Pair Of Wings Research Articles

The Wide Gap of Sixteen Years: The Performance of Time in The Winter's Tale in Britain, 2001–2017

This essay analyses the ways in which the choric figure of Time has been presented in ten major productions of The Winter’s Tale performed in Great Britain since the beginning of this century, as produced by the National Theatre, Propeller, Shakespeare’s Globe, the Royal Shakespeare Company, the Bridge Project, the Kenneth Branagh Theatre Company, and Cheek by Jowl. They exemplify radically different approaches to the challenge of presenting a classical allegorical figure on the modern stage. If Time would have been portrayed traditionally as an old man wearing a pair of wings and carrying a scythe and an hourglass, some of these emblems have ceased to be readable for present-day audiences. These productions, however, demonstrate that the character can be retained in performance in meaningful and creative ways, using a range of visual and dramaturgical devices. The essay is particularly concerned with the effects of doubling or conflating Time with other major roles, and with how some theatre directors have used the character to highlight the centrality of time as a theme in the play.

Para obrazów retabulum ołtarzowego ze scenami legend o św. Mikołaju w zbiorach Muzeum Książąt Czartoryskich w Krakowie

W kolekcji Muzeum Książąt Czartoryskich w Krakowie znajduje się para skrzydeł retabulum ołtarzowego przedstawiających wątki hagiograficzne związane ze św. Mikołajem z Bari. Do zbiorów trafiły z miejscowości Rzepiennik Biskupi, położonej w okolicach Krosna. Stanowią przykład późnogotyckiego malarstwa tablicowego powstającego w prowincjonalnych warsztatach małopolskich w pierwszej połowie XVI wieku.Sceny Ocalenie rozbitków na tonącym statku oraz Biczowanie posągu św. Mikołaja ukazane na owych skrzydłach, odnoszą się do cudotwórczej działalności św. Mikołaja. Ich pierwowzorem był zapewne tekst Złotej Legendy Jakuba de Voragine, cieszący się od XIII wieku wielką popularnością i stanowiący źródło częstych inspiracji ikonograficznych.Obrazy, pochodzące najprawdopodobniej z nieistniejącego retabulum św. Mikołaja, pod względem stylowym przyporządkować można kręgowi Warsztatu Mistrza Tryptyku z Klimkówki, którego działalność związana jest z Krosnem i okolicami. Twórcą łączonym z tą pracownią jest malarz Andrzej działający w Krośnie w pierwszej połowie XVI wieku. Jego dorobek charakteryzują wpływy między innymi malarstwa i grafiki południowoniemieckiej, z którymi najprawdopodobniej zetknął się w środowisku krakowskim.

Low-voltage electromagnetic actuators for flapping-wing micro aerial vehicles

This paper presents a new type of electromagnetic actuator driven by a low voltage of 5.5V for potential applications in insect scale Flapping-wing Micro Aerial Vehicles (FMAVs). The actuator can generate vibratory motions via cantilever-beam or cantilever-plate structures to drive artificial wings through flapping motion. The induced magnetic Lorentz force is analyzed by a simplified lumped mass model and the dynamic characteristics including resonant frequency and amplitude are investigated through experimental tests. In the prototype designs and tests, a peak amplitude of 29.8mm from a 25mm-long cantilever beam structure has been achieved. Furthermore, a prototype device with the cantilever beam actuator using small magnets of 197.2mg has demonstrated 5.7 times higher output power density at 0.56W/Kg as compared with that of another prototype device using larger magnets of 2409.2mg. This implies the potential for further miniaturized systems toward FMAVs. Under a driving voltage of 5.5V, a cantilever plate actuator has been shown to drive a pair of artificial wings to achieve 20° flapping amplitude at 101.4Hz, which results in a high power density of 9.52W/Kg. By applying AC current to a planar coil, the power density of the actuator can be further enhanced to 48.56W/Kg. As such, the low-voltage electromagnetic actuators could broaden the driving mechanisms for insect scale FMAVs.

Comparison of Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Diffuser by inserting Wing Vortex Generators and Protrusions

The influence of delta wing vortex generators and protrusions on the heat transfer performance in a diffuser has been experimentally investigated. Two diffuser angles are studied. One and two vortex generator (wing) pairs and protrusions are considered. The velocity profile at the diffuser inlet is uniform, and the flow is a developing one. The wing vortex generator and protrusions are placed on the heated surface. It is observed that the heat transfer enhancement is more with the two pair wings case. The Re based on inlet velocity and diffuser length is in the range 2.3–3.6E05. The wing case exhibits a higher enhancement than that of protrusion. The heat transfer enhancement using one and two pair wings and protrusions is also studied. The results are presented in the form of Nusselt number ratio (rough to smooth) for both at constant Re and at constant dissipation (pumping power). The maximum enhancement is 98% at constant Re and 70% at constant dissipation. The enhancement increases with the angle of attack of the wing vortex generator and decreases with the diffuser angle and with Re.

New genus and species of cavernicolous cockroach (Blattaria, Nocticolidae) from Vietnam.

The new, small cavernicolous species Helmablatta louisrothi gen. et sp. n. (Nocticolidae) from the Tan-Phu cave (Vietnam) is one of the most morphologically interesting cockroaches. The extremely modified upstanding tergal gland composite from three tergites and may serve for gripping the female head during copulation. This presumption is supported by the presence of a central big hook on tergite 8. Furthermore, both wing pairs are uncommonly adapted to help releasing sex pheromones without raising the wings. Histone 3 DNA-based maximum likelihood analyses indicate a recent origin and close phylogenetic relationship between Nocticola spp. and Helmablatta sp.-consistent with the Quaternary age of the source lava tubes.

Control Augmentation System Design for Quad-Tilt-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle via Robust Output Regulation Method

Quad-tilt-wing (QTW) configuration is a promising one for airplanes to achieve vertical take-off and landing (VTOL), which has a pair of tandem wings that can tilt from vertical to horizontal positions. This unique configuration allows the aircraft to perform a VTOL as well as fly at high cruising speed. For that reason, QTW unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have vast potential in civil applications. However, designing a controller to stabilize and control the attitude of QTW UAV is a challenging mission since the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft greatly change in accordance with the wing tilt angle. Based on the previous work, this paper examines the possibility for improving the tracking performance of the QTW UAV by the application of the modified robust output regulation method. An experiment was conducted to examine the control performance of the designed controller.

Polymorphic iconography common influences or individual features in the Near Eastern perspective

Topic: polymorphic iconography in Egyptian religious iconography - special and separate types of mixed, theriomorphic and combined images / icons / forms, always with animal heads, double pairs of wings, phallus, and other magical symbols. Archaeological evidence: images appear on small size flat amulets, papyri fragments (also serving as amulets), bronze statuettes and magical healing statues. Textual evidence: lack of distinctive proper names Place: Egypt, without special area of provenance Date: Late Period (7th – 4th centuries BC), Ptolemaic and Roman Periods (from 4th century BC) Important terms:Pantheistic as an idea of all-embracing god (Pantheos)ba as an emanation / form / manifestation of a god, significantly associated with the image of the god. The animals were ba of gods.bau - strength, power, good and bad at the same time, affecting the whole world, and humans in particular. With the help of magic bau can be manipulated, to ensure people health and success. DeitesBes – Egyptian god – demon, present in magical context, protector of maternity, life, music, safety, with strong solar interpretation, often depicted as a dwarfTutu (Tithoes) – popular especially as Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt deity; main role was to repel negative powers and to protect people in danger; depicted as sphinx with mixed animal and magical attributesLamashtu – female Mesopotamian goddess / demon, who preys on mothers and children, depicted in magical context with animal elementsPazuzu – male Babylonian and Assyrian demonic god with rather beneficent, magical role, depicted with animal elementsNine–Shaped (Enneamorfos) – figure present in written Greek Magical Papyri, defined as composed of nine forms, especially of animal origin with magic function and Egyptian genesis Key problem: distribution of polymorphic iconography in other cultures, parallels, influences on the visual level (codification of symbols) and also on the ideological level (magical activity hidden / symbolised in a representation) Question of the talk: to define potential influences in the Near Eastern perspective - is the polymorphic idea specific to one culture or common to all ancient religious thinking about deities?

Resonance frequencies of honeybee (Apis mellifera) wings.

During flight, insect wings bend and twist under the influence of aerodynamic and inertial forces. We tested whether wing resonance of honeybees (Apis mellifera) matches the wingbeat frequency, against the 'stiff element' hypothesis that the wing's first longitudinal mode exceeds the wingbeat frequency. Six bees were immobilized with their right wing pair outspread, and stimulated with a shaker while the normal modes were recorded with a scanning Doppler laser vibrometer. The lowest normal mode of the wings was the first longitudinal bending mode and, at 602±145 Hz, was greater than the wingbeat frequency of 234±13.9 Hz. Higher-order normal modes of the wing tended to incorporate nodal lines in the chordwise direction of the trailing edge, suggesting that their mode shape did not strongly resemble wing deformation during flapping flight. These results support the stiff element hypothesis for Apis mellifera.

WING DIMORPHISM IN TUSCAN POPULATIONS OF RHYZOBIUS LITURA (FABRICIUS) (COLEOPTERA COCCINELLIDAE)

Wing polymorphism is well known among beetle families such as Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Tenebrionidae and Curculionidae, but it is relatively uncommon among Coccinellidae. Rhyzobius litura (Fabricius) is one of the Italian Coccinellidae species, with a dimorphism involving the second pair of wings which may be fully developed (macropterous) or may assume a ribbon-like structure (brachypterous). Specimens of R. litura collected from localities of the Tuscan Archipelago (islands of Elba, Gorgona and Pianosa, Province of Leghorn) and Tuscan hinterland (Lorenzana, San Giuliano and Ponsacco, Province of Pisa) were examined for wing dimorphism. Different sampling techniques were used: Malaise traps, pitfall traps, beating tray, collecting net and visual search. Specimens collected were either adults or larvae, these latter were reared till maturity and then examined. Results showed a remarkable homogeneity within the examined populations, which were always constantly or strongly brachypterous or macropterous. Most of the populations examined were composed of specimens which were brachypterous or with a high level of brachyptery, but the population from the island of Pianosa was entirely composed of macropterous specimens. The hypothesis that the emergence of a long-winged population could be due to geographical isolation is discussed.

Experimental and numerical heat transfer investigation in a tubular heat exchanger with delta-wing tape inserts

Effects of insertion of a straight tape with double-sided delta wing pairs (called “delta-wing tape”, DWT) used as a longitudinal vortex generator (LVG) on forced convective heat transfer and flow friction characteristics in a uniform heat-flux heat exchanger tube are investigated experimentally and numerically in the present work. The experiment is conducted for turbulent airflow with the Reynolds number (Re) from 4200 to 25,500. The delta wings are in a forward-wing arrangement with three wing inclination angles (α=30°, 45° and 60°) and with five ratios of wing-pitch to tube-diameter (P/D=PR=0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5). Influences of the DWT insert on heat transfer in terms of Nusselt number (Nu) and pressure drop in the form of friction factor (f) are examined. The results indicate that the DWT provides the increases in Nu and f up to 505% and 69 times above the plain tube, respectively and the maximum thermal enhancement factor (TEF) is at 1.49. The 60° DWT with PR=0.5 yields the highest Nu and f but the 30° one with PR=1.0 gives the best TEF. To understand the flow structure and heat transfer mechanism, a three dimensional CFD simulation of the inserted tube is also performed. The simulated results are validated and are in good agreement with the current measurements. A simulated heat transfer and fluid flow structure is also reported.

T-Box Genes in Drosophila Limb Development.

T-box genes are essential for limb development in vertebrates and arthropods. The Drosophila genome encodes eight T-box genes, six of which are expressed in limb ontogenesis. The Tbx20-related gene pair midline and H15 is essential for dorso-ventral patterning of the Drosophila legs. The three Tbx6-related Dorsocross genes are required for epithelial remodeling during wing development. The Drosophila gene optomotor-blind (omb) is the only member of the Tbx2 subfamily in the fly and is predominantly involved in wing development. Omb is essential for wing development and is sufficient to promote the development of a second wing pair. Targeted manipulations of omb expression have shown that the bulk omb requirement for wing development can be deconstructed into a number of individual functions. Even though omb expression in the wing disc is symmetrical with regard to the anterior/posterior (A/P) compartment boundary, anterior and posterior knockdowns have distinct consequences: Anterior Omb is required for the maintenance of a straight A/P lineage restriction boundary. Posterior Omb suppresses formation of an apical epithelial fold along the A/P boundary. Drosophila T-box gene expression is not confined to the ectoderm-derived epithelia of the imaginal discs. Both Doc and Omb are prominently expressed in leg disc muscle precursor cells. Omb is also strongly expressed in a tracheal branch that invades the extracellular matrix of the wing disc. The function of Doc and Omb in the latter tissues is not known, indicative of the many questions still open in the field.

Tergal and pleural structures contribute to the formation of ectopic prothoracic wings in cockroaches.

Wings were a fundamental morphological innovation for the adaptive radiation of insects, the most diversified group among all animals. Pterygote insects have two pairs of wings, the mesothoracic (T2) forewings and the metathoracic (T3) hindwings, whereas the prothorax (T1) is wingless. Using RNA interference approaches, we have found that the gene Sex combs reduced (Scr) determines the wingless identity of T1 in the cockroach Blattella germanica. Interference of Scr triggers the formation of ectopic wing structures in T1, which are formed from the expansion of the latero-posterior region of the pronotum, along with a contribution of the epimeron, a pleurite of T1. These data support the theory of a dual origin for insect wings, from pronotal (tergal origin theory) and pleural (pleural origin theory) structures and genes.

Biodiversity Studies of Insect Fauna Order Coleoptera of Ajmer

Ajmer is located in the center of Rajasthan (INDIA) between 25 0 38 and 26 0 58 north 75 0 22 east longitude covering a geographical area of about 8481sq km hemmed in all sides by Aravalli hills . About 7 miles from the city is Pushkar lake created by the touch of lord Brahma. The Dargah of khawaja Moinuddin chisti is holiest shrine next to Mecca in the world. Ajmer is abode of certain flora and fauna that are particularly endemic to semi-arid and are specially adapted to survive in the dry waterless region of the state. Coleoptera. Availability of beetles were more during the night hours and population seemed to be Confined to the light areas.Beetles mean sheathed wings means two pairs of wings are present. Beetles have been Studied for centuries. Following Beetles are recorded in AJMER. Latitude and 73 0 54 and 75 0 22 east longitude covering a geographical area of about 8481sq km hemmed in all sides by Aravalli hills . About 7 miles from the city is Pushkar lake created by the touch of lord Brahma. The Dargah of khawaja Moinuddin chisti is holiest shrine next toMecca in the world. Ajmer is abode of certain flora and fauna that are particularly endemic to semi-arid and are specially adapted to survive in the dry waterless region of the state. Coleoptera Beetles means sheathed wings means two pairs of wings are present. Availability of beetles were more during the night hours and population seemed to be Confined to the light areas. The order contains more species than any other order, constituting almost 25% of all known animal life-forms. About 40% of all described insect species are beetles (about 400,000 species), and new species are discovered frequently. The largest taxonomic family, the Curculionidae the weevils or snout beetles), also belongs to this order. The diversity of beetles is very wide-ranging. They are found in almost all types of habitats, but are not known to occur in the sea or in the polar region They interact with their ecosystem in several ways. They often feed on plants and fungi , break down animal and plant debris, and eat other invertebrates . Some species are prey of various animals including birds and mammals. Certain species are agricultural pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata, the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis, the Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, and the mungbean or cowpea beetle Collosobruchus maculates while other species of beetles are important controls of agricultural pests. For example, beetles in the family Coccinellidae (ladybirds or ladybugs) consumeaphids, scale insects, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects that damage crops.

Methods to actively modify the dynamic response of cm-scale FWMAV designs

Lightweight vibrating structures (such as flapping wing micro air vehicle (FWMAV) designs) often require some form of control. To achieve controllability, local structural property changes (e.g., damping and stiffness changes) might be induced in an active manner. The stroke-averaged lift force production of a FWMAV wing can be modified by changing the structural properties of that wing at carefully selected places (e.g., changing the properties of the elastic hinge at the wing root as studied in this work). To actively change the structural properties, we investigate three different methods which are based on: (1) piezoelectric polymers, (2) electrorheological fluids, and (3) electrostatic softening. This work aims to gain simple yet insightful ways to determine the potential of these methods without focusing on the precise modeling. Analytical models of FWMAV wing designs that include control approaches based on these three methods are used to calculate the achievable lift force modifications after activating these methods. The lift force production as a result of a wing flapping motion is determined using a quasi-steady aerodynamic model. Both piezoelectric polymers and electrostatic softening are found to be promising in changing the structural properties and, hence, the lift force production of FWMAV wings. For the control of lightweight FWMAV designs, numerical simulations reveal a promising roll maneuverability due to the induced lift force difference between a pair of opposite wings. Although applied to a specific FWMAV design, this work is relevant for control of small, lightweight, possible compliant, vibrating structures in general.

A New Drainage Tube Device

Objective Drainage tubes (e.g., intracranial, abdominal cavity and thoracic) are commonly used to drain blood and fluid collections after surgery. It usually fails due to the lack of fixation perpendicular to the skin and the variety of tube materials. The objective of the article is to describe a new drainage tube device. Methods This new device consists of a drainage tube fixator and diverter with a rotating handle. The fixator and diverter are fixed to the skin with a pair of wings, and the base comprises acircular arc with chamfering of the edge. The removable stopper and plastic diverter have a memory function. There are 2 holes on either side of the wings, by which they can be sewn to the skin or stapled for strength and stability. Results The removable limiting stopper and plastic diverter with memory function work together to ensure that the drainage tube is firmly fixed. Therefore, the tube will not move either vertically or horizontally on the skin. Moreover, the device is fit for drainage tubes with different specifications and materials. Conclusions The limiting stopper can be moved easily, which is conducive to local skin disinfection around the drainage tube. The device deserves clinical promotion.

Origin of X-shaped radio-sources: further insights from the properties of their host galaxies

We analyze the properties of a sample of X-shaped radio-sources (XRSs). These objects show, in addition to the main lobes, a pair of wings producing their peculiar radio morphology. We obtain our sample by selecting from the initial list of Cheung (2007, AJ, 133, 2097) the 53 galaxies with the better defined wings and with available SDSS images. We identified the host galaxies and measured their optical position angle, obtaining a positive result in 22 cases. The orientation of the secondary radio structures shows a strong connection with the optical axis, with all (but one) wing forming a angle larger than 40 degrees with the host major axis. The probability that this is compatible with a uniform distribution is P = 0.9 10E-4. Spectra are available from the SDSS for 28 XRSs. We modeled them to extract information on their emission lines and stellar population properties. The sample is formed by approximately the same number of high and low excitation galaxies (HEG and LEG); this classification is essential for a proper comparison with non-winged radio-galaxies. XRSs follow the same relations between radio and line luminosity defined by radio-galaxies in the 3C sample. While in HEGs a young stellar population is often present, this is not detected in the 13 LEGs, again in agreement with the properties of non XRSs. The lack of young stars in LEGs support the idea that they did not experiences a recent gas rich merger. The connection between the optical axis and the wings orientation, as well as the stellar population and emission lines properties, provide further support for an hydro-dynamic origin of the radio-wings (for example associated with the expansion of the radio cocoon in an asymmetric external medium) rather than with a change of orientation of the jet axis.

Direct lateral maneuvers in hawkmoths.

ABSTRACTWe used videography to investigate direct lateral maneuvers, i.e. ‘sideslips’, of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. M. sexta sideslip by rolling their entire body and wings to reorient their net force vector. During sideslip they increase net aerodynamic force by flapping with greater amplitude, (in both wing elevation and sweep), allowing them to continue to support body weight while rolled. To execute the roll maneuver we observed in sideslips, they use an asymmetric wing stroke; increasing the pitch of the roll-contralateral wing pair, while decreasing that of the roll-ipsilateral pair. They also increase the wing sweep amplitude of, and decrease the elevation amplitude of, the contralateral wing pair relative to the ipsilateral pair. The roll maneuver unfolds in a stairstep manner, with orientation changing more during downstroke than upstroke. This is due to smaller upstroke wing pitch angle asymmetries as well as increased upstroke flapping counter-torque from left-right differences in global reference frame wing velocity about the moth's roll axis. Rolls are also opposed by stabilizing aerodynamic moments from lateral motion, such that rightward roll velocity will be opposed by rightward motion. Computational modeling using blade-element approaches confirm the plausibility of a causal linkage between the previously mentioned wing kinematics and roll/sideslip. Model results also predict high degrees of axial and lateral damping. On the time scale of whole and half wing strokes, left-right wing pair asymmetries directly relate to the first, but not second, derivative of roll. Collectively, these results strongly support a roll-based sideslip with a high degree of roll damping in M. sexta.

A new drainage tube device

Objective: Drainage tubes (e.g., intracranial, abdominal cavity and thoracic) are commonly used to drain blood and fluid collections after surgery. It usually fails due to the lack of fixation perpendicular to the skin and the variety of tube materials. The objective of the article is to describe a new drainage tube device. Methods: This new device consists of a drainage tube fixator and diverter with a rotating handle. The fixator and diverter are fixed to the skin with a pair of wings, and the base comprises acircular arc with chamfering of the edge. The removable stopper and plastic diverter have a memory function. There are 2 holes on either side of the wings, by which they can be sewn to the skin or stapled for strength and stability. Results: The removable limiting stopper and plastic diverter with memory function work together to ensure that the drainage tube is firmly fixed. Therefore, the tube will not move either vertically or horizontally on the skin. Moreover, the device is fit for drainage tubes with different specifications and materials. Conclusions: The limiting stopper can be moved easily, which is conducive to local skin disinfection around the drainage tube. The device deserves clinical promotion.

Kinematic compensation for wing loss in flying damselflies

Flying insects can tolerate substantial wing wear before their ability to fly is entirely compromised. In order to keep flying with damaged wings, the entire flight apparatus needs to adjust its action to compensate for the reduced aerodynamic force and to balance the asymmetries in area and shape of the damaged wings. While several studies have shown that damaged wings change their flapping kinematics in response to partial loss of wing area, it is unclear how, in insects with four separate wings, the remaining three wings compensate for the loss of a fourth wing. We used high-speed video of flying blue-tailed damselflies (Ischnura elegans) to identify the wingbeat kinematics of the two wing pairs and compared it to the flapping kinematics after one of the hindwings was artificially removed. The insects remained capable of flying and precise maneuvering using only three wings. To compensate for the reduction in lift, they increased flapping frequency by 18±15.4% on average. To achieve steady straight flight, the remaining intact hindwing reduced its flapping amplitude while the forewings changed their stroke plane angle so that the forewing of the manipulated side flapped at a shallower stroke plane angle. In addition, the angular position of the stroke reversal points became asymmetrical. When the wingbeat amplitude and frequency of the three wings were used as input in a simple aerodynamic model, the estimation of total aerodynamic force was not significantly different (paired t-test, p=0.73) from the force produced by the four wings during normal flight. Thus, the removal of one wing resulted in adjustments of the motions of the remaining three wings, exemplifying the precision and plasticity of coordination between the operational wings. Such coordination is vital for precise maneuvering during normal flight but it also provides the means to maintain flight when some of the wings are severely damaged.

X-ray diffraction pattern from the flight muscle of Toxorhynchites towadensis reveals the specific phylogenic position of mosquito among Diptera.

IntroductionThe Diptera are a group of insects with only a single pair of wings (forewings), and are considered monophyletic (originating from a common ancestor). The flight muscle in Diptera has features not observed in other insects, such as the long Pro-Ala-rich peptide associated with tropomyosin, not with troponin-I as in other insects, and the formation of a superlattice by myosin filaments analogous to that in vertebrate skeletal muscle.ResultsHere we describe X-ray diffraction patterns from the flight muscle of a mosquito, Toxorhynchites towadensis (Culicidae), belonging to a primitive group of Diptera. The diffraction pattern indicates that myosin filaments in the flight muscle of this species do not form a superlattice. X-ray diffraction also shows meridional reflections that are not observed in other dipterans, but are present in the patterns from bumblebee (Hymenoptera) flight muscle.ConclusionThese observations suggest that the superlattice structure evolved after the common ancestor of Diptera had diverged from other insects. The flight muscle of mosquito may retain primitive structural features that are shared by Hymenoptera.