on these challenges and opportunities, our work contributes to a better understanding of the hurdles the textile sector faces. Furthermore, it sets the groundwork for future research in this domain. It provides valuable insights for textile businesses, enabling them to align their strategies with the ever-evolving digital marketing landscape.

Determinants of Low Tax Revenuein Pakistan

Low tax-to-GDP ratio has always been a problem for economic development and a major explanation for high budget deficits in Pakistan. In the present study, we attempt to empirically analyze the determinants of low tax revenue in Pakistan by employing time series econometric techniques during the period 1973-2009. This study investigates whether economic policies, external variables and social indicators together with elements of the tax base can explain some of the variations in tax revenue trends in Pakistan. The empirical findings suggest that openness, ample money, external debt, foreign aid and political stability are the significant determinants of fiscal efforts in Pakistan with expected signals. The findings also indicate that the determinants of low tax revenue in Pakistan are a narrow tax base, greater dependence on the agricultural sector, foreign aid and low level of literacy. Finally, it is concluded that Pakistan's economy can generate a high tax-to-GDP ratio by increasing openness, literacy level, political stability, broadening the tax base and controlling income inequality, tax evasion and exemptions tax.

Detecting Three Different Diseases of Plants by Using CNN Model and Image Processing

Agricultural output is critical to Pakistan's economy, and plant disease detection is critical for both the environment and human health. This work presents a CNN-based approach for detecting plant diseases, which is evaluated on sample photos to assess the temporal complexity and infected area. The model was given three disease cases: corn common rust, tomato bacterial spot, and potato early blight. Using the CNN algorithm, the CNN model attained an accuracy of 95.55% for tomato bacterial spot, 96.72% for Corn Common Rust, and 97.63% for Potato Early Blight. This method may aid in the diagnosis and treatment of plant diseases.

Determining nexus between monetary policy transmission channels and GDP of Pakistan

The purpose of this research is to analyze long run and short run relationship of monetary policy transmission channels with GDP of Pakistan and research contains four channels that are mentioned in SBP and variables representing those channels are. Exchange rate, imports, interest rate, SBP advances and KSE 100 index which are independent variables and the GDP is taken for output as dependent variable and annual data from 1991-2017 is used. The results shows that there is co-integration among variables and therefore VECM was applied which shows significant long run relationship of independent variables with GDP as well as there is short run relationship with GDP, also exchange rate is very volatile with GDP. Further model specification is also used and results are meeting with assumptions of econometrics

Role of logistics innovation capabilities in supply chains operations at manufacturing firms

This study aims to examine the impact of Logistics Innovation Capabilities and mitigating the disruption risk in supply chain operations in the manufacturing Industries of Karachi Pakistan. With the fast growth in Pakistan's economy and vision 2025 seeks to enhance the national transport infrastructure and logistics network system. The demand for logistics services in Pakistan has been steadily expanding. Pakistan's Industry focuses more on adopting logistics innovation capabilities to provide their customer with better services. Quantitative research is designed to study the link between the capabilities of dependent and independent variables to minimize the risk. By empirically analyzing survey data SPSS is a popular method to validate the study model. The impact of innovation in logistics technologies has a huge positive influence affect by firm performance, environment uncertainty, technology implementation & customer side. Through Logistics Innovation capabilities, many empirical studies have been conducted to minimize the supply chain risk. This study provides empirical support for dependent and independent variables. Our results can help Pakistan's manufacturing industry develop logistics strategies and adopt innovation capabilities to reduce supply chain risk.

Prediction of Economic Growth by Using Machine-Learning Algorithms through Sentiment Index Analysis in Economy of Pakistan

The neural network method's ability to mimic nonlinear communications without prior information is a major benefit for accurate function approximation. It differs from ARIMA and linear regression, which need linearity and may not work for all data sorts. Compared to (seasonal) ARIMA models, neural networks yield similar results. Neural networks also model and predict multivariate time series using causal and co-integration research. In contrast to the traditional economic forecasting approach, machine-learning techniques have prioritized precise forecasting without predetermined assumptions or conclusions. Owing to their enhanced predictive abilities and technological advancements, they provide more adaptability and have gained widespread acceptance in several fields. In terms of estimating US real estate values, machine-learning technology fared better than traditional econometric models, as shown. Total there were 131601 economic and financial news, which may include the phrases along with the names specified by the bank, and it may also include local media and mainstream. Machine learning uses the strength of data-driven algorithms and state-of-the-art computational techniques to improve decision-making in a range of industries. The findings of this research contribute to better forecasting practices and show how machine learning may provide more accurate forecasts in real-world scenarios.

Impact of Green Corporate Governance and Green Finance on Sustainable Performance: A case of Manufacturing SMEs of Pakistan

The present research looks into the effect of green corporate governance (GCG) and green finance (GF) on the sustainable performance of manufacturing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. Given the increasing level of sustainability, understanding the correlation between corporate governance, financial strategies, and the performance of sustainable businesses becomes important. The study applies quantitative methods with PLS-SEM SmartPLS. The research population consists of manufacturing SMEs operating in Pakistan. SMEs in the manufacturing sector are a mixture of different industries such as textiles, electronics, food processing, automotive, etc. SMEs, defined as those with fewer than 250 employees, significantly contribute to industrial production, job creation, and the economy of Pakistan. Findings indicate that both GCG and GF have strong positive links with sustainable performance. Green finance (β = 0.428, p <0.001) and green corporate governance (β = 0.289, p < 0.001) are the main driving forces of sustainable performance. These results bring to light the fact that integrating the consideration of environmental issues into governance and financial decision-making will lead to greater sustainability in SMEs. The study has generated useful data for policymakers, industry suppliers, and academia in terms of applicable techniques for making the manufacturing SMEs sector in Pakistan and elsewhere sustainable.

The Policy Impact and Evaluation of Education on Poverty Reduction in Pakistan: An analysis of economy of Pakistan

Determining the variables linked to poverty like education is a critical first step in developing policies intended to end it. Designing policies for the eradication of poverty is made possible by a comprehensive understanding of the factors that generate poverty. The findings demonstrated that poverty is caused by illiteracy and dependency ratio. Poverty is found to be inversely correlated with education, the accessibility of healthcare and educational resources, and consumer inequality on CPI. The comparison of rural and urban areas showed that while the dependency ratio is more damaging in rural areas, education is comparatively more effective in urban areas for eradicating poverty. In terms of consumption disparity, the marginal effect is more pronounced in metropolitan regions, most likely as a result of the diversity of employment and educational options available there, which raises consumption inequality and education access there.