Pain Felt Research Articles

Life Accentuation in Cognitive Dissonance and Hedonistic Behavior between Jakarta and Moscow Adolescents

Information and communication technology play an important role in the development of communication, one of which is the utilization of the online shop platform, to fulfill the desire for a hedonistic lifestyle. The changes in lifestyle focus on seeking unlimited pleasure and satisfaction. Life accentuation assumes that a person will feel happy by seeking happiness and avoiding feelings of pain, disappointment, and sadness. The research objective was to compare Jakarta and Moscow adolescents' cognitive dissonance and hedonism behavior. The comparative descriptive quantitative research method was used on 101 Moscow teenage respondents and 102 Jakarta respondents using cognitive dissonance theory and behavioral theory. The results were (1) ‘Looking for unlimited pleasure and satisfaction’ is ‘often’ (54.10%) by Jakarta teenagers, higher than Moscow teenagers (only 39.40%), and ‘sometimes’ (52.10%). (2) The dimension of ‘seeking as much happiness as possible and avoiding painful feelings’, Jakarta teenagers are 45.90% while Moscow teenagers are 36.60%, and ‘sometimes’ (56.30%). (3). For the dimensions of ‘seeking happiness symbolically’, Jakarta teenagers are more ‘often’ (53.10%) than Moscow teenagers (36.60%) and ‘sometimes’ (52.10%). (4) In the dimension of ‘pleasure is the most important thing in life’ there are differences between teenagers in Moscow and teenagers in Jakarta (54.10%) and Moscow teenagers are ‘often’ (63.40%) lower and ‘sometimes’ tend to behave hedonistically (63.40%).

Clinical Assessment of Preemptive Analgesia on Success of Pulpal Anesthesia and Postendodontic Pain in Children with Irreversible Pulpitis: A Randomized Comparative Study.

Optimal pain management of symptomatic pulpitis in formative years goes a long way in developing a positive dental attitude. Efforts should be made to increase the success of anesthesia, thus diminishing negative dental experiences. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of preemptive analgesia on the success of pulpal anesthesia following inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) in children with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and on reducing postendodontic pain. The research design was an in vivo, three-group, parallel, quadruple-blind study. A total of 75 patients were randomly allocated to one of the three groups-group I: ibuprofen, group II: combination of ibuprofen and paracetamol, and group III: multivitamin (placebo). Premedication was given 45 minutes before treatment, and patients received IANB in a standardized manner. Pain during pulpectomy was recorded using the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) scale and postoperatively using Wong-Baker's pain rating scale (WBPRS) at 4, 12, and 24 hours. Success was measured if the pain felt was of no or mild intensity. Success of IANB was 64% for ibuprofen, 72% for the combination group, and 40% for the placebo group, with no statistically significant difference between all groups (p = 0.06) on the FLACC scale. At 4 hours postoperatively, a significant difference (p = 0.02) was found among groups with more children experiencing no or mild pain in groups I and II and the highest number of rescue medications taken by the placebo group. Ibuprofen and a combination of ibuprofen and acetaminophen as preemptive analgesics had no significant effect on the success rate of IANB, although it was effective in reducing pain at 4 hours postoperatively. Gori NA, Patel MC, Bhatt RK, et al. Clinical Assessment of Preemptive Analgesia on Success of Pulpal Anesthesia and Postendodontic Pain in Children with Irreversible Pulpitis: A Randomized Comparative Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(1):72-78.

The effectiveness of a rehabilitation program with aqueous media on the egree of pain and balance for those suffering from sacroiliitis in football players

Abstract in English The aim of this study is to identify the effectiveness of rehabilitation exercises in conjunction with aquatic therapy for those suffering from sacroiliitis in football players. The researcher used the experimental approach, using the experimental design (pre-measurement, post-measurement). Similar to the objectives and procedures of the research, the researcher assumed the following: the existence of significant differences. Statistics between pre- and post-measurements in variables in favor of post-measurement for the following variables (degree of pain and level of balance).
 The experimental approach was used with a pre- and post-measurement design on one group of football players with sacroiliitis, numbering (8) players whose ages ranged from (20 - 25 years). The program was applied for (8) weeks with (5) sessions in The week, the program included rehabilitation exercises inside and outside the aquatic environment, and the results of the research were. - The rehabilitation program prepared with hydrotherapy helped improve the general condition of the body and gradually disappear the feeling of pain in the joint clearly.
 The use of hydrotherapy led to the disappearance of the feeling of pain and thus had a positive effect on performance
 Prepared rehabilitation exercises and making the injured feel comfortable and improving the psychological state of the injured.
 - The prepared rehabilitation program has a clear effect in improving the balance of the muscles working in the pelvic joint.
 The exercises carried out clearly helped in the injured person's return to playing football normally.
 - Using rehabilitative exercises accompanying hydrotherapy has good results, better than applying only rehabilitative exercises.
 Recommendations: - Paying attention to following the rehabilitation program with hydrotherapy when football players suffer from sacroiliitis in order to avoid deterioration of the patient’s condition. The researcher also recommended using rehabilitative exercises with hydrotherapy and employing it consistently within rehabilitation programs for all pelvic joint injuries. - The researcher recommended the importance of functional tests as a criterion for the player’s return to playing football. - She pointed to the diversification and expansion of special research into the prevention of pelvic joint injuries using modern means and devices.
 
 Keywords: sacroiliitis, hydrotherapy, degree of pain, and instability.

Effects of Mosquito-Imitated Microneedle’s Reciprocating Rotations on Puncture Resistance Forces—Evaluations by Puncturing Experiments and Nonlinear FEM Analyses—

Development of a low-invasive microneedle is currently desired in the medical field to mitigate the patients’ stress and pain. We have paid attention to mosquitoes that puncture the skin without giving humans no feelings of pain. We have observed mosquitoes and found that when their proboscis punctures human skin, they make the following three behaviors: apply tension to human skin; rotate their proboscis; vibrate their proboscis. In our previous studies, we developed a bundled set of three microneedle imitating the mosquito’s proboscis and experimentally proved the usefulness of their alternate vibrations, which is one of the mosquito’s puncturing behaviors. However, the setting of three needles with proper clearances from each other was difficult, making their driving system too complex to practically use it. Therefore, we have developed a simplified microneedle by reducing the number of needles from three to two or one. This paper has focused on the effects of the rotations of a single needle. Using our developed microneedle with a diameter of 90 µm and the thinnest commercial microneedle with a diameter of 180 µm, we evaluated the effect of reciprocating rotation, one of the mosquitoes’ puncturing behaviors, by puncture experiments using artificial skin and nonlinear finite element method (FEM) analysis. As a result, it was found that the reciprocating rotation suppresses the puncture resistance force and the skin deflection.

Penerapan Algoritma Naive Bayes untuk Klasifikasi Demam Berdarah Dengue di RSUD dr. Achmad Darwis

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease transmitted through the bite of the Aedes Aegypti mosquito. Limapuluh Kota Regency BPS stated that the morbidity rate due to dengue fever was 14.40% per 100,000 population, this figure jumped high from the previous year with a morbidity rate of 3.30% per 100,000 population. The main symptoms of dengue fever are fever that lasts for 2-7 days, pain felt in the muscles and joints accompanied by a rash or no rash, dizziness, and even vomiting blood. Dengue infection can cause various clinical symptoms, ranging from dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, to dengue shock syndrome. Based on this, there is a need for a classification method that can help and facilitate early diagnosis of dengue fever. The method used is Naive Bayes by classifying dengue positive and dengue negative patients. The aim of this research is to determine the results of the classification of patients suffering from dengue fever, as well as to determine the level of accuracy using the Naive Bayes method. Based on research that has been carried out, the results of the classification of patients are 58 correct and 14 patients classified incorrectly. The accuracy results obtained in this algorithm were quite high, namely 80%, while the sensitivity was 65% and the specificity was 86.5%.

Daily habits and kidney stones development rate. Literature review

Introduction: Kidney stones disease is a medical condition when hard deposites made of various minerals and substances form inside kidneys. It may lead to clinical symptoms as severe pain felt in the belly area or side of the back. Also it can radiate and reach testicles, groin area, labia. Other symptoms may include blood in the urine, abnormal color of urine, fever, nausea, vomiting. Because of growing incidence rate- adequate question is how can we protect ourselves from kidney stones development by changing habits.
 
 Aim of study: Fundamental aim of study is to demonstrate how daily, routine habits changes may have a huge impact on kidney stones development risk.
 
 State of knowledge: There are a lot of confirmed parameters and factors which can lead to kidney stones devolopment. Factors that increase risk of developing kidney stones include: dehydration, diet (meat intake, fruit/vegetables intake, sodium intake), family or personal history, obesity, digestive diseases and surgery, metabolic disorders, urinary track infections, anatomical abnormalities- obstruction of the kidney, calyceal diverticulum, horseshoe kidney, ureterocele. This group includes many modified factors, so lifetime risk of kidney stones depends also on our habits and way of life.
 
 Conclusion: There are many modified factors which may lead to this disease and because of that it is crucial to improve patients and whole society awareness about them. By appropriate daily habits changes we can significantly reduce risk of lifetime kidney stone disease development. It is important to know that concrete reports and analyses were made and they demonstrated scientifically proven correlations.

Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) Tapping for Pediatric Emergency Department Staff During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evaluation of a Pilot Intervention.

Emergency-department (ED) staff may experience psychologic distress due to the stressful nature of their work. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated this distress. Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) tapping, a somatic psychophysiologic intervention combining vibratory acupressure with elements of cognitive-behavioral and exposure therapies, can reduce psychologic distress. This study tested the short-term effect of 10-minute EFT tapping on the psychologic distress of pediatric ED staff responding to COVID-19. During the COVID-19 pandemic, diverse staff in the pediatric ED of a New York City teaching hospital participated in this single-group study. A licensed creative arts therapist led participants in 10-minute EFT tapping sessions. A self-report questionnaire with 7 items based on the Trauma Exposure Response framework was administered immediately pre- and postintervention. Standardized mean differences between both timepoints were calculated. There were statistically significant reductions for 6 of the 7 items studied, including stress (3.32-2.14), obsessive and intrusive thoughts (2.50-1.85), feelings of pressure (3.20-2.17), loneliness (1.84-1.44), and emotional and physical pain (2.28-1.70); all P < 0.001. No significant changes in professional satisfaction were reported following the intervention. Despite the limitations of a single-arm study design, a 10-minute brief EFT tapping session was a promising way to reduce short-term psychologic distress in pediatric ED health care workers. Future studies, including rigorous randomized controlled trials, are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of brief EFT tapping interventions in other settings.

EDUKASI LATIHAN UNTUK NYERI PUNGGUNG BAWAH PADA LANSIA DI RW 17 POSLANSIA MOJOSONGO SOLO

Reduced functional ability followed by decreased physical activity has a relationship with age and gender. men and women are at the same risk, ranging from reduced muscle strength to endurance. One disorder that is a common health problem in the world and affects almost the entire elderly population is low back pain. Low back pain is pain felt in the lower back area, not a disease or diagnosis for a disease but is a term for pain felt in the affected body area with various variations in the duration of pain. The purpose of this counseling activity is to provide knowledge about low back pain and exercise education to reduce pain intensity. The activity method used is counseling using leaflets with low back pain material and exercise education. The main targets were members and cadres of the elderly posyandu in RW 17 Mojosongo Solo. The result of this counseling is an increase in public understanding and knowledge about low back pain and exercises to reduce this pain. This proves that the counseling method using leaflets is quite effective. It can be seen from the results of the pre-test and post-test participants who showed an average increase of 45%.

Deep Neck Infection: A Case Series

Background: Deep neck abscess is a collection of pus (pus) in the potential space between the fascia of the deep neck due to spread from various sources of infection, such as teeth, mouth, throat, paranasal sinuses, ears and neck. Various spaces can be a place for deep neck abscesses including the submandibular, peritonsillar, parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal, submental, parotid, anterior visceral, carotid, and masseter spaces. Inflammation or damage to chronic problem teeth can lead to complications of deep neck abscesses. The main complaint that causes sufferers to come to the hospital is dysphagia, which is difficulty swallowing due to the pain felt by the patient. These complaints can also be accompanied by trismus, stridor caused by tracheal compression, to airway obstruction. Purpose: To determine the progressivity of deep neck abscess so that it can provide medical management until operative incision and drainage. Case report: We report 5 cases of deep neck abscess with management according to the progress of each case. Conclusion: The most common cause or etiology that can lead to deep neck abscess is toothache. Management of deep neck abscess, starting with the administration of empirical antibiotics which is the first step to reduce the infection of bacteria that produce beta lactamase. In deep neck abscess, medical therapy can be given in the form of an antibiotic combination of ceftriaxone with metronidazole, or meropenem with metronidazole as well as surgery in the form of incision and drainage. Treatment can be chosen based on the presence or absence of warning signs and signs of complications. Incision and drainage is performed when complaints do not improve after administration of antibiotics, multiple abscesses and airway obstruction that threatens the patient's life.

Fat Emboli with Thrombocytopenia in A Patient Undergoing Operation for A 1/3 Medial Humerus Oblique Fracture

Fat embolism is a clinical syndrome characterized by the systemic spread of fat emboli which often occurs due to fractures in long bones. We report a 29 year old man with a diagnosis of a fracture of the medial third of the right humerus accompanied by thrombocytopenia which could be one of the clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism. A 29 year old man came to the emergency room at RAA Soewondo Pati Regional Hospital with complaints of pain in his right hand 2 hours before entering the hospital. The patient felt pain after falling and slipping at home. Physical examination revealed tachycardia and tachypnea. Humeral x-ray revealed discontinuity in the medial 1/3 of the right humerus. The patient then underwent treatment for the fracture and the day after a routine blood test was carried out. Routine blood tests revealed thrombocytopenia.Fat embolism is a dangerous complication of long bone fractures. Often this fat embolism is not recognized until the patient shows symptoms in several systems, especially the respiratory system such as respiratory distress and neurological system disorders ranging from motor disorders to seizures. Apart from that, fat embolism can also disrupt the coagulation system so that thrombocytopenia can occur. In this patient there was tachypnea and thrombocytopenia which could be early symptoms of fat embolism. Fat embolism is a complication of long bone fractures that is rare but dangerous if not properly recognized. Immediate management of fractures and collaboration with anesthesiologists and internists are important to prevent fat embolism.

Uncommon bilateral orbital lesion in leukemic patient: is it cutis leukemia, celullitis or both?

Introduction : Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia can infiltrate any parts of the body including the orbit and periocular area. This article was aimed to report uncommon sign of cutis leukemia representing as orbital cellulitis.&#x0D; Case Illustration : Male, 35 yo with chief complained progressive lesion in his bilateral upper and lower eyelid since 4 days before admission. He felt pain and stingy sensation around lesion. There was history of toothache. He was diagnosed with acute myeloblastic leukemia since 2 month before. Ophthalmology examination showed his visual acuity was 6/6 in both eyes with good ocular motility.His bilateral upper and lower eyelid were edematous and spasm with multiple vesicles, papule and pustule. Conjunctival injection was found in both eyes. The reminder of ophthalmology examination was unremarkable. There were other hyperemic nodules in left mandibulae and right mastoid bone. Laboratory examination showed increased leukocyte, procalcitonin and C-Reactive Protein level. Orbital CT scan revealed edema in cutis and subcutis area in both superior and inferior bilateral palpebra. Board spectrum and anaerobe antibiotic along with steroid were administered intravenously. Biopsy was performed. After two weeks medication, lesion around both palpebra was decreased. Unfortunately, because of his poor systemic condition, he was readministered to our hospital and hospitalized in ICU. He was passed away after 8 days of hospitalization.&#x0D; Discussion : Male patient is more likely to develop orbital infiltration of leukemia, and it necessitates significant morbidity and mortality condition.&#x0D; Conclusion : Leukemia with orbital invasion should bring more awareness from both ophthalmologist and hematooncologist as it indicates more mortality and morbidity.

Recurrent Candida Parapsilopsis Corneal Ulcer cum Hypopion: A Case Report

Introduction : Candida is common in tropical and subtropical climes estimated for 20-60% of all culture-positive corneal infection. Over the past two-decades, candida parapsilosis has become a common opportunistic fungal pathogen.&#x0D; Case Illustration : A-60-years-old-man, came with redness and pain in the left eye since one month ago after working at field. In the left eye, visual acuity was hand movement, palpebra was spasm and oedema, conjunctiva was hyperaemia, hazy, feathery edge and fluorescein test were positive in paracentral corneal 6x7 mm and hypopyon in anterior chamber. KOH staining revealed yeast, corneal scrapping revealed candida parapsilopsis, and antifungal sensitive to fluconazole. Fluconazole intravenous 200mg 2-times-a-day, moxifloxacin eyedrop loading dose, fluconazole eyedrop fortified every-one- hour, atropine 1% eyedrop 2-times-a-day, artificial tears eyedrop every-one-hour was administered.In the fifth-day, hypopyon was improved, and patient was discharged. Tenth-days after, patient felt pain and hypopyon raised 4mm. Debridement in the ulcer, and therapy was continued. Two weeks later, hypopyon was less than 1 mm, and pain was relieved.&#x0D; Discussion : There was clinically improvement using antifungal therapy. Recurrent hypopyon was happen, and mechanical debridement in the ulcer was administered. In four-times within two-weeks, hypopyon was improved. Although, initial treatment was antibiotics until microbiological confirmation, antifungal therapy, combined with mechanical eradication of fungal filaments could be administered for fungal corneal ulcer.&#x0D; Conclusion : In this case, combination of antifungal therapy with mechanical debridement could be the right choice to treat candida parapsilopsis corneal ulcer. Better outcomes can be achieved and complications can be avoided with appropriate diagnosis and efficient therapy.

Evaluation of the Effect of Polybutester and Polypropylene Sutures on Complications after Impacted Lower Third Molar Surgery

Complications that can occur in the postoperative period of impacted lower third molar extraction are factors that have an impact on the daily routine of patients. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of polybutester and polypropylene sutures on postoperative complications after impacted lower third molar surgery. Two different suture materials were used in the 35 patients with bilateral impacted lower third molars included in the study: polybutester sutures in group 1 and polypropylene sutures in group 2. Measurements were taken to evaluate swelling and trismus before surgery and on the 2nd and 7th days after surgery, and pain was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS), which patients were asked to complete after surgery. Wound healing, suture-related injury and suture-related discomfort in patients were also evaluated. The pain and suture-related discomfort felt on the side where the polybutester suture was used was less on the second postoperative day than on the side where the polypropylene suture was used. These results support the use of polybutester sutures in impacted third molar surgery.

Predictors of Running-Related Injury Among Recreational Runners: A Prospective Cohort Study of the Role of Perfectionism, Mental Toughness, and Passion in Running.

The health benefits associated with recreational running are challenged by the occurrence of running-related injuries (RRIs). Effective preventive measures require knowledge of sport injury etiology. Psychological factors such as perfectionism, mental toughness, and passion are believed to predispose to sports injury by influencing training behaviors, motivation to run, and suppression of feelings of fatigue and pain. Yet their association with RRIs are understudied. Perfectionism, mental toughness, and passion predict an increased risk of RRIs in recreational runners. Prospective cohort study. Level 3. A total of 143 recreational runners (age 34.9 ± 13.9 years, 37% women) with a response rate of 76.5% answered an online questionnaire about their characteristics, running behaviors, and psychological variables (perfectionism, mental toughness, and running passion) as well as a sports injury survey. Then, as a primary outcome, RRIs were recorded biweekly for 6 months. The incidence of injuries was expressed as RRI per 1000 hours of running. The association between predictive factors and RRIs was estimated using logistic regression. The incidence of RRIs during follow-up was 5.16 per 1000 hours of running. The knee was the location injured most often (26.4%), followed by the foot (18.9%) and lower leg (13.2%). Higher obsessive passion (OP) for running (odds ratio [OR], 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.20) and perfectionistic concerns (OR, 1.22; CI,1.05-1.41) were associated with a greater risk of RRIs, as were previous injury (OR, 2.49; CI,1.10-5.70), weekly running distance (OR,1.10; CI, 1.03-1.16), and both supinated (OR, 4.51; CI, 1.11-18.30) and pronated (OR, 3.55; CI, 1.29-9.80) foot type. Following a running schedule (OR, 0.24; CI, 0.09-0.66) was associated with a lower risk of RRIs. History of previous RRI, pronated and supinated foot type, weekly running distance, perfectionistic concerns, and OP increased RRI risk in recreational runners. Following a running schedule was a protective factor. Multiple factors, including runners' psychological characteristics, predict RRIs. These findings can inform the development of injury risk management strategies.

The The Effect of Benson Relaxation on the Chest Pain Scale of Unstable Angina Pectoris (UAP) Patients in the HCU Ward of Bali Royal General Hospital

ABSTRACT&#x0D; Unstable angina pectoris has a typical chest pain complaint caused by a blockage of the coronary arteries which cause oxygen cannot be supplied to the myocardial cells resulting in anaerobic metabolism causing an accumulation of lactic acid which causes chest pain. One of the non-pharmacological therapies as supportive therapy can help the performance of gold standard therapy to reduce pain felt by Benson relaxation patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of benson relaxation.This study used a quasy experimental design with a pre-post test design with control group design. This study involved 30 respondents, namely 15 respondents in the intervention group who were given Benson medication and relaxation and 15 respondents in the control group who were given medication only using a purposive sampling technique and measuring instruments used the Visual Analogue Scale before and after the intervention.The results showed that the pain scale in the intervention group before being given Benson relaxation was mostly moderate pain (60%), in the control group (73.3%) experienced moderate pain. The pain scale in the intervention group after being given Benson relaxation was mostly mild pain (93.3%), whereas in the control group (73.3%) experienced moderate pain. There was an effect of Benson's relaxation on the chest pain scale of Unstable Angina Pectoris patients with a p value = 0.001 &lt;0.05. It is recommended that giving Benson relaxation be used as a standard for non-pharmacological pain management for patients with unstable angina pectoris.

EEG evidence for racial ingroup bias in collective empathy for pain.

Previous research on racial ingroup bias in empathy for pain focused on neural responses to a single person's suffering. It is unclear whether empathy for simultaneously perceived multiple individuals' pain (denoted as collective empathy in this study) is also sensitive to perceived racial identities of empathy targets. We addressed this issue by recording electroencephalography from Chinese adults who responded to racial identities of 2 × 2 arrays of Asian or White faces in which 4 faces, 1 face, or no face showed painful expressions. Participants reported greater feelings of others' pain and their own unpleasantness when viewing 4 compared to 1 (or no) painful faces. Behavioral responses to racial identities of faces revealed decreased speeds of information acquisition when responding to the face arrays with 4 (vs. 1 or no) painful expressions of Asian (but not White) faces. Moreover, Asian compared to White face arrays with 4 (vs. 1 or no) painful expressions elicited a larger positive neural response at 160-190ms (P2) at the frontal/central electrodes and enhanced alpha synchronizations at 288-1,000ms at the central electrodes. Our findings provide evidence for racial ingroup biases in collective empathy for pain and unravel its relevant neural underpinnings.

ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ПОСЛЕ ПСИХОЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ НАРУШЕНИЙ ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВ В СВЯЗИ С ОНКОПРОЦЕССОМ С ПОМОЩЬЮ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ АРТ-ТЕРАПИИ

The need to study the influence of art therapy techniques, in particular fairy tale therapy, game therapy, drawing and creativity therapy on the psycho-emotional state of children and adolescents with cancer is obvious due to the prevalence of mental disorders at the stage of hospitalization. Purpose: to analyze the literature to study the impact of art therapy elements on the psycho-emotional state of children and adolescents with cancer during treatment. General information. Children undergoing treatment for cancer often have psycho-emotional disorders such as depression, anxiety and report concerns about hair loss, nausea and fatigue, lower ability to perform physical activities, and expectations of dissatisfaction with life in the future. Negative self-perception of body image leads to low self-esteem and affects the ability to form healthy relationships with peers. Neurocognitive dysfunction (decreased speed of information processing, attention, memory) leads to low academic and professional success, poor self-esteem and behavioral or emotional disorders. Art therapy techniques such as fairy tale therapy, game therapy, drawing and creativity therapy effectively influence the psycho-emotional status of patients, help children get rid of painful feelings and cope with their anxiety, help improve well-being, relieve pain, etc. Psychotherapy provided to cancer patients in childhood in a timely manner will help improve the psycho-emotional state associated with the disease and treatment. The techniques are universal and complement each other if necessary; they can be successfully used in the treatment of many psychological disorders, as well as integrated and combined with other therapeutic approaches (body-oriented approach, music therapy, dance-movement method, etc.).

Crimes of Humanity

Abstract The idea of ‘crimes against humanity’ has been uniquely successful and constitutes an essential part of international criminal law. This article offers a novel explanation for this ideational potency. It is submitted that what we came to call crimes against humanity is, in fact, made possible by uniquely human features. Examining why, nevertheless, the conjunction ‘against’ has been far more dominant than the equally plausible ‘of’, the article reveals a psychological function of international criminal law: Construing mass atrocity as the antipode of humanity allows to escape the painful feeling of cognitive dissonance that arises when confronted with the fact that atrocious events remain an undeniable part of our world. Since using international criminal law as a defence mechanism comes with several undesirable side-effects, the article concludes by calling on the international law community to understand organized mass atrocity both as ‘crimes against humanity’ and as ‘crimes of humanity’.

Comparison of effect of machine muteness to reduce noise anxiety vs regular settings on patient compliance during pan-retinal photocoagulation.

This Quasi Experimental study was conducted at Major Eye Clinic, Gujranwala, from January to December 2022, to study the effect of muting the sound of Argon Laser machine on patient compliance and the pain felt during pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP). Eighty patients were included in the study with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), retinal breaks, lattice and myopic fundus degenerations for which PRP was performed. A total of 80 patients were enrolled, who were divided in two groups with 40 patients in each group. Group A patients received muted machine settings, while group B underwent regular PRP. The mean age was 54.6±3.4 years. Sixty-eight (85%) cases were of PDR, 4 (5%) of retinal breaks, 3 (3.75%) of lattice degenerations associated with breaks, and 5 (6.25%) of laser barrage. In group A, 28 (70%) patients had grade 1 and grade 2 pain score, while in group B, 26 (65%) had grade 3 and grade 4 pain score. It was concluded that by eliminating machine sound, noise anxiety can be greatly reduced ensuring better patient cooperation.

Subjective pain and reward in a social judgment paradigm

Affective problems such as social anxiety and depression theoretically involve negative cognitive biases that trigger and maintain symptoms during everyday experiences. This study employed a social judgment paradigm to investigate possible biases in expectation of social acceptance, and subjective feelings of pain and reward. Healthy adult participants (N = 120) were told their image had been judged by others. In 120 trials, they were shown photos of the judges and asked to anticipate whether they were liked by them or not, before being shown the judgment. Participants rated their level of pain and reward in each trial. Results indicated that social acceptance was expected less often by participants with higher levels of social anxiety. Self-reported pain was greatest after unexpected rejection. A greater likelihood of the presence of pain and higher self-reported pain were associated with higher levels of social anxiety and depression respectively. Self-reported reward was greatest after expected acceptance, and was not associated with social anxiety or depression. This study provides subjective experience information that has been missing from existing social judgment research. Moreover, these findings suggest that in social situations, those with social anxiety and depression more often expect rejection and experience rejection as more painful, respectively. These biases are potential maintaining factors and may be targets for further research and future intervention development.