Pain-relieving Properties Research Articles

Quantification of morphine in exhaled breath condensate using a double network polymeric hybrid hydrogel functionalized with AuNPs

BackgroundMorphine serves as a foundation for creating other opioid derivatives, such as hydro/oxymorphine and heroin, which possess enhanced pain-relieving properties but are also prone to addiction and abuse. In cases of morphine overdose, it not only affects multiple immune functions but can also cause severe health complications. Given these concerns and the widespread use of morphine, it is crucial to develop efficient, uncomplicated, and precise methods for accurately detecting morphine in various biological and pharmaceutical samples.ResultsIn this investigation, a novel gold nanoparticle (AuNPs)-based double network hydrogel (DNH) nanoprobe has been fabricated for sensitive quantification of morphine in exhaled breath condensate samples. For that, gelatin/agarose DNH was fabricated through a one-step heating-cooling method in the presence of AuNPs, providing not only chemical stability but also prevent the AuNPs aggregation during synthesis process. In this method, the absorbance intensity of the nanoprobe gradually decreased with increasing morphine concentration due to the interaction morphine with AuNPs surface plasmon. The aggregation of AuNPs by addition of morphine was verified by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The sensor displayed high sensitivity with detection limit of 0.006 µg.mL-1 in the linear range from 0.01 to 1.0 µg.mL-1. A reliable performance was attained for the spectrophotometric method for determination of morphine in the real samples.

Innovative UPLC technique for concurrent quantification of etofenamate and benzyl nicotinate in the presence of methylparaben and benzyl alcohol in their topical cream: Greens, white, and Six Sigma methodologies.

The efficacious treatment of muscle and joint pain relies heavily on etofenamate (ETO) and benzyl nicotinate (BN), which possess robust anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties when paired with methylparaben (MP) or benzyl alcohol (BA). In this study, we have established and validated innovative RP-UPLC methods for assessing ETO and BN in the presence of MP or BA in their dosage forms, employing eight green tools to evaluate their eco-friendliness and effectiveness. Reversed phase-ultra-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) technique employs a flow rate of 0.3mL/min on Waters Acquity UPLC BEH Column (C18, 1.7μm, 100 mm × 2.1mm), detection at 254 nm using a photo diode array (PDA) detector and mobile phase of 0.05 M KH2PO4 buffer, acetonitrile, and methanol (50:15:35, v/v/v) adjusted pH6.0 with 0.2% triethylamine. For ETO, BN, MP, and BA, the calibration curves were linear and ranged from 0.005 to 1.0, from 0.001 to 0.2, from 0.002 to 0.08, and from 0.0001 to 0.1mg/mL, respectively. The correlation value was 0.9999, and the accuracy findings ranged from 98.81% to 100.56%. Consequently, the methodology has been successfully implemented in assay testing for the pharmaceuticals in the presence of the MP or BA, demonstrating the high selectivity of these approaches. The present study presents the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), an innovative approach that complements green metrics in practical white analytical chemistry. According to the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) criteria, the procedures were effectively validated.

Unlocking the medicinal arsenal of Cissus assamica: GC-MS/MS, FTIR, and molecular docking insights.

This study investigated the biochemical components present in the leaves of Cissus assamica. The primary aim was to analyze these components using advanced techniques and assess their potential therapeutic applications. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Mass Spectral analysis were employed to identify and characterize the compounds in Cissus assamica leaves. The mass spectra of each compound were compared with data from the Wiley and NIST libraries to determine their names, molecular masses, and chemical structures. FT-IR analysis identified characteristic functional groups by their specific frequencies. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis revealed significant molecular vibrations at frequencies of 3265.63, 2853.81, 1638.60, 1469.21, and 1384.95 cm⁻¹, indicating the presence of specific functional groups. The GC-MS analysis identified distinct compounds, such as "aR-Turmerone," "Curlone," "7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy-," "13-Docosenamide, (Z)-," "Phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-," "9,19-Cyclolanostan-3-ol, 24,24-epoxymethano-, acetate," and "Quinoline-5,8-dione-6-ol, 7-[[(4-cyclohexylbutyl)amino]methyl]-." These compounds exhibited potential therapeutic applications. Their cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, anti-hyperglycemic, and pain-relieving properties were evaluated by comparing them with reference ligands targeting specific receptors, including dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), kappa opioid receptor (KOR), glucose transporter 3 (GLUT 3), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). The results of this study suggest that Cissus assamica leaves contain bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic benefits for treating infections, diarrhea, hyperglycemia, and pain. However, further research is needed to conduct comprehensive phytochemical screening and establish the precise mechanisms of action for the crude extract or the plant-derived compounds.

Unveiling the Therapeutic Potentials of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) Flower against Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Depressive Disorders: GC-MS/MS, In Vitro, In Vivo and In Silico Approaches.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) is a highly invasive aquatic weed native to the Amazonia basin, known for its rapid propagation, adaptability and utilization in traditional medicine. The study aims to unveil the therapeutic potential of water hyacinth flowers methanolic extract (EC-CME) and its four kupchan fractions (EC-PESF, EC-DCMSF, EC-EASF, EC-ASF) through diversified chemical-pharmacological approaches. GC-MS/MS of EC-CME uncovered a rich tapestry of 72 phytochemical components. In vitro DPPH scavenging assay and total phenolic content determination assay deciphered promising antioxidant assays with remarkably low IC50 values of 0.353 and 0.485 µg/mL, respectively for EC-ESF and EC-ASF. Besides, different in vivo tests, including tail emersion, acetic acid-induced writhing, and thiopental-induced sleeping test of EC-CME, yielded a remarkable 8.61 ± 0.29 minutes of tail immersion time compared to the control's 2.05 ± 0.11 minutes at the highest dose (600 mg/kg). The best % inhibition of writhing was recorded as 47.96% accrued in 400 mg/kg dose, indicating robust pain-relieving properties. The onset and duration of sleep are significantly ameliorated for EC-CME, unveiling its antidepressant potential. Besides, molecular docking studies along with ADME/T analysis also validated the wet lab findings as well as their safety, efficacy and drug-likeliness profile.

Pain healing potential of famous traditional fermented Rhododendron (Lali-Guras) beverages from Indo-Nepal Himalaya: In vitro and in silic o evaluation

Abstract This in vitro and in silico study was designed to validate acclaimed anti-inflammatory or pain-relieving properties of fermented ethnic beverages prepared from Rhododendron or Guras flowers in the Singalila ridge- the famous Rhododendron growing region of the Himalayas. Traditional beverages Guras wine and its distilled version Guras Raksi were considered in this study which were collected from Gairibas, a village situated in Indo-Nepal Singalila Ridge of the Himalayas. In vitro protein (albumin) denaturation inhibition assay was conducted to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of the samples and later GC-MS analysis was carried out to identify anti-inflammatory compounds present in those beverages. From GC-MS results, eleven major metabolites such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; quinic acid; clionasterol; l-(+)-ascorbic acid, 2,6-dihexadecanoate; d-sorbitol; cis-cinnamic acid; tyrosol; lupeol; methyl commate A; 2-hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone; and 1,3-propanediol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)- 2-nitro- were chosen for molecular docking with human cyclooxygenase-1 (hCOX-1), an important targets in the drug-design for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Among all query compounds, phytosterol- clionasterol and triterpenoid- lupeol and methyl commate A exhibited considerably high binding energy scores (<-8 kcal/mol) even compared to anti-inflammatory drugs- acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Outcome of this research affirmed the potential of Gurasbased traditional drinks in the healing of different forms of high-altitudinal stress induced pain.

Exploring the antinociceptive potential of homoeriodictyol in nociception models

Context: Homoeriodictyol is a flavonoid with known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties found in various plants. However, its potential analgesic effects have not been explored. Aims: To investigate the pain-relieving properties of homoeriodictyol using different mouse models of nociception. Methods: Various doses of homoeriodictyol (50, 100, 150, and 200 µg/kg) were administered to mice and evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the hot plate test, and the formalin-induced paw licking assay. These effects were compared with those of mice treated with acetylsalicylic acid or morphine, both with and without naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist. Additionally, capsaicin- and glutamate-induced paw-licking tests were conducted to assess the involvement of the vanilloid and glutamatergic systems, respectively. Results: Homoeriodictyol demonstrated a significant and dose-dependent reduction in nociceptive behavior in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, achieving a 52.4% inhibition at a dose of 200 µg/kg. It also substantially increased the latency period in response to the hot plate test (65.8% at 200 µg/kg) and significantly suppressed both the neurogenic and inflammatory phases in the formalin-induced paw-licking test. Notably, the effects of homoeriodictyol in the hot plate test and formalin-induced paw-licking test were significantly reversed by naloxone. Furthermore, homoeriodictyol effectively reduced neurogenic nociception induced by intraplantar injections of glutamate and capsaicin (57.8% and 76.9%, respectively, at a dose of 200 µg/kg). Conclusions: This study concludes that homoeriodictyol exhibits antinociceptive activity in mice, acting through both central and peripheral pathways.

Pain management for the neurosurgical patient in spinal procedures: overview of historic and new modalities

The potent pain-relieving properties of opioids come at a steep price. Their addictive nature and side effects raise critical concerns in managing pain after surgical spine procedures. Postoperatively, spinal surgeries often accompany acute intense pain, which presents a significant challenge in optimal recovery. This paper reviews the historical approach to pain management in spine surgeries and expands on the use of alternatives and novel agents with reduced addictive potential. Additionally showcasing individualized multimodal strategies for postoperative pain management beyond pharmacological approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), physical therapy, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Given the global opioid addiction crisis, there is a growing need for a fundamental shift towards safer and effective alternatives. Transitioning beyond opioid-centric practices in spinal surgery can optimize pain relief while improving patient outcomes and minimizing risk.

Indulging Curiosity: Preliminary Evidence of an Anxiolytic-like Effect of Castor Oil and Ricinoleic Acid.

In the process of validating the elevated zero maze, a common test of anxiety-like behavior, in our laboratory, we demonstrated an anxiolytic-like effect of castor oil and its primary component, ricinoleic acid. We tested the effects of vehicle and chlordiazepoxide in male mice in the elevated zero maze following a 30-min pretreatment time. Chlordiazepoxide is a United States Food and Drug Administration-approved drug that was previously shown to exert anxiolytic-like effects in both the elevated zero maze and elevated plus maze. Chlordiazepoxide was administered at doses of 5 or 10 mg/kg. We used 5% polyoxyl 35 castor oil (Kolliphor® EL) and saline as treatment vehicles and found that the effect of chlordiazepoxide on open zone occupancy and open zone entries was blunted when 5% Kolliphor was used as the vehicle. These tests demonstrated that chlordiazepoxide increased open zone occupancy and entries in the elevated zero maze more effectively when saline was used as the treatment vehicle and that Kolliphor dampened the anxiolytic-like effect of chlordiazepoxide when it was used as the treatment vehicle. Notably, 5% Kolliphor alone slightly increased baseline open zone occupancy and entries. Given that Kolliphor is a derivative of castor oil, we next tested the effect of 5% castor oil and 5% ricinoleic acid, which is a major component of castor oil. We found that both castor oil and ricinoleic acid increased open zone occupancy but not entries compared with saline. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that Kolliphor, castor oil, and ricinoleic acid may exert anxiolytic-like effects in male mice in the elevated zero maze. This potential anxiolytic-like effect of castor oil is consistent with its well-established beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, and pain-relieving properties.

Histone deacetylase as emerging pharmacological therapeutic target for neuropathic pain: From epigenetic to selective drugs.

Neuropathic pain remains a formidable challenge for modern medicine. The first-line pharmacological therapies exhibit limited efficacy and unfavorable side effect profiles, highlighting an unmet need for effective therapeutic medications. The past decades have witnessed an explosion in efforts to translate epigenetic concepts into pain therapy and shed light on epigenetics as a promising avenue for pain research. Recently, the aberrant activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) has emerged as a key mechanism contributing to the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. In this review, we highlight the distinctive role of specific HDAC subtypes in a cell-specific manner in pain nociception, and outline the recent experimental evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of HDACi in neuropathic pain. We have summarized studies of HDAC in neuropathic pain in Pubmed. HDACs, widely distributed in the neuronal and non-neuronal cells of the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord, regulate gene expression by deacetylation of histone or non-histone proteins and involving in increased neuronal excitability and neuroinflammation, thus promoting peripheral and central sensitization. Importantly, pharmacological manipulation of aberrant acetylation using HDAC-targeted inhibitors (HDACi) has shown promising pain-relieving properties in various preclinical models of neuropathic pain. Yet, many of which exhibit low-specificity that may induce off-target toxicities, underscoring the necessity for the development of isoform-selective HDACi in pain management. Abnormally elevated HDACs promote neuronal excitability and neuroinflammation by epigenetically modulating pivotal gene expression in neuronal and immune cells, contributing to peripheral and central sensitization in the progression of neuropathic pain, and HDACi showed significant efficacy and great potential for alleviating neuropathic pain.

Corchorus tridens L.: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Nutritional Content and Pharmacological Properties.

Phytotherapy is a cost-effective alternative that continues to evolve. This has sparked significant research interest in naturally occurring compounds found in edible plants that possess antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Corchorus tridens L. is a wild edible plant widely recognised for its edible leaves, which are used for vegetable and animal feed. The plant is widely distributed across the African continent and is utilised in numerous countries for treating fever, pain, inflammation, and sexually transmitted diseases. Extracts from various parts of this plant exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, and pesticidal properties. This plant is a rich source of amino acids, vitamins, essential fatty acids, proteins, and minerals, as well as secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, quinines, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, and tannins. Additional studies are still needed to determine other biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory activity, involvement in the treatment of measles, prevention of anaemia, and pain-relieving properties. The current review aims to provide information on the characteristics, distribution, nutritional content, bioactive compounds, traditional uses, and biological activities of the edible plant species C. tridens L. to stimulate further research interest to address the existing literature gaps concerning this plant.

Eucalyptus Oil as a Remedy for Agriculture crop protection: A Review

The word “eucalyptus” originates from Greek terms meaning “well” and “cover,” describing its association with closed flowers. This evergreen tree, native to Australia and other regions, has become one of the most widely planted tree species globally due to its rapid growth and versatility. Eucalyptus offers economic benefits, supports smallholders, and aids in regenerating damaged forests. However, its environmental impact, including water resource depletion and soil erosion, requires further study. Eucalyptus oil, influenced by factors like altitude and tree age, has various pharmaceutical applications. It serves as an insecticide, pesticide, and nematicide, thanks to components like 1,8-cineole. The oil repels insects, inhibits pests, and even deters disease vectors. Additionally, it exhibits antidiabetic, antioxidant, and pain-relieving properties, making it a valuable natural remedy. In conclusion, eucalyptus cultivation offers economic benefits and ecological advantages, but its environmental consequences need closer examination. Eucalyptus oil’s diverse applications in pest control and healthcare underscore its multifaceted importance.

Oleaster (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) low-fibrous extract to powder: Drying kinetics analysis

Oleaster's emerging applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries are due to its anti-cancer and pain-relieving properties. Green extraction methods are crucial to ensure drug compatibility to eliminate unwanted substances. This study focuses on the single droplet drying method to simply mimic a spray dryer, investigating how the drying medium controls droplet evolution into particles. Experiments were conducted with low-fibrous oleaster extract at various initial solid concentrations and ambient temperatures (100 °C, 150 °C, and 200 °C). This paper also delves into the influence of temperature on droplet morphology evolution, impacting the final particle's characteristics. The droplet diameter exhibits intricate behavior, involving normal evaporation, abrupt shape, and size changes, and concluding in a sticky solid state. Moreover, the drying process duration extends with higher initial droplet concentrations. The findings recommend using 150 °C and 200 °C as favorable drying temperatures, resulting in raspberry-like particles at high temperatures and shedding light on the oleaster extract drying.

The Impact of UFP-512 in Mice with Osteoarthritis Pain: The Role of Hydrogen Sulfide.

The pain-relieving properties of opioids in inflammatory and neuropathic pain are heightened by hydrogen sulfide (H2S). However, whether allodynia and functional and/or emotional impairments related to osteoarthritis (OA) could be reduced by activating δ-opioid receptors (DOR) and the plausible influence of H2S on these actions has not been completely established. In female C57BL/6J mice with OA pain generated via monosodium acetate (MIA), we analyze: (i) the effects of UFP-512 (a DOR agonist), given alone and co-administered with two H2S donors, on the symptoms of allodynia, loss of grip strength (GS), and anxiodepressive-like comportment; (ii) the reversion of UFP-512 actions with naltrindole (a DOR antagonist), and (iii) the impact of UFP-512 on the expression of phosphorylated NF-kB inhibitor alpha (p-IKBα) and the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1) and glutathione sulfur transferase M1 (GSTM1); and the effects of H2S on DOR levels in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), amygdala (AMG), and hippocampus (HIP) of MIA-injected animals. Results showed that systemic and local administration of UFP-512 dose-dependently diminished the allodynia and loss of GS caused by MIA, whose effects were potentiated by H2S and reversed by naltrindole. UFP-512 also inhibited anxiodepressive-like behaviors, normalized the overexpression of p-IKBα in DRG and HIP, and enhanced the expression of SOD-1 and GSTM1 in DRG, HIP, and/or AMG. Moreover, the increased expression of DOR triggered by H2S might support the improved analgesic actions of UFP-512 co-administered with H2S donors. This study proposes the use of DOR agonists, alone or combined with H2S donors, as a new treatment for OA pain.

Pain management in zebrafish : Report from a FELASA Working Group.

Empirical evidence suggests fishes meet the criteria for experiencing pain beyond a reasonable doubt and zebrafish are being increasingly used in studies of pain and nociception. Zebrafish are adopted across a wide range of experimental fields and their use is growing particularly in biomedical studies. Many laboratory procedures in zebrafish involve tissue damage and this may give rise to pain. Therefore, this FELASA Working Group reviewed the evidence for pain in zebrafish, the indicators used to assess pain and the impact of a range of drugs with pain-relieving properties. We report that there are several behavioural indicators that can be used to determine pain, including reduced activity, space use and distance travelled. Pain-relieving drugs prevent these responses, and we highlight the dose and administration route. To minimise or avoid pain, several refinements are suggested for common laboratory procedures. Finally, practical suggestions are made for the management and alleviation of pain in laboratory zebrafish, including recommendations for analgesia. Pain management is an important refinement in experimental animal use and so our report has the potential to improve zebrafish welfare during and after invasive procedures in laboratories across the globe.

EVALUATION OF ACUTE DERMAL IRRITATION, SENSITIZATION, AND IN-VITRO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF CANNABIS-BASED PAIN-RELIEVING TOPICAL OIL – CANNAQUICTM

Cannabis is known and considered a sacred plant because of its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and stimulating properties. Other herbs like Shallaki, Bala, Nirgundi, Kantakari, and Kupilu are also known as medicinal herbs and have tremendous pain-relieving properties. Objectives: A formulation with an infusion of cannabis leaves extract and other herbs in sesame oil can be a good therapy for relieving different types of pain when applied topically. An evaluation study was conducted in animals for the evaluation of dermal irritation, sensitization, and anti-inflammatory properties. Methods: This study was designed to evaluate acute dermal irritation/corrosion, sensitization on skin and anti-inflammatory activity of CannaquicTM according to OECD guidelines. No erythe-ma, edema, or any skin lesion was observed after application. Results & Conclusion: The results revealed no irritation/corrosion from CannaquicTM. In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory activity against LPS-induced toxicity in Mouse Macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell line exhibits a significant percentage reduction in IL-6, Nitric Oxide (NO), and TNF-alpha in Mouse Macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell-line against LPS-induced inflammation.

Comparative analysis of omega-3 fatty acid desaturase FAD7A-1 chloroplastic gene in castor

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are characterized by the presence of a double bond, three atoms away from the terminal methyl group in their chemical structure. These fatty acids play a crucial role in promoting health benefits. Castor, known for its applications in traditional medicine and as a lubricant, has been historically employed for its pain-relieving properties and enhancement of muscle activity. In the present study the omega-3 fatty acid desaturase FAD7A-1 chloroplastic (P48619, FAD3C_RICCO) gene sequence of castor was obtained from the NCBI data base was analyzed for its diversity, amino acid composition and phylogenetic relatedness with other species harboring the gene. The phylogenetic tree of 13 aligned sequences clustered into two clusters and the amino acids varied between the species evaluated.

Laminar Biomaterial Composite of PVA Cryogel with Amnion as Potential Wound Dressing.

Gel dressings, composed of polymers both natural and synthetic, are successfully used in the treatment of burn wounds. They protect the burn wound site against adverse external factors, ensure an adequate level of tissue hydration, have soothing and pain-relieving properties, and also support the healing process and reduce the risk of pathological scars. Another promising material that can be used in the wound-healing process is an amnion membrane. Due to its valuable properties such as protecting the body against bacterial infections and permeability to nutrition, it has found usage in different brands of medicine. In this work, we have combined the beneficial properties of hydrogels and amnion in order to make the laminar dressing that may serve for wound healing. For that purpose, the physically crosslinked cryogel of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was covered with an amnion membrane. Subsequently, gamma irradiation was performed, leading to the simultaneous internal crosslinking of the hydrogel, its permanent bonding with the amnion, and dressing sterilization. The physicochemical properties of the dressing including gel fraction, swelling, and hardness were studied. Biological tests such as the MTT assay, antimicrobial activity, and histopathological examination confirmed that the obtained material constituted a promising candidate for further, more in-depth studies aiming at wound dressing application.

Effects of German chamomile on symptoms and healing after mandibular third molar surgeries: A triple-blind split-mouth randomised controlled trial

Background and aimSurgical extraction of the impacted lower third molar is one of the most common surgical procedures in dentistry. Postoperative pain usually reaches its intensity 12 h after the procedure and adversely affects the patient's quality of life for many days. Chamomile anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties have been introduced in the medical literature. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of chamomile gel in reducing postoperative pain and symptoms after impacted lower third molar surgeries. Materials and methodsThis study was a triple-blinded placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial with a split-mouth crossover design. The study included 70 impacted lower third molars in 35 patients (13 males and 22 females) with a mean age of 22.29 (±3.00) years. Participants’ extraction sides were randomly allocated into the study groups. Each participant was enrolled twice, i.e., into the study and control groups with a washout period of 3 weeks between the two surgeries. Postoperative pain, need for analgesics, symptoms severity (PoSSe), and wound healing were evaluated. ResultsGingival healing was significantly better in chamomile group compared to control group (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in post-extraction alveolar osteitis between chamomile and control group (P = 0.314). VAS results showed significant differences in mean pain scores, with significant decrease in chamomile groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, analgesic consumption was significantly higher in placebo group (P < 0.05). Mean PoSSe scores were 16.8 (±9.4) in the chamomile group, versus 41.1 (±9.9) in the control. ConclusionsWithin the limitations of the present study, it was concluded that intra-socket application of chamomile gel might effectively improve healing, and reduce pain levels, postoperative symptoms severity, and analgesics consumption after surgical extraction of impacted lower third molars.

Formulation and evaluation of ointment for acne treatment

Acne is a common skin disease that occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells or oil from the skin. Propionibacterium acne lives deep inside the cell that secrete digestive enzymes which damage the cell and trigger the inflammation. Manuka honey has anti-inflammatory qualities that helps to prevent redness and swelling. Tea tree oil is a natural alternative for curing acne. The phenol of gallic acid have anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, antioxidant protection on skin cells against free radicals. Being bioflavonoid, Rutin used in cosmetics as an emollient. Curcumin has an antiseptic and pain-relieving property. This project aims to formulate and evaluate the antibacterial potential of ointment using herbal ingredient such as gallic acid, Rutin and curcumin. They were further subjected to in vitro turbidimetric assay test. The study was further extended to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentration of formulated ointment.

New Insights into the Mechanism of Ulva pertusa on Colitis in Mice: Modulation of the Pain and Immune System

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) involving Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in which abdominal pain, discomfort, and diarrhea are the major symptoms. The immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD and, as indicated by several clinical studies, both innate and adaptative immune response has the faculty to induce gut inflammation in UC patients. An inappropriate mucosal immune response to normal intestinal constituents is a main feature of UC, thus leading to an imbalance in local pro- and anti-inflammatory species. Ulva pertusa, a marine green alga, is known for its important biological properties, which could represent a source of beneficial effects in various human pathologies. We have already demonstrated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects of an Ulva pertusa extract in a murine model of colitis. In this study, we aimed to examine thoroughly Ulva pertusa immunomodulatory and pain-relieving properties. Colitis was induced by using the DNBS model (4 mg in 100 μL of 50% ethanol), whereas Ulva pertusa was administered daily at the dosage of 50 and 100 mg/kg by oral gavage. Ulva pertusa treatments have been shown to relieve abdominal pain while modulating innate and adaptative immune-inflammatory responses. This powerful immunomodulatory activity was specifically linked with TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasome modulation. In conclusion, our data suggest Ulva pertusa as a valid approach to counteract immune dysregulation and abdominal discomfort in IBD.