Labor Pain Research Articles

The Effect of Back Massage with Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) on the Intensity of Labor Pain in the First Active Phase at PMB Restu Bunda Gunung Terang District, West Tulang Bawang Regency

Childbirth is often perceived as frightening and causing extreme pain. Some mothers also feel traumatized by their first childbirth process because of various difficulties and pain during childbirth so that they are reluctant to plan to have children again. Labor pain is caused by uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix and lower uterine segment. Survey data from PMB Restu Bunda in 2024 on 5 mothers who gave birth, it was found that overall respondents experienced pain, as many as 3 people with a pain scale of 7 (severe pain) and as many as 2 people with a pain scale of 6 (moderate pain). One non-pharmacological therapy that can reduce the intensity of pain is back massage using Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). The research objective was to determine the effect of back massage with Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) on the intensity of active labor pain in the first stage of labor at the IMP Restu Bunda Gunung Terang Sub-District of West Tulang Bawang Regency. The quantitative research type is a pre-experimental design, one group pre-test - post-test design. The population in this study were all mothers who were going to give birth, as many as 22 mothers, with a sample of 18 people taken by accidental sampling. The study was conducted at the IMP Restu Bunda of Gunung Terang Sub-District West Tulang Bawang Regency. Data collection used observation sheets. Data analysis was carried out using univariate and bivariate tests (Wilcoxon test). The study results showed that the average labor pain before being given a back massage with virgin coconut oil (VCO) was 7.0 and after being given a back massage with virgin coconut oil (VCO) was 5.2. There was an influence of back massage with virgin coconut oil (VCO) on the intensity of active labor pain in the first stage at the IMP Restu Bunda of Gunung Terang Sub-District of West Tulang Bawang Regency with a p-value = 0.001 (p-value <α = 0.05). Suggestions for health workers can recommend back massage with virgin coconut oil (VCO) can be used as complementary therapy for mothers in the first stage of labor.

The effect of nursing care during pregnancy termination on women’s prenatal grief, depression, anxiety, stress and coping levels: A randomized controlled study

ABSTRACT The termination of pregnancy is considered an emotionally devastating experience. Early intervention and counseling are essential to prevent adverse complications following pregnancy loss. This study aimed to determine the effect of nursing care based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring on women’s prenatal grief, depression, anxiety, stress, and coping levels during pregnancy termination. The training and counseling program, based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring, included hospital care, a mobile application, and telephone follow-ups. We conducted this prospective randomized controlled experimental study in the gynecology and obstetrics clinic of a tertiary university hospital in Türkiye between September 2021 and May 2022. The study sample consisted of 50 women (intervention group: 25, control group: 25) whose pregnancy was terminated in the second trimester. The women were assigned to groups according to a randomization list created by a statistician. Data collection tools included a Personal Information Form, the Perinatal Grief Scale, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, the Coping and Adaptation Process Scale, and the Numerical Rating Scale. We collected the data during hospitalization, between the 6th and 8thweeks after discharge, and at the 12thweek. We performed a chi-square test, a paired samples t-test, and an independent samples t-test on the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Statistics 26. The intervention group had lower mean perinatal grief (54.76 ± 19.49), depression (2.56 ± 2.39), anxiety (2.08 ± 2.10), and stress (3.52 ± 1.78) scores and higher mean coping and adjustment scores (140.48 ± 11.47) than the control group(p < .05). The intervention group also had a lower perception of labor pain, shorter discharge time, and a higher level of readiness for a new pregnancy (p < .05). The program that we applied in the study was effective in managing the pregnancy termination and post-discharge period in the population we studied.

The Effect Of Murrotal Al-Quran Therapy Onreducing The Intensity Of Labor Pain In The First Stage Active Phase

Childbirth is a natural way that every mother must go through where the results of conception in the form of a baby and placenta are released from the uterus. Normal labor is characterized by uterine contractions that cause thinning, dilation of the cervix and push the fetus out through the birth canal, causing a sensation of pain felt by the mother. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an Effect of Murrotal Al-Qur'an Therapy on Reducing the Intensity of Labor Pain in the First Active Phase at the Juliana Dalimunthe Clinic. The research method used was Pre-Experiment One Group Pre and Posttest Design. Samples were taken by Accidental Sampling from mothers in the first active phase of labor who met the inclusion criteria totaling 30 people. Data collection was carried out using a face pain rating scale questionnaire. Data analysis with the Shapiro Wilk test and tested with the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test statistical test. The results of the study conducted from May to July, found the average pain scale before therapy was 6.83 and the average after therapy was 6.17, the decrease in pain scale from before to after Murottal therapy was 0.66. From the statistical test, the P value = 0.001 was obtained, indicating that there was an effect of Murottal Al-Qur'an therapy on reducing the intensity of labor pain. The conclusion of this study is that the provision of Murottal Al-Qur'an therapy has been proven to be able to reduce labor pain in the first active phase. It is hoped that the provision of Murottal Al-Qur'an therapy will be an alternative intervention in reducing labor pain in the first active phase.

Iranian mothers’ perceptions of contextual factors helping them manage pain in labor

BackgroundThe rate of caesarean section in Iran has significantly increased. The main reason cited by Iranian mothers for it is labor pain and fear of it. However, the experience of pain during childbirth has different meanings for mothers in various conditions. Therefore, this study aims to examine the components from the mothers’ perspective that helped them manage pain in labor. The findings of this article may help prevent unnecessary medical interventions.MethodsThe current article is one component of a mixed-method study conducted in Iran. Its primary objective was to develop protocols for maternity unit design to enhance maternal satisfaction, promote husbands’ involvement, and improve pain management. The current study focuses on examining contextual components that are effective in managing pain among 25 mothers selected through stratified purposive sampling. Data collection from mothers who gave birth in four large hospitals in Iran was carried out through unstructured in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.FindingsThe data show that two major environmental factors affect mothers’ perception of pain and their ability to control it: (1) Internal and (2) External environments. The main components of the internal factor are identified as “Personal beliefs”, “Self-confidence and lack of fear”, and the external environment includes three subfactors: “Spatial environment”, “Social environment”, and “Interactive environment”. The overall meaning attributed to pain caused by these factors determines how mothers can cope with it.ConclusionIn this study, self-confidence and a positive mindset were significant factors in managing pain during labor among this group of mothers. Furthermore, each mother’s perception of pain was shaped by a combination of physical, social, and interactive influences. The research identified the importance of support during labor according to mothers’ individual, subjective needs, while improving the physical environment, with a view to reducing interventions and promoting positive experiences for mothers and husbands. Consequently, enhancing internal resources and the birthing environment during labor which involve identifying the optimal blend of physical, mental, and emotional strategies tailored to the specific needs of mothers, can be considered to a potential reduction in the perceived intensity of pain in future.

Effectiveness Of Ginger Transdermal Patch (Koyo Jahe) On Reducing The Intensity Of Labor Pain In Pregnant Women During The First Active Phase At TPMB K.B Pasuruan

One consequence of labor is pain, which can increase blood pressure, fetal heart rate, and maternal concentration. Mothers who are about to give birth can experience pain and discomfort due to uterine contractions, which begin the labor process. In most cases, pregnant women will experience pain during the labor process ((Utami &amp; Putri, 2020)). Handling and monitoring labor pain during labor is very important because it determines whether pregnant women can go into labor normally or through medical procedures. Nonpharmacological methods can help reduce pain during labor. The purpose of this study is to find out how effective ginger transdermal patch (koyo ginger) is to reduce the intensity of labor pain in pregnant women during the first active phase at TPMB Mrs. K.B Pasuruan. This study uses the quantitative method of Quasy Experiment, with the design of one group pretest-posttest. Koyo ginger is attached to the area of the mother's body that is in pain. Before and after 20-30 minutes of gluing, the intensity of pain is measured. The respondents of this study are mothers in the active labor phase. The analysis test uses the T-Test test. The results of the analysis showed that the intensity of labor pain in pregnant women during the first active phase before and after the administration of koyo ginger was reduced, with a sig value of 0.000 &lt; 0.05. Most women who are about to give birth need labor pain treatment, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological (Thomson et al., 2019). Ginger is one of the nonpharmacological methods to reduce labor pain (Joharmi et al., 2022). Ginger lowers pain and stops prostaglandins in a variety of ways, making it a safe and effective painkiller (Rondanelli et al., 2020).

Cannaboom: Race and Labor in California Cannabis Cultures

Encouraged by state requirements for prepackaging, Black and Latinx producers and distributors of legal cannabis in California have developed novel, symbolically and socially significant forms of marketing. Black and Latinx cannabis industries have developed their own “commodity aesthetics,” using product packaging, live events, and social media to entice buyers with a combination of beautiful sights, smells, textures, signs, and symbols that represent the contradictions of working-class Black and Latinx life in contemporary California. Black and Latinx cannabis popular cultures combine images of freedom and transcendence with depictions of the low wage jobs that many Black and Latinx people work. This is because, rather than an impediment to work, cannabis consumption is a kind of support for or accessory to labor. Many consumers use cannabis to dull the tedium and pain of labor and to sustain them throughout the workday. This essay provides a critical overview of Black and Latinx cannabis marketing in California, and its targeting of working-class consumers of color. While I discuss several examples, my central case study is the successful Black and Latinx cannabis distributor Teds Budz. I draw on interviews, ethnographies of live cannabis events, and visual studies of cannabis packages and social media, arguing that seemingly “escapist” qualities in cannabis culture critically foreground the material limits of the world from which Black and Latinx workers are trying to escape. Cannabis commodity aesthetics, I conclude, promise people of color an exit from the drudgery of work that can also tighten their ties to low wage jobs.

Swiss Ball Exercise In Active Phase Of Labor: A Review Of Clinical Outcomes

Background: Childbirth is a transformative yet painful experience which impacts the mother physically and psychologically. Managing labor and pain is the crucial for the well-being of the mother and the neonates. There are two ways in which labor pain can be reduced namely pharmacological and non-pharmacological method such as birth ball which has been widely used for the better birthing experience. To evaluate the evidence-based insights of using Swiss ball exercises during the active phase of labor and to reviews its impact on pain intensity, duration of labor, maternal and neonatal outcomes. Materials and Methods: This review encompasses 12 studies conducted between 2011 and 2024, utilizing database like PubMed and Scopus to investigate the effectiveness of Swiss ball exercise during labor. Results: The findings indicated that Swiss ball exercises during labor offers significant benefits for mothers. It helped in alleviating the pain and shortening the first and second stage of labor making the labor less physically and emotionally tiring. It enhanced maternal satisfaction, and it helped in reduction in caesarean section risks and vulvar swelling and reduced the overall complications associated with childbirth. However, the uncertain neonatal outcome highlights a gap in knowledge and the need for further studies. Conclusion: Implementing a standardized Swiss ball exercise during labor has the potential to decrease pain, duration of labor and improved maternal satisfaction but there was no change in neonatal outcomes.

Effect of acupressure on childbirth outcomes in nulliparous women: A randomized clinical trial.

Non-pharmaceutical method is one of the conventional methods of reducing labor pain. Acupressure is suggested as an effective method for reducing labor pain with favorable effects on the outcome of childbirth. Different acupressure methods are suggested for this purpose; the most effective one has to be investigated. Therefore, the present study compared the effect of two of the most effective acupressure methods, namely lumbar rotation in a standing position and the 6th splenic point (SP6) acupressure, in the active phase of labor on pain intensity, duration of labor, and childbirth experience among nulliparous women. In this semi-experimental randomized clinical trial, 126 nulliparous women in Bint Al-Huda Hospital, Bojnourd, Iran, February-June 2021, were enrolled (by convenient sampling based on the inclusion criteria) and assigned to two interventions and a control group (no intervention). Baseline pain intensity was measured by VAS at a dilatation of 4 cm, immediately after intervention, and at dilation of 8 cm. Group "A" received lumbar rotation in standing position and group "B" received SP6 acupressure; once at 4 and once at 8 cm dilatation. The length of the active phase and the second stage of labor and the total duration of labor were calculated in minutes. The mothers completed the Walker Birth Experience Questionnaire within 2 h after the labor. Mean values were compared using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA, for three groups, with posthoc tests for significant differences) and independent samples t-test (for two groups) using SPSS v.16 and considered significant at P values < 0.05. After the intervention, groups A and B had a lower mean pain intensity (5.80 ± 1.83 and 4.82 ± 2.14, respectively) than the control group (7.70 ± 1.91, P < 0.001) and after the second intervention (8.06 ± 1.55, 7.68 ± 1.60, 9.92 ± 0.36 in groups A, B, and control, respectively; P < 0.001). Labor duration was longer in the control group (228.11 ± 82.31 min active phase; 58.38 ± 23.86 min second stage, and 372.92 ± 114.41 min total) than group B (180.66 ± 60.68, 40.00 ± 18.56, and 310.39 ± 89.66 min, respectively, P < 0.05). The mean total birth experience scores were lower in the control group (63.59 ± 6.59), compared with those in groups A and B (73.14 ± 7.95 and 72.84 ± 8.29, respectively, P < 0.001), and in three dimensions of own capacity, perceived safety, and participation (P < 0.05). Lumbar rotation in the standing position and SP6 acupressure had a positive effect on pain intensity, duration of labor, and birth experience.

Reducing mother's pain during childbirth in space and how the delivery will proceed during the mission

Childbirth in space presents unique challenges, particularly concerning the management of labor pain. According to animal studies, labor contractions in microgravity can be twice as intense, resulting in greater pain for the mother. This article explores non-pharmaceutical methods for reducing labor pain in space, given the risks associated with using pain-relief medications in such an environment. Techniques such as the Dick-Reid method, Bradley's method, remote family communication, music therapy, and controlled breathing exercises are discussed. These methods aim to substitute awareness for fear, leverage emotional support, and use sensory stimuli to alleviate pain. Furthermore, this article details an operational plan for conducting the delivery during a space mission, ensuring the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby.

A Programmed Labour to Optimize Labour Outcome

Background: A Programmed labour following a protocol teaches the goal of safe motherhood. The present study on programmed labour protocol implemented to shorten the duration of labour, to optimise pain relief during labour, to monitor labour by partograph and to enhance vaginal birth. The prime objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of programmed labour on duration of labour and to assess efficiency of analgesics in reducing severity of labour pain. Materials and methods: Total 100 cases of low risk pregnant women both primi and multipara were included in this study. It was designed to low risk pregnant women with cephalic presentation without evidence of CPD- either with spontaneous onset of labour or waiting for induction of labour at 41+ wks pregnancy. Patient with labour pain allowed to move. Pain relief was done either by pharmacological or nonpharmacological method. Labour was monitored by partograph. Results: The duration were shortened in all stages of labour specially in active phase that was (Mean± SD- 3.08 hr ± 0.83), Significant paint relief in 76% cases (Mean SD of score 2.08 ± 0.62). The rate of vaginal delivery is more in programmed labour which is about 95% in this study. There is also significant reduction of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Conclusion: The programmed labour is simple, easy, cheap and effective method of painless and safe vaginal delivery. Significant reduction of pain by programmed protocol avoid hyperventilation of mother, maintain circulation, thereby increase chance of vaginal delivery. Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.22 (2); July 2023; Page 72-74

Perception, practice and associated factors of labour pain management among obstetric care providers in public health facilities in Harari Region, Ethiopia: a multicentre cross-sectional study.

Although providing relief from labour pain can improve the mother's satisfaction with the birthing process and lead to better reproductive outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the perceptions, practices and related aspects of labour pain management among obstetric care providers in public health institutions in the Harari Region of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the labour and delivery wards of public health facilities in the Harari Region. Data were collected using a semi-structured and pretested self-administered questionnaire among systematically selected obstetrics care providers (OCPs). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with the practice of labour pain management. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to determine the strength of associations and a p-value <0.05 was considered significantly associated. Data from 234 OCPs were employed for analysis. A total of 70.9% of OCPs have positive perceptions and 69.7% practiced labour pain management in the past 4weeks. Being a female (adjusted OR [aOR] 2.33 [95% CI 1.06 to 5.15]), having a positive perception (aOR 7.76 [95% CI 3.21 to 18.72]), being a physician (aOR 6.35 [95% CI 1.94 to 20.82]), being a midwife (aOR 5.28 [95% CI 1.78 to 15.63]) and being a highly qualified OCP (aOR 17.89 [95% CI 5.22 to 61.30]) were associated with being more likely to practice labour pain management. Positive attitude (aOR 2.77 [95% CI 1.51 to 8.72]), being a physician (aOR 6.01 [95% CI 1.23 to 29.35]) and practicing labour pain management (aOR 12.89 [95% CI 4.57 to 36.38]) were associated with labour pain management perceptions. Seven of ten OCPs practiced labour pain relief methods and had a positive perception of managing labour pain. Therefore, facilitating training and improving the perceptions and attitudes of OCPs towards labour pain management should be encouraged.

Association of Pain Catastrophizing With Labor Pain and Analgesia Consumption in Obstetrical Patients

(Intl J Obstet Anesthesia. 2024;57:103954. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2023.103954) Pain catastrophizing is an exaggerated negative response to pain, linked to increased pain severity and negative outcomes. In obstetrics, it is associated with greater labor pain, more analgesic use, and poor postpartum recovery. This study aimed to quantify the impact of pain catastrophizing on labor and postpartum pain, hypothesizing that high-catastrophizing (HC) women would report higher pain and analgesic use than low-catastrophizing (LC) women.

Comparative Study on Labor Pain Management: Birthing Ball vs. Traditional Methods-A Review

Comparative Study on Labor Pain Management: Birthing Ball vs. Traditional Methods-A Review

Awareness and Acceptance of Obstetric Epidural Analgesia among Expectant Mothers in Southeast Nigeria

Background: Obstetric Epidural Analgesia (OEA) is a widely used technique for pain relief during labour, yet its awareness and acceptance vary across different populations. This study assesses the awareness and acceptance of OEA among expectant mothers in Southeast Nigeria, where socio-cultural factors may influence healthcare decisions. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed, involving 417 expectant mothers attending antenatal clinics across public and private healthcare facilities in Southeast Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to ensure the inclusion of participants from diverse socio-demographic backgrounds. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used to summarize the findings. Results: Of the 417 participants, 29.74% had heard of OEA, primarily through social media (39.52%) and health facilities (25%). However, only 38.85% expressed willingness to consider OEA during labour, with 52.27% citing fear of side effects as a key deterrent. Availability of OEA in healthcare facilities was reported by 43.41%, with 48.44% unsure of its availability. A significant portion (40.05%) believed more awareness about OEA should be created among expectant mothers. Conclusion: Awareness of OEA is low among expectant mothers in Southeast Nigeria, and acceptance is hindered by fears of side effects and limited information. Efforts to increase awareness through targeted health education could improve the uptake of OEA for labour pain management.

A comparison of the effects of ENTONOX inhalation and spinal anesthesia on labor pain reduction and apgar score in vaginal delivery: a clinical trial study

A comparison of the effects of ENTONOX inhalation and spinal anesthesia on labor pain reduction and apgar score in vaginal delivery: a clinical trial study

KNOWLEDGE REGARDING MODE OF DELIVERY IN PRIMARY GRAVIDA WOMEN

In Pakistan, childbirth knowledge among primary gravida women—those experiencing pregnancy for the first time—plays a crucial role in shaping their decisions regarding the mode of delivery. Misconceptions, cultural beliefs, and social pressures significantly influence these women’s preferences, often leading to an increased rate of elective caesarean sections (CS) without medical necessity. Understanding the knowledge level regarding delivery options in this population is essential to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding the mode of delivery among primary gravida women attending antenatal care at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, and to identify gaps that may influence their decision-making. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed, targeting 150 primary gravida women at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. A purposive sampling technique was used, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising demographic questions and items related to knowledge and perceptions of vaginal and caesarean deliveries. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22, with descriptive statistics used to summarize findings. The questionnaire’s reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.986, and validity was established through the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity. Results: The findings indicated that 34.7% of participants had poor knowledge regarding the mode of delivery, 62.0% had moderate knowledge, and only 3.3% demonstrated good knowledge. Most participants preferred CS due to fear of labor pain and misconceptions about vaginal delivery risks. A majority (90%) of respondents viewed seeing the baby immediately after vaginal delivery positively, and 44% believed that the emotional relationship with the baby is enhanced following vaginal delivery. Informal sources, primarily relatives and friends, were the main sources of delivery-related information, contributing to persistent knowledge gaps and misconceptions. Conclusion: The study reveals significant knowledge gaps among primary gravida women regarding delivery options in Pakistan, with many women favoring CS due to fear and lack of accurate information. Structured antenatal education programs are necessary to address misconceptions and empower women to make informed decisions about their delivery mode. Improved education could reduce unnecessary CS rates and support healthier maternal and neonatal outcomes.

A Meta-analysis of the Effect of Aerobic Exercise during Pregnancy on Maternal Labor Pains

Objective: Systematically evaluate the effect of prenatal aerobic exercise on maternal labor pain.Methods: Systematic search: Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of science, PubMed, China Biomedical Database, China Knowledge Network (CNKI), Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, Wipu.com, etc., and the time limit of the search was from the establishment of the library to June 2024, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the purpose of the study were collected and included by the after 2 researchers independently screened the literature, extracted information and evaluated the risk of bias of the included studies, RevMan5.3 software was applied to analyze the data. Results: A total of 10 RCTs were included, including 1144 cases of labor. Meta-analysis showed that prenatal aerobic exercise was effective in relieving labor pain level throughout the entire laboring process, with an MD [95% CI] of -1.80 [-2.75,-0.84], (P&lt;0.05), when compared with the control group. However, the effect was not significant in relieving 3-4 cm of uterine opening and when the uterine opening was more than 4 cm. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that prenatal aerobic exercise relieves labor pain levels throughout labor, but is not significantly effective in relieving uterine opening of 3-4 cm and 4 cm or more. Due to the limitations of the number and quality of included studies, the above conclusions need to be verified by more high-quality studies.

Accidental Epidural Infusion of Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) During Acute Postoperative and Labor Pain Management.

Accidental Epidural Infusion of Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) During Acute Postoperative and Labor Pain Management.

Labor epidural analgesia among Han and Uyghur parturients: a prospective observational study in China

BackgroundDisparities in pain sensitivity and tolerance have been described, however little is known about variability in the experience of labor pain and childbirth in China. MethodsThis prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Xinjiang, China with two major ethnic groups: Han and Uyghur women. Women with a vaginal delivery with labor epidural analgesia were enrolled. The primary outcome was cervical dilation at labor epidural analgesia request, and multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to determine associated variables. Secondary outcomes were pain score at epidural request and epidural analgesics use. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation. ResultsCervical dilatation at labor epidural analgesia request was significantly lower (1.2 ± 0.7 vs. 0.8 ± 0.6 cm; p = 0.0095), and pain score (numerical pain scale 0–10) was significantly higher (0.8 ± 1.0 vs. 4.2 ± 1.2; P = 0.0002) among Uyghur compared to Han women. In the multivariate model, Uyghur women had a lower cervical dilation (p = 0.0392) and a higher pain score (P <0.0001) at epidural request. During the labor process, a larger proportion of Uyghur women used the patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) pump (77.8% vs. 53.6%, P = 0.0011). They pressed the pump in a significantly shorter time (61.3 ± 41.2 vs. 104.0 ± 105.2 min, P = 0.0015) and for more times (1.9 ± 1.7 vs. 1.2 ± 1.4, P = 0.0022), contributing to significantly more epidural analgesic use (sufentanil: 0.06 ± 0.02 vs. 0.07 ± 0.03 μg/kg/h, P = 0.0150, ropivacaine: 0.11 ± 0.04 vs. 0.14 ± 0.06 mg/kg/h, P = 0.0003, respectively). ConclusionsOur findings suggest that Uyghur women experience labor pain with higher levels of pain and with higher use of epidural analgesics than Han women. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether these differences are clinically relevant.

A Comparative Study To Assess The Anxiety Related To Pregnancy And Delivery Of The Baby Among Primigravida Mothers In Selected Rural And Urban Areas Of Maharashtra

Primigravida mothers are those who conceived for the first time. There are many changes occur during the pregnancy that make them very stressful. And respond to this stress by feeling anxious which may be influenced on the woman herself and her baby. As anxiety and fear of childbirth may cause many complications such as severe labor pain, postpartum depression, and impaired mother–fetus attachment. Many studies support the hypothesis that pregnancy-related anxiety is strongly linked to postpartum depression, preterm births, low birth weight, fetal growth restriction, pregnancy complications, and negative infant outcomes. Purpose: Comparative study to assess the levels anxiety among rural and urban primigravida mothers planned for normal vaginal delivery and caesarean section.Methods: The levels of anxiety assessed by using 17 items self-structured anxiety assessment tool related to pregnancy and delivery of the baby. Data was collected from 60 samples, in that 30 from rural and 30 from urban. Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics Result: Rural mother result shows that 63.33% of them have moderate level and 36.67% mothers have severe level of anxiety. Average anxiety score of mothers in selected rural areas was 31.93 with standard deviation of 4.54 and in urban area 3.33% mother have mild anxiety, 93.33% of them have moderate level and 3.33% mother have severe level of anxiety. The average anxiety score among primigravida mothers in selected rural areas was 31.93 with standard deviation of 4.54. The average anxiety score among primigravida mothers in selected urban areas was 25.63 with standard deviation of 4.03. The test statistics value of unpaired t test was 5.68 with p value 0.00. The p value less than 0.05, hence reject null hypothesis and accept alternative hypothesis. It shows, significant difference in levels of anxiety towards pregnancy and delivery of baby among primigravida mothers in selected rural and urban areas of Maharashtra.Conclusion: This study concluded that rural primigravida mothers having more anxiety than the urban primigravida mothers related to pregnancy and delivery of the baby.