Pahlavi Research Articles

The Explanation of The Indices and Components of The Cafe in The Traditional and Modern Times of Iran

Several factors affecting the cultural growth of the society are the correct function of social interaction, daily activities in the workplace, and increasing social action according to population growth rate need to be more evident. Review of past history showed the arrival of cafe culture in the Safavid era and Shah Abbas(I) and establishment of coffee houses in Qajar and Pahlavi era with social, economic and cultural function. In the first Pahlavi period, with the arrival of a new style of cafe from the west, the social approach and architectural style of the coffee house changed to a coffee shop. The young people of the society, as the audience, chose the coffee shop as a platform for social communication. In this article, we try to explain the course of physical and cultural developments of cafes and increase the benefit of young people from temporary urban social exchange centres as a third place (home, workplace and coffee shop) by interpreting the study examples of traditional and modern cafes in the period. We will pay attention to the Pahlavi, contemporary and modern West.

Investigating on Evolution of Windows from Qajar to Pahlavi Era in Tabriz's Ganjei-Zade House with Heat Dissipation Approach

Iranian vernacular architecture has rich experiences in terms of coordinating with its surroundings. although, high energy consumption was one of the major concerns in the past decades. According to statistics presented by Iranian Statistics Center, 40% of the country's energy consumption is relevant to the construction industry. However, about 70% of consumption is used solely for space heating and cooling. In the meantime, windows have a significant influence on the thermal performance. Ganjei-Zade House in Tabriz is one of the monuments and includes two parts. The north side of Qajar era and the western side was added to the former building in Pahlavi era. The present article deals with the study of the evolution of windows from Qajar to Pahlavi in Ganjei-zade house and the amount of heat dissipation from windows. These evaluations has been carried out by simulating Ganjei-zade house in the DesignBuilder software. The research related to this article was conducted based on analytic and comparative method and the purpose is to provide the important criteria for windows in residential buildings in the cold climate of Tabriz considering native architecture solutions in order to reduce heat dissipation. The conducted calculations confirm that the amount of heat losses from windows from Qajar to Pahlavi era, has been reduced by 22.2% and the amount of heat dissipation per square meter of windows from Qajar period to Pahlavi was decreased by 58.33%.

İran Tarihinde Tartışmalı Bir Sayfa: İran Komünist Partisi (Bolşevik) ve Gilan Sovyeti

20.yüzyıla siyasal çalkantılarla giren İran’da 1906 Meşrutiyet Devrimi sonrasında yaşanan en önemli olaylardan biri de İran (Pers) Komünist Partisi’nin kuruluşu ve bu partinin desteklediği “Gilan Sovyeti”dir. Her ne kadar Gilan Sovyet’inin simgesel lideri Küçük Han’ın komünizmle olan ilişkisi tartışmalı olsa da, bir dönem İran’da “demokratik halkçı” bir devrim hayaline kapılan İranlı komünistler için bir umut ışığı olmuştur. Ancak gerek Komünist partinin kendi içindeki ayrışma, gerekse “Cengeli” denilen Küçük Han taraftarları ile komünistler arasındaki ihtilaflar sonucu Gilan Sovyeti girişimi yenilgiyle sonuçlanmıştır. Bazı tarihçiler bu yenilgiden Cengeli isyancılardan desteğini çeken ve Britanya ile anlaşma yoluna giden Sovyetler Birliği’ni sorumlu tutmuşlardır. Bu görüşte olanlar “eğer Sovyetler Birliği ve İran komünistleri Cengelilerden desteklerini çekmeselerdi, Küçük Han’ın Tahran’ı ele geçirip Pehlevi hanedanının yükselişini engelleyebileceğini” iddia etmektedirler. Bu çıkarımlar tarihsel spekülasyon alanına girmekle birlikte yine de Gilan Sovyeti ve Pers (İran) Komünist Partisi’nin erken 1920’lerde taşıdığı potansiyelin ne kadar önemli olduğunu yansıtması bakımından önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, İran yakın tarihinde yeterince incelenmemiş bir dönem olan erken 1920’ler boyunca İran komünistleri ve Cengelilerin politik mirası mercek altına alınmaktadır.

Alegorik Bir Öykü Olarak Küçük Kara Balık Üzerine Değerlendirmeler

İnsan, anlatmak istediklerini göstergelerle anlatır. Dolayısıyla verilmek istenen ileti, bakılan açı ve döneme göre farklı farklı biçimlerde yorumlanabilir. Kaldı ki nitelikli edebiyat ürünlerinde de anlam boşlukları vardır. Bu boşluklar, farklı edebiyat kuramları bağlamında farklı biçimlerde doldurulabilir. Okur merkezli edebiyat kuramları, okurun tüm edinilmişlikleri ile metne yaklaştığını ve bu çerçevede metni anlamlandırdığını söyler. Bu araştırma, Samed Behrengi’nin Küçük Kara Balık isimli öyküsündeki alegorik unsurları ortaya koymak, görünen ve görünmeyen yüzeyi ile metnin okura sunduğu anlam evrenini açık etmek için yapılmıştır. Süreçte Samed Behrengi ya da Küçük Kara Balık üzerine yapılmış olan çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Bu araştırmaların Küçük Kara Balık’a yönelik bakış açısından yararlanılmış ve öyküye farklı cephelerden yaklaşılmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi kullanılarak metin incelenmiştir. Sonuçta Samed Behrengi, Pehlevi Hanedanlığı döneminde yaşamış ve diğer aydınlar gibi rejimin baskısı ile karşılaşmıştır. Hâl böyle olunca Behrengi de kurmaca büyüsünün ardına gizlenip alegorik unsurlar kullanmıştır. Küçük Kara Balık’ın yazarın yaşadığı dönemden izler taşıdığı anlaşılmıştır. Yazar alegorilerle dönemini anlattığı gibi kurmacanın imkânlarından yararlanarak araştıran, sorgulayan ve yaratıcı düşünebilen çocukların yetiştirilmesine de hizmet etmek istemiştir.

An Analytical Venture into the Spatial Foundations Affecting the Slow Formation of Modern Government in Iran Before the First Pahlavi Era (1925–1941)

An Analytical Venture into the Spatial Foundations Affecting the Slow Formation of Modern Government in Iran Before the First Pahlavi Era (1925–1941)

On Inexactitude in Decolonization

Abstract This essay extends themes in Adom Getachew's Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination (2019) by introducing Iran as a mediating element in Cold War worldmaking. It recovers the story of Pahlavi Iran's diplomatic efforts during the Sixth Special of the United Nation General Assembly, which resulted in the declaration of the New International Economic Order. Getachew's book provides a framework to interpret these diplomatic efforts with greater precision. The same framework explains the Islamic Republic's internationalist policies in the 1980s. Worldmaking after Empire is less equipped, however, to explain the popular revolution separating different modes of Iranian statecraft between the 1970s and 1980s. This observation reveals the limits of the book's methodological approach—namely, its overemphasis on elites and its overinvestment in exactitude. These limits invite a revised approach to writing histories of anticolonial worldmaking. An alternate approach focuses on statecraft (exactitude) and popular politics (inexactitude) at once, echoing the simultaneous affi rmation of nation building and worldmaking in Getachew's theory of decolonization.

AMBIVALENCE OF HOSTILITY AND MODIFICATION: PATRIARCHYS IDEOLOGICAL NEGOTIATION WITH WOMEN, MODERNITY AND CINEMA IN IRAN

Iranian cinema as a modern art has always been influenced by political, cultural and social changes. While in the Pahlavi era, Iranian cinema was encouraged to turn into an ideological tool to promote modernity and westernization, the post-revolutionary Iranian cinema through the project of Islamisation was inscribed to function as the religious ideological tool to promote Islamic values and life style, which were defined in contrast to its Western counterparts. Through these ideological changes, however, the Iranian womens sexuality and body has been constantly the site of struggle. Being rooted in chronic surveillance over female sexuality within normative patriarchal values and desire, the image of women has been centralized to the national identity in modern Iran. Despite this centrality, however, women have ambivalently encountered hostility through the mechanism of modification while in Pahlavi era unveiling of women was one of the most controversial manifestation of modernity, under the Islamic regime the Iranian womens veiled images turn into the/a battle against the westernization and modernity. This research addresses the persistence of ideological negotiation between women, modernity and cinema in modern Iran. Therefore, chronological accounts of the way women, modernity and cinema have been through the ideological negotiation in Iranian society is discussed from pre to post-revolutionary eras.

Культурная трансформация развода в доисламском и исламском Иране

Целью исследования является сравнительный анализ культурных диахронных изменений института развода в конкретные исторические эпохи развития иранского общества. Материалами послужили исторические источники, работы иранских культурологов, философов, историков и социологов. Исследовано влияние зороастризма на практику разводов в древнем Иране. Рассмотрены изменения в культуре развода, произошедшие с принятием ислама. Определено, что культурную трансформацию развода, наряду с религиозной догматикой, определяли распространение арабской и тюркской культур, а также западной культуры. Парадигмы шиитской религии и дискурс революции влияли на культуру иранской семьи и институт развода после 1979 г. Сделан вывод, что отношение различных поколений иранцев к разводу всегда было негативным, но в разные исторические периоды имело свою специфику. Иранская семья до конца не утратила своих традиций, что не позволяет расценивать процессы трансформации развода как детрадиционализацию. The aim of this article is a comparative analysis of cultural diachronic changes in the phenomenon of divorce in specific historical periods of the development of Iranian society. The study employs historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods, and the method of empirical observations. The materials are historical sources, works of Iranian cultural scientists, philosophers, historians, and sociologists. The culture of divorce in ancient Iran is investigated, the rarity of this phenomenon in the Achaemenid era is noted, its causes are indicated, and the social reaction to incest and polygamy is revealed. The influence of Zoroastrianism on the practice of marriage and divorce in the Sassanid Empire is studied. In this era, consanguine marriages (xwedodah) and chakar zani (divorce of a woman from a man with the subsequent adoption by him of children born by a woman in the next marriage), as well as the prevalence of polygamy in aristocratic circles, are noted. The changes in the culture of divorce that took place in Iran with the adoption of Islam (650) are considered, the established mechanism of Islamic divorce is described. The peculiarities of divorce are noted during the seizure of Iran by the Turks, the rise to power of the Khorezmshahs, the Mongol conquest, and the rule of the Timurids. Various aspects of divorce in the Safavid era are analyzed, the significance of mahr (the remuneration that a wife received upon marriage) for financial support of a woman in case of divorce is determined. An increase in the number of divorces during the reign of the Afsharids and their decrease in the era of the Qajars, who were adherents of Islamic fundamentalism, are noted. The influence on marriage and divorce of the modernization processes that took place during the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty is considered. It has been found that as these processes deepened, the number of divorces increased. The procedures for divorce and the possible consequences of divorce for a woman at that time are described. The cultural changes that affected the institution of divorce after the Islamic revolution are examined. It is determined that the attitude of society towards divorce has been progressively changing from rejection and condemnation to a widespread “divorce by mutual consent” in recent years. It is concluded that the attitude of different generations of Iranians to divorce has always been negative, but in different historical periods this attitude had its own specifics. At the same time, the Iranian family has not completely lost its traditions, which does not allow regarding the processes of transformation of divorce as detraditionalization.

Route analysis in the architecture of museums and tomb buildings through space syntax case study: (Tomb of Nader Shah in Mashhad, Avicenna Mausoleum in Hamadan, and Mausoleum of poets in Tabriz)

ABSTRACT Historical memorials, in most parts of the world, represent and are associated with the cultures, arts, and architectures of the time they are born within. Examples of such structures which include museum-like settings are the Tomb of Nader Shah in Mashhad, Avicenna Mausoleum in Hamadan, and the Mausoleum of Poets in Tabriz. The objectives of the present study are to examine the concepts and criteria of routing and their function in architecture on one hand, and to signify the manifestation of routing in the mausoleums and memorial tombs of Pahlavi era on the other hand. The methodology is a descriptive-inferential one which follows the space syntax of Depth Map software to a qualitative and quantitative degree. According to the findings, it seems that the hierarchy of paths which leads to the tomb plays a significant part in routing. Moreover, main entrances, central lobbies, and corridors which are more peopled as compared with other sections, are exposed to visitation and provide social communication. In the end, the making of an intelligible circulation system, which is a method in architecture that facilitates routing unfamiliar places, has been acknowledged considerably in aforementioned memorial structures.

THE FIRMANS OF NADIR-SHAH AFSHAR IN THE NAME OF KAYTAG UTSMIY AHMAD-KHAN

The article presents epistolary sources in Persian from the Dagestan collection of firmans of Persian shahs in the name of the Kaitag utsmis. At the Institute of history, archaeology and Ethnography of DFRC RAS stored microfilms of these firmans received from the National library of France, where utsmic collection hit in the second half of the ХΙХ century. Copies of the firmans of Persian shahs in the name of Kaitag utsmis exist in the libraries of Georgia. They are published by the Georgian scientists with the typed texts and translation in Georgian and Russian languages. A comparative analysis of the documents revealed that the Georgian collection is fuller than the Paris collection, there are copies made by different katibs in the collections, and there are textual discrepancies and discrepancies in the Dating of firmans. We present in this article a facsimile of the firmans of Nadir Shah addressed to one of the most influential Dagestani rulers of the XVΙΙΙ century Kaitag utsmiy Ahmad-khan, and provide their contents with appropriate comments. Firmans have informative value, serve as a good source base for studying the complex, contradictory historical period, containing a lot of white spots in the history of the Nadir Shah wars in Dagestan. The documents have high scientific value and shed light on the policy of Nadir Shah in the territories under his control, on historical events related to the struggle of the Dagestani peoples for liberation from vassalage, and the policy of the Dagestani rulers. For several years, there was a struggle between the Dagestani highlanders and the Shah of Iran. The final victory over Nadir Shah was won only when the combined forces of the Avars, Kaitag people, akushins, kumukhs, Tabasarans, and all Dagestani peoples took part in the fight against the enemy in Andalal. Firmans convey the atmosphere of historical events, threats against recalcitrant mountaineers are heard more often, the tone of Nadir's letters, promising endless Shah's favors in exchange for submission, is replaced by a menacing, sometimes offensive one.

The Study in Architects’ Thoughts Evolution in Pahlavi Era by Using Content Analysis

1- دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اردبیل 2- دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اردبیل ، - 3- دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قزوین 4- دانشگاه تهران

English in Iran

AbstractIran, a country in the Expanding Circle of world Englishes, has not received much academic attention in international journals. The English language has faced many ups and downs in this country over the past 50 years, which makes its story even more entitled to academic investigation. The objective of this paper is to add to the existing but still limited literature of English in Iran. Having followed the model suggested by Berns (1990), this paper provides a sociolinguistic profile of English in Iran from the Qajar era (1796‐1925) through the Pahlavi dynasty (1925‐1979) and the Islamic Revolution to the present era. In addition to the status of English (and other foreign languages), political, historical, and social factors which have contributed to the rise and/or decline of this language in the country are discussed for each era.

The Islamic Republic of Iran in Search of its Foreign Policy Identity: Revolutionary Innovation or Continuity?

Self-perception in the international arena plays a great role in the development of a country's foreign policy strategy. Not all states can answer the question «who are we in relation to others»? In particular, we can describe the past 20 century and the first decades of the 21st century as the time of Tehran's search for its foreign policy identity, which is not finished even today. Despite many discussion, the Iranian political elite has not only failed to find a single definition of its foreign policy selfhood, but has produced several more formulas of its own identity, which often contradict each other, although they coexist. The events of 1979, when the new leadership that came to power in the course of revolutionary upheavals announced the rejection of the traditions of the Shah's Iran and the building of a new "revolutionary" nation with its own special foreign policy identity, had a significant impact on the process of forming the Iranian selfhood. The article analyzes the main trends that exist in the Iranian foreign policy self-perception, in order to confirm the hypothesis that the «revolutionary experiment» did not lead to a break in the continuity in the issue of Iranian self-identification. On the contrary, there is an attempt by the country's leadership to combine Islamic, revolutionary and nationalist principles in determining the role of their country in the international arena, which let us speak about the multi-component foreign policy identity of modern Iran.

The Images of the Shah and Khomeini in Indonesia and Malaysia: Honoured or Hated?

This study will shed light on the image of the Iranian leaders before and after the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Southeast Asia in general, and in Indonesia and Malaysia in particular. Former studies have been based on outsider political and social interpretations to show the influence of post-revolutionary Iran on Malay-Indonesian social and political affairs. However, they have been more-or-less silent about the image and reception of influential Iranian figures, including Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (d. 1980) and Ruhollah Khomeini (d. 1989), in Indonesia and Malaysia. Although usually little attention has been paid to Khomeini, most studies view him as an influential outsider to the Malay-Indonesian world. By the same token, the Shah of Iran has rarely been examined within the context of Khomeini’s Islamic revolution. As such, this paper fills this gap through examining original sources in order to show how these two figures were ambivalently presented in Malaysian and Indonesian contexts.

Taleqani as a Humanitarian Islamist: His Activities and Ideologies under Pahlavi Regime

Taleqani as a Humanitarian Islamist: His Activities and Ideologies under Pahlavi Regime

EXPLORING AND EXPLAINING THE ECONOMIC POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN IRAN AND THE SOVIET UNION IN THE SECOND PAHLAVI ERA EMPHASIZING THE SYSTEM THEORY

Iran and Russia have common interests, especially in political terms, because of the common borders and territorial neighborhood. This has led to a specific sensitivity to how the two countries are approaching each other. Despite the importance of the two countries' relations, it is observed that in the history of the relations between Iran and Russia, various issues and issues have always been hindered by the close relations between the two countries. The beginning of Iran-Soviet relations during the Second Pahlavi era was accompanied by issues such as World War II and subsequent events. The relations between the two countries were influenced by the factors and system variables of the international system, such as the Cold War, the US-Soviet rivalry, the Second World War and the entry of the Allies into Iran, the deconstruction of the relations between the two post-Cold War superpowers, and so on.The main question of the current research is that the political relations between Iran and Russia influenced by the second Pahlavi period?To answer this question, the hypothesis was that Iran's political economic relations were fluctuating in the second Pahlavi era and influenced by the changing system theory of the international system with the Soviet Union. The findings suggest that various variables such as the structure of the international system and international events, including World War II, the arrival of controversial forces in Iran, the Cold War, the post-Cold War, the US and Soviet policies, and the variables such as the issue of oil Azerbaijan's autonomy, Tudeh's actions in Iran, the issue of fisheries and borders. Also, the policies adopted by Iranian politicians, including negative balance policy, positive nationalism and independent national policy, have affected Iran-Soviet relations. In a general conclusion, from 1320 (1942) to 1357 (1979), the relationship between Iran and Russia has been an upward trend towards peaceful coexistence. But expansion of further relations in the economic, technical and cultural fields has been political rather than political.

Pan-Asian Sports and the Emergence of Modern Asia, 1913–1974. by Stefan Huebner, Singapore: NUS Press, 2016. 397 pp.

<i>Pan-Asian Sports and the Emergence of Modern Asia, 1913–1974</i>. by Stefan Huebner, Singapore: NUS Press, 2016. 397 pp.

Amateur Aesthetics as State Narrative in Iranian Martyrdom

Focused on modern and contemporary Iranian visual culture, this article traces the shifts from an institutionalised high art ethos under the Pahlavi dynasty to a hegemonic, yet, populist-amateur cultural environment after the Iranian Revolution of 1979. By raising questions about the (dis)position of populism, amateurism, and people-made art in the streets, cemeteries, and public parks of the Islamic Republic, it proposes that, however defined and labelled, contemporary Iranian art cannot be properly understood without addressing the art historical and dialectic co-dependence of street kitsch and closeted avant-garde. In Iran, subversive art can hardly be grasped without the beauty of fake flowers.

THE CENTRAL FORCES DURING AND AFTER THE FORMATION OF IRAN ISLAMIC REVOLUTION

In this study, the formation of the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979 and the attitudes of the central powers in the post-revolutionary world to the regime were examined as a result of the massification of the reactions against the militarist modernist understanding of the Pahlavi dynasty of Iran, which had strong foundations as a Shiite doctrine. The study includes three sections: general information, theoretical framework and historical background. It is also important in our study that the Islamic Republic of Iran, after the revolution, moved away from the Shah period state policies and positioned themselves according to the Shiite state understanding. Various academicians, journalists and foreign works were used as sources. The aim of this study is to examine the Islamic Revolution of Iran, one of the most important revolutions in the 20th century, in historical, sociological and epistemological terms and to bring a different perspective to the interpretations made about this revolution in the scientific world

The Aesthetic Resistance of Iranian Architects and Artists During the Late Pahlavi Era

In Iran, the urban transformation was mostly related to politically motivated uprisings. Not only analyzing the reasons that lead to an uprising but also having a closer look at places where demonstrations occur is prominent. In the case of Iran, as Asef Bayat noted, demonstrations have been mainly urban movements. Massive uprisings of people have been mostly held in downtown Tehran. Although spatial and social transformation had been mostly controlled by the top-down modernization of the Pahlavi regime, local modernists’ confrontation with the past, made the ordered transformation archaic. Their architectural opposition took shape by modernizing Persian archetypes like a courtyard and the Persian garden. Through applying semi-public character of these voids to their commissions, architects offered the city an opportunity for social and political expressions. Their projects represent the modern urban theatre of contention par excellence. These architects believed that the ethical responsibility of architecture does not conflict with its aesthetic value, and politics was aesthetically negotiated in their commissions. They also challenged postmodern architecture to a new vision of Critical Regionalism. This article will look at the aesthetic value of projects that linked the everyday life of citizens to the decentralized political spaces.