Paint Technology Research Articles

Characterizing paint technologies and recipes in Levantine and Schematic rock art: El Carche site as a case study (Jalance, Spain).

This paper contributes to current debates on the technologies and practices of prehistoric artists using the rock art site of el Carche (Jalance, Spain) as a case study. The site preserves both Levantine and Schematic paintings, yet poorly understood from an analytical point of view. In the past, it has even been argued how little differentiation there is between these two post-Paleolithic traditions in terms of paint composition. Our aim with this paper was to identify pigments, paint recipes and technologies and decipher the order of the superimpositions, both between Levantine motifs of different styles, and between these and the Schematic ones. To do so, we adopted a multi-stage and multi-technical analytical strategy, trying to find a balance between sound scientific investigation and impact on the art, considering the irreplaceable nature of this World Heritage rock art. As such, our approach begins with in situ non-invasive investigations using portable EDXRF, to then collect micro-samples for non-destructive analyses by means of Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), micro-Raman Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). One of the key highlights of these paper is the identification of up to four different paint compositions, produced with various hematite-based raw materials and different processing techniques. This variability had not been previously documented. Interestingly though, no direct correlations appear to exist between styles or sub-styles and recipes. Some of these paint mixtures were even shared by both traditions. These results are discussed in cultural terms, challenging previous interpretations suggesting a similar pigment composition between Levantine and Schematic art. Microstratigraphic analysis of the cross-sections only partially clarified the overlapping sequence unveiling the complexity of these analysis. They also revealed several degradation layers and external crusts related to rock alteration processes and biological formations. Their role in rock art conservation is also discussed.

An Algorithm for Painting Large Objects Based on a Nine-Axis UR5 Robotic Manipulator

An algorithm for automatically planning trajectories designed for painting large objects is proposed in this paper to eliminate the difficulty of painting large objects and ensure their surface quality. The algorithm was divided into three phases, comprising the target point acquisition phase, the trajectory planning phase, and the UR5 robot inverse solution acquisition phase. In the target point acquisition phase, the standard triangle language (STL) file, algorithm of principal component analyses (PCA), and k-dimensional tree (k-d tree) were employed to obtain the point cloud model of the car roof to be painted. Simultaneously, the point cloud data were compressed as per the requirements of the painting process. In the trajectory planning phase, combined with the maximum operating space of the UR5 robot, the painting trajectory of the target points was converted into multiple traveling salesman problem (TSP) models, and each TSP model was created with a genetic algorithm (GA). In the last phase, in conformity with the singularities of the UR5 robot’s motion space, the painting trajectory was divided into a recommended area trajectory and a non-recommended area trajectory and created by the analytical method and sequential quadratic programming (SQP). Finally, the proposed algorithm for painting large objects was deployed in a simulation experiment. Simulation results showed that the accuracy of the algorithm could meet the requirements of painting technology, and it has promising engineering practicability.

Chinese painting and calligraphy image recognition technology based on pseudo linear directional diffusion equation

Abstract In order to study the image recognition technology of traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy based on pseudo linear directional diffusion equation. Firstly, in the pixel domain, an overall style feature extraction algorithm of ink painting based on histogram is proposed, and then the local area with the most representative stroke style is located based on Sobel edge detection method to obtain the local detail style information describing the stroke. Then, using image processing, computer vision and other technologies, combined with some quantifiable authenticity identification indexes of Chinese painting, this paper designs a authenticity identification method of Chinese painting based on image recognition to assist the authenticity identification of Chinese painting and improve the reliability of authenticity identification. The experimental results show that the fusion algorithms based on information entropy and distance are proposed in this paper. On the premise of maximizing the artistic style, the fusion algorithm combines the advantages of the overall and local class results, so as to realize the automatic classification of ink painting based on artistic style and output the classification results.

Practices of Visual Arts in the Music of the Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries

"The study of transformational processes in contemporary music art under the influence of the fine arts practices is one of the important problems of musical culturology and aesthetics. The study is topical because of the new efforts aimed at understanding and arrangement of the evolution of established aesthetic systems and experiments in music and fine arts in the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, as well as their influence on modern practices of introduction of meaningful elements of painting, graphics, architecture, and multimedia technologies into music creation processes. The aim of the research was to identify current trends in music visualization through the arrangement and generalization of the experience of artists of the 20th — early 21st centuries, who used expressive arts, synthesizing one art into another in their musical compositions, as well as to identify the background of those synthetic ideas and ways to implement them. The scientific research established that the development of synthetic art has its roots in the disposition towards merging arts and versatility. The fine arts practices applied in music has contributed to the expansion and enrichment of artistic means and techniques and has entailed further complication of sound and visual components in the overall concept of the work. It is concluded that the individual creative and personal traits of the artist, who seeks to fully convey the multidimensional figurativeness of the work determine a significant impact on implementing fine arts practices in music. Prospects for further research of the evolution of fine arts practices and audio-visual media in music involve the development of description techniques in the context of the dominance of the visualization factor over music one in artistic perception, as well as the study of the impact of cultural technologization on contemporary music art. Keywords: music, visualization, fine art, artist, interconnection of the arts, synthesis, intermediality "

Discussion on the Value of Integration Traditional Culture Into Kindergarten Curriculum ---Take Wuhu Iron Painting Technology as an Example

Traditional culture is the overall expression of various ideological, cultural and conceptual forms formed in the historical development of our country. Traditional culture breeds the precious spiritual character of the Chinese nation and has very important educational value. Integrating traditional culture into kindergarten curriculum can promote the development of children's character and sociality. Iron painting is a folk craft with a long history in China. Integrating iron painting technology into kindergarten curriculum is an effective way to inherit Chinese excellent culture, an inevitable requirement to promote children's physical and mental development, and a feasible path to promote kindergarten curriculum construction. At the same time, it is feasible to integrate traditional culture into kindergarten curriculum. On the one hand, the research on traditional culture has accumulated some early achievements, which provides a theoretical basis for the development of kindergarten based curriculum; On the other hand, kindergartens can develop game materials of iron painting technology, which reduces the operation difficulty of iron painting technology. It is suggested that kindergartens establish curriculum concepts around children's development and promote the construction of teachers of traditional culture.

Heat transfer characteristics in a trailing-edge slot cooling surface with outward protrusions

ABSTRACT A novel turbulated cutback structure is designed for trailing-edge cooling, which has smooth-transition protrusions on the cutback surface. Experimental investigations are carried out on the effects of the protrusion configuration and the blowing ratio M on adiabatic cooling effectiveness and convective heat transfer coefficient of the cutback surface using transient thermochromic liquid crystal technology and steady pressure-sensitive paint technology as measuring methods. As M increases, the comprehensive heat transfer performance (heat flux ratio) first increases and then decreases, reaching a peak at M = 1.00. The smooth-transition protrusions effectively enhance the comprehensive heat transfer performance by 12.4 ~ 36.8% of the cutback surface.

Identification of factors affecting the reduction of VOC emissions in the paint industry: Systematic literature review - SLR

In recent years, the interest of the manufacturing industry in new perspectives aimed at sustainability has increased, driving the manufacture of paints to use alternatives that help to reduce the impacts generated by the emission of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs); these impacts are especially negative since they have environmental consequences related to atmospheric pollution and social consequences due to their harmful effects on human health. The economic field has a positive effect due to the performance and varied application of the coatings in different industries. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to identify factors that contribute to the reduction of VOCs emissions in the coating industry. Search equations were proposed with selected keywords, reading and selection of articles, analysis and classification of the information and finally plotting the data with the use of VantagePoint software. A total of 51 articles were selected for analysis, finding three key factors. (1) green chemistry, based on the formulation of paints from the use and/or synthesis of raw materials with renewable materials; (2) incorporation of cleaner production strategies which involves the change of paint technology, such as water-based, powdered, or with variation of the solids content; and (3) regulations and standards that must be complied with regarding VOCs emissions and that depend on the type of industries and the country where they are applied. Polyurethane resins were identified as the most studied for VOCs abatement. The paints market has focused on new sources to develop environmentally friendly materials, introducing manufacturing processes and technologies that combine sustainability and performance in this industry.

Detailed showerhead cooling effectiveness measurements on the notched leading-edge surface: Effect of freestream turbulence and density ratio

The leading-edge cooling configuration with the notch design on the stagnation line proposed in the preliminary work may become a promising structure to reduce further the thermal load on the leading-edge of the high-pressure turbine vane. In the current study, steady-state pressure-sensitive paint technology is adopted as a measurement method to evaluate further the effect of freestream turbulence and the freestream-to-coolant density ratio on the spatially resolved film cooling effectiveness of this leading-edge configuration. Three freestream turbulence levels were obtained by changing the grid position. Regardless of whether the leading-edge configuration had a groove, the effect of freestream turbulence on film coverage was consistent when the coolant flow rate was low. An increase in the turbulence worsened the leading-edge film cooling effect. The enhancement of the turbulence within a certain range weakened the transmission of the film flow direction and drove the film to spread laterally, weakening the superimposition effect of the film in the flow direction. As the momentum ratio changed in a high freestream turbulence situation, the turning point for the second increase in film cooling effectiveness occurred even earlier. As the momentum ratio increased, the effect of turbulence on the leading-edge film cooling effectiveness gradually weakened. The density ratios of 1.4 and 2.5 were simulated by using varying gases. When the momentum ratio was constant, the showerhead cooling effectiveness increased with the density ratio, and the core region of film coverage for the downstream rows of holes was broader and longer. Furthermore, scaling analysis was performed for the experimental data. With a small coolant flow rate, the scaling with blowing ratio was capable of matching the showerhead cooling effectiveness; when scaling with momentum flux ratio can obtain a consistent change with only a difference in the numerical value.

DEVELOPMENT CREATIVE CAPABILITIES OF STUDENTS BY FACILITIES of THE WATER-COLOUR PAINTING

In the article methods and methods of development of creative capabilities are examined by facilities o f the water-colour painting on employments on the special course “Technology of the water-colour painting” on the artistically-graphic faculties of higher pedagogical establishments.

Film cooling performance on pressure side of turbine blade with different number of hole rows under rotating state

Film cooling is a major cooling method for turbine blades. Due to short film trajectories on the pressure side, the film coverage could be improved by increasing the number of hole rows. To study the effect of different hole rows on the film cooling performance of pressure side, this paper experimentally measures the film cooling effectiveness (η) of the pressure side with different number of hole rows (3, 4, and 5 rows) by employing pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) technology at a speed of 600 rpm. The effects of mass flow ratio (MFR), blowing ratio (BR), and hole arrangement (in-line and staggered) are analyzed. Numerical simulations are also performed for further analysis of the flow field. Under the mainstream parameters and blade structure in this study, the results show that: the three-row film hole cases have better film cooling performance at lower MFRs because of a larger film coverage; for four-row and five-row film hole cases, a belt region with poor film coverage appears at higher BRs, and the film cooling is influenced by the hole arrangement as well as behaves differently at lower and higher BRs.

Influences of groove configuration and density ratio on grooved leading-edge showerhead film cooling using the pressure sensitive paint measurement technique

In response to the cooling requirements of high adiabatic cooling effectiveness and low convective heat transfer coefficient on the outer wall of the showerhead leading-edge of the turbine vane, a groove configuration is set near-stagnation region, and a grooved leading-edge showerhead cooling structure is designed. Using the steady-state pressure-sensitive paint technology as the measurement method, the interference effect of the groove configuration on the leading-edge showerhead film cooling was experimentally investigated. The influences of the depth and width of the groove on the adiabatic cooling effectiveness of the showerhead leading-edge were compared and analyzed in detail. The present study investigated the adiabatic cooling effectiveness of the showerhead leading-edge with counter-inclined film-holes under varied momentum flux ratio MR varies in the wide range of 0.09–6.04. The influence of coolant mass flow rate on the showerhead cooling effectiveness for the original leading-edge with counter-inclined holes was studied thoroughly; that is, the area-averaged adiabatic cooling effectiveness increases first, then decreases, and then increases again as MR increases. The arrangement of the grooves also enables the grooved structure to ensure the trend mentioned above. Compared with the original case, the effects of the groove on the showerhead cooling effectiveness are mainly reflected in the coolant retention within the groove, the jet-out and superimposition of the downstream of the outer rows. As the MR continues to increase, the grooved case is more likely to have a counter-inclined film distribution in advance, and the turning point of the adiabatic cooling effectiveness drops first and then rises earlier than the original case at a higher MR. The film-coverage of the shallow-grooved case is slightly better than that of the deep-grooved case. The widening of the groove width is not conducive to improving the film-coverage of the showerhead leading-edge. On the contrary, the interference of flow within the groove on the outflow causes a negative effect under lower coolant injection rates. The influence of the density ratio on the showerhead cooling effectiveness of the grooved leading-edge is similar to the original case. At the constant MR, the cooling effectiveness increases as the density ratio increases, and the core region of film-coverage downstream is broader and more extended.

Critical evaluation of in situ analyses for the characterisation of red pigments in rock paintings: A case study from El Castillo, Spain.

Paint technology, namely paint preparation and application procedures, is an important aspect of painting traditions. With the expansion of archaeometric studies and in situ non-destructive analytical methods, a renewal of technological studies is being observed in rock art. In situ analyses have several limitations that are widely discussed in the literature, however. It is not yet clear whether they provide accurate information on paint technology, except under certain conditions. Here, we evaluated digital microscopic and pXRF in situ analyses for the characterisation of a large set of red and yellow paintings from the El Castillo cave, Cantabria, Spain. We have set experiments and used statistical methods to identify differences between paint components and determine factors impacting pXRF measurements. We found that the compositional heterogeneity of the paintings' environment, especially variations in secondary deposits, was responsible for most of the differences observed between the pXRF signals recorded on the paintings. We concluded that the El Castillo cave environment is not suitable for non-destructive technological studies, but that more favourable contexts might exist. Following previous works and our own results, we advocate a combination of both in situ and laboratory invasive analyses for the study of paint composition and paint technology. Our research protocol, based on the comparison of rock paintings, their substrate, experimental paintings and Fe-normalisation of the signals can improve the reliability of pXRF results. We also propose to include more systematic characterisation of rock wall heterogeneity and the use of microscopic analyses in non-destructive approaches.

Identification and mapping of ancient pigments in a Roman Egyptian funerary portrait by application of reflectance and luminescence imaging spectroscopy

Imaging spectroscopy (IS) is an important tool in the comprehensive technical analysis required of archaeological paintings. The complexity of pigment mixtures, diverse artistic practices and painting technologies, and the often-fragile and weathered nature of these objects render macroscale, non-invasive chemical mapping an essential component of the analytical protocol. Furthermore, the use of pigments such as Egyptian blue and madder lake, featuring diagnostic photoluminescence emission, provides motivation to perform photoluminescence mapping on the macroscale. This work demonstrates and advances new applications of dual-mode imaging spectroscopy and data analysis approaches for ancient painting. Both reflectance (RIS) and luminescence (LIS) modes were utilized for the study of a Roman Egyptian funerary portrait from second century CE Egypt. The first derivative of the RIS image cube was analyzed and found to significantly improve materials separation, identification, and the extent of mapping. Egyptian blue and madder lake were mapped across a decorated surface using their luminescence spectral signatures in the region of 540–1000 nm as endmembers in LIS analyses. Linear unmixing of the LIS endmembers and subsequent derivative analyses resulted in an improved separation and mapping of the luminescence pigments. RIS and LIS studies, combined with complementary, single-spot collection elemental and molecular spectroscopy, were able to successfully characterize the portrait’s painting materials and binding media used by the ancient artist, providing key insight into their material use, stylistic practices, and technological choices.

Sumy Regiment Iconostases of the First Half of the 18th Century

The study of the iconostases of Slobidska Ukraine in the 17th century made it possible to establish that the altar septums in different regiments of Slobozhanshchina had their own specific features. Three groups of iconostases were discovered: Sumy-Ostrogozhska, Kharkiv-Izyumska and Okhtyrska. Despite the general similarity of the iconostases of Slobozhanshchina at different historical stages, each had its own peculiarities in the solution of the altar septums. Despite the small amount of visual material, it can be argued that in the first half of the 18th century, the Sumy group of monuments retains some common features of the group: the general composition of the iconostasis (the iconostasis of the Church of the Transfiguration in Mezhirich), the figures of the local tier are cut to the middle of the thigh (icons from the Church of Resurrection in Lebedyn), the archetectural decision of the deesis tier, where the apostles were depicted one by one on separate boards (an icon from the village Ulanok). But innovations also appear: the image of the apostles in the deesis tier, two apostles depicted together on one board, the image of the Tree of Jesse on the Royal Doors, throne images of figures in the local tier (the iconostasis of the Church of the Transfiguration in Mezhirich), the use of a round sculpture with a crucifixion scene, which crowned it (Mikhailivsk Hermitage near Lebedyn). At the beginning of the 18th century the decoration of icons and iconostases changed significantly. The Slobozhanshchina iconostases of the 17th century used a wide range of manneristic ornamentation, while in the first half of the 18th century the mannerist decorative trim changed to baroque floral decor. The decor of acanthus leaves and the motif grape bunches dominated in the iconostases of the Sumy group at that time. From the second third of the 18th century the decoration of icons and altar septums of Slobozhanshchina is gradually occupied by decorative elements of the rococo style. In the iconostases of the Sumy group, this is, first of all, the motif of the oblique lattice and rocaille. young masters from the capital, who, having visited Europe, managed to get acquainted with the processes taking place there. The novelty of their techniques affected not only planning, approaches to decorative design, the introduction of new subjects, changes in the technology of wall painting, but also, which was in line with the spirit of the times, in the appeal to stylization, as one of the basic principles of Art Nouveau. Artists who worked on murals in Kharkiv churches (M. Pestrikov, I. Svyatenko, A. Sokol, P. Kryuchkov) mainly extended the line in sacred painting, founded by V. Vasnetsov in the Vladimir Cathedral in Kyiv in 1885– 1896. Somewhat aloof are only fragmentarily preserved paintings by A. Savinov in the Church of the Transfiguration in Natalevka. However, there were other trends, as evidenced by the symbolist projects for the murals of the house church of Yuzefovich’s printing house in Kharkiv. New documentary materials are introduced into scientific circulation, in particular, photos of church murals that have survived to this day.

Innovative Glass-Powder Paint Technology for Improving Driver Visibility at Night: Case Study CBD Access Road, East London, Eastern Cape Province South Africa

Driving at night or in low visibility regions along a transportation facility can be particularly dangerous. Related problems range from, reduction in visibility and the objects fading away into obscure darkness with reduced illumination. In scenarios as this, the road markings become blur and eventually disappear along the driving lane. Although, some drivers suffer from night vision deficiency (nearsightedness, cataracts, retinis pigmentosa); resulting to conditions that damage their vision at night. Sometimes reduced vision can be caused by wearing away of the road markings over time by rains and friction between tyre and the road marking lines. This study provides an alternative measure to improve driver visibility at night using glass-powder paint technology (GPPT). This method is proposed to be implemented as an innovation towards reducing glass waste from landfills and dump sites and recycling glass waste to improve road markings within urban cities and highway corridors. A case study section is introduced for testing in East London CBD drive way (Eastern Cape Province-South Africa) and compared with a different marked road using conventional road marking paint. The study was conducted using quantitative analysis (grouped multinomial logistics and non-parametric test) in quantum flow theory which proves that there exist a strong relationship between improved driver visibility on road markings with the introduction of the innovative Glass Powder Paint Technology. This further helps to improve glare and illumination at night while enhancing driver behavior with regards to perception and positioning of objects on the roadway and increased illumination index of road markings. This confidence level of 95% equivalent to a 0.05 null hypothesis significance level assumed in which the null hypothesis was rejected indicates improvement in driving behaviour at night on the test section with the introduction of the GPPT to enhance illumination index and reduce level of blur on the road markings and objects along the road section.

Research on Virtual Reality Interactive Design of Alien Beast Images in the Classic of Mountains and Rivers

The Classic of Mountains and Rivers is a geographical masterpiece of ancient myths and legends in China in the pre-Qin period. There are five volumes in The Classic of Mountains, which has unique significance and research value with a large number of images of supernatural beings and alien beasts. The historical content and image value contained in The Classic of Mountains and Rivers has practical significance for studying the traditional cultural heritage of China. With the development of information and digital technology, the information age is coming. Emerging science and technology have been applied to the inheritance and protection of traditional culture, and virtual reality technology is one of the important ways. With its unique sense of immersion and interaction, virtual reality technology can give full play to the essence of traditional culture, and its unique advantages also provide a better display and a dissemination way for the inheritance of China's ancient excellent cultural heritage and national wisdom. In this paper, the alien beast images in The Classic of Mountains and Rivers are taken as the main research subject, some of them are selected to summarize the morphological characteristics, and the digital painting technology is used to innovate, and the alien beast shapes in The Classic of Mountains and Rivers are created. Finally, the interactive alien beast images are displayed and transmitted dynamically by combining virtual reality technology, which is of great significance and value for the popularization and development of traditional culture.

Enhancing driver visibility at night: an advanced glass-powder paint technology approach

Enhancing driver visibility at night: an advanced glass-powder paint technology approach

Cooling characteristics of the trailing-edge slot downstream from internal multi-ribbed channel

To investigate the cooling characteristics of the trailing-edge slot fed by the coolant channel with the straight ribs arranged at small pitch, the effects of the straight rib height and blowing ratio on the adiabatic cooling effectiveness and convective heat transfer coefficient of expanded cutback surface were studied by using the steady pressure sensitive paint technology and transient thermochromic liquid crystal technology, respectively. The cutback discharge coefficient and cooling performance under the multi-ribbed channel were analyzed and discussed, then the heat flux ratio was introduced to evaluate the optimal cooling structure. The experimental results showed that the discharge coefficient of trailing-edge slot increases slightly with the increase of blowing ratio, which is opposite to the increase of rib-height. At low blowing ratio (M≤0.50), the increase of the rib-height significantly strengthens the degree of jet disarray. As the coolant core region upstream of the slot-exit changes, a region with low adiabatic cooling effectiveness appears in the downstream. At the excessive blowing ratio(M=0.75), the adiabatic cooling effectiveness of the ribbed case with low height shows an abnormal trend opposite to the increase of blowing ratio. As the flow loss (based on the discharge coefficient) of the large height case is intensified, the instability of the cold vortex is strengthened, which cancels out the dominance of the flow field. The case with multi-ribbed channel can significantly improve the heat transfer performance of the region near the slot-exit. At large blowing ratio(M≥1.00), the high heat transfer coefficient area near the slot-exit develops into a core region with the high heat transfer coefficient, which can be extended to the downstream of the flow direction for the low height case. The optimal case with rib height of h/H=0.3 can improve the overall cooling effectiveness of the cutback surface by 20∼50%.

SISTEM INFORMASI ANGGARAN PADA PT. ARDHI KARYA TEKNIK

Ardhi Karya Teknik is a company engaged in construction, painting, cooling engineering and information technology. This company experiences difficulties in managing finances, especially in terms of budget provision and use, the concentration of problems revolves around the budget allocation for operational costs that are routinely issued every year and the facts in the field regarding the use of the budget. Therefore it is necessary to have a budget application that is able to manage and provide accurate information about the company budget. The method used in this research is waterfall. After the application is made and implemented in the company, the budget allocation process and reports on its use can be presented quickly and accurately and can help the parties involved in the company to make the necessary decisions.

Blue and green in the decoration of a Kushite chapel in Karnak, Egypt: Technical evaluation using low-tech, non-invasive procedures

Visible-Induced Luminescence (VIL) has become a widely accessible investigation tool to identify and image the presence of Egyptian blue on in situ wall paintings. Portable microscopy has similarly entered mainstream usage to examine painted surfaces in archaeological settings. A project to investigate the extremely scant remains of decoration of the 7th c. BC Kushite chapel of Osiris Neb-ankh/Pa-wesheb-iad on the north side of Karnak temple demonstrated the effective use of these low-tech, non-invasive procedures. In order to better understand the nature of the highly deteriorated painting, an interdisciplinary approach was adopted that combined these intensely practical in-situ investigations with a process of comparative evaluation and deduction, drawing on expertise from the fields of painting technology and Egyptology. Beyond expected confirmation of the widespread use of Egyptian blue as a pure color, the skilful and selective admixture of this pigment with yellow and white pigments was detected. This appears to have been used to enhance painted subject matter of particular symbolic importance. The study was the basis for recognising a conspicuous absence of green in the decoration, determining where green was once present, and – by evaluating factors of pigment impermanence versus durability – helping to define the likely nature of the missing pigment. Definitive pigment identification was not always possible, nor was it a primary aim, although the evaluative process employed is also the most efficient way of identifying analytical procedures that might still be required. Even without identification, the findings made in relation to the missing green were highly significant, providing important evidence of a technological shift in the use of greens in Late Period wall paintings, which parallels similar developments found on other Egyptian artefacts. A low-tech, iterative approach to painting investigation therefore has great validity.