Page References Research Articles

Giovanni Dotoli , Fulvia Fiorino (review)

MLR, 96. I, 2001 MLR, 96. I, 2001 both a historical dictionary and the 'Dictionnaire de l'usage', reflecting the twin currentsofphilology and linguistics.The thirdsection looksatlexicographicactivity in Italy, Spain, Britain, Germany, Portugal, Russia, and Catalonia, and its relationship to that of the French Academy, whilst the fourth examines current Academic and institutional projects for dictionaries. Here again certain themes recur: the financial and human cost of these projects, the parallel collection of corpora, the inclusion of non-European vocabulary, and, above all, the impact of informationtechnology. However, as regardsthe FrenchAcademy's activities,and in spite of all the changes and improvementsover the centuries,perhaps the lasting impression is one of continuity. In his personal recollection of the genesis of the ninth edition of the Dictionary, Maurice Druon launches an attack on dangerosite (Vaugelas in 1647 similarly wondered about seriosite). Hausmann, as a linguist, defends the term, but Druon concludes 'Gardonsle gout [... ] ce n'est plus de la linguistique.Monsieur;c'est de l'esthetique'(p. 512). PlusGachange ... QUEENS' COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE WENDY AYRES-BENNETT Dominique Bouhours: Doutessur la langue franfoiseproposeza Messieursde l'Academie Franfoise. Ed. by GIOVANNIDOTOLIand FULVIAFIORINO. (Biblioteca della Ricerca, Linguistica 5) Fasano: Schena; Paris: Didier. 1998. 430 pp. 45,000 lire. A critical edition of Dominique Bouhours's Doutes(1674) was long overdue. The most important and best organized of his numerous commentaries on the literary language of his time, it established standardsthat have lost none of their validity today. Although he revered Vaugelas (whose authority he often invokes in the present work), he chose not to follow his predecessor'sloose arrangement of the material of the Remarques sur la langue franfoise(1647), preferring to concentrate systematicallyon five major themes, perhaps because he was, this time, addressing himself directly to the Academy and, indeed, seeking its advice. Thus his 'doubts' areclassifiedunderfiveheadings:vocabulary,phrasesandcollocations,grammatical constructions, clarity, and stylistic consistency. In each chapter he spells out just what appears to be wrong with the literaryquotations under scrutiny,and shows, while ostensibly'asking'or 'wondering'or 'suggesting',how theymightbe rewritten. The Immortalsdid not in fact respond,but the abundantand favourablecomments and the wide recognition of his work by mortal men of letters clearly showed that his enthusiasmwas sharedand his opinions in the main accepted. An interestingdetail to emerge from Giovanni Dotoli's substantialintroduction is that the featuresthat Bouhours, a Jesuit, most often criticizedwere drawn from the writingsofJansenists, yet that does not seem to have in any way underminedor invalidated his findings. His detailed demonstration of how to improve literary expressionby shunningrepetition,untidiness,incongruousjuxtaposition,and above all ambiguity, set standardsthat are stillvalid today, so valid, in fact, that they are largely taken for granted in modern French writing, and correspond to the expectationsof educated readers. The editorshave reproducedthe text of theprincepsedition (Paris,chez Sebastien Mabre-Cramoisy, 1674),but have incorporatedin it correctionsmade by the author in the second.edition (I675). The original signatures and page references are indicated throughout in squarebrackets.As regardstypography,minimal conventional modernization has been introduced:differentiationof i andj, uand v,ouand ou,aand ai; replacementof &by etand of the tildeby mor nadded to the vowels thus marked. Fulvia Fiorino, who has supplied editorial notes and cross-references both a historical dictionary and the 'Dictionnaire de l'usage', reflecting the twin currentsofphilology and linguistics.The thirdsection looksatlexicographicactivity in Italy, Spain, Britain, Germany, Portugal, Russia, and Catalonia, and its relationship to that of the French Academy, whilst the fourth examines current Academic and institutional projects for dictionaries. Here again certain themes recur: the financial and human cost of these projects, the parallel collection of corpora, the inclusion of non-European vocabulary, and, above all, the impact of informationtechnology. However, as regardsthe FrenchAcademy's activities,and in spite of all the changes and improvementsover the centuries,perhaps the lasting impression is one of continuity. In his personal recollection of the genesis of the ninth edition of the Dictionary, Maurice Druon launches an attack on dangerosite (Vaugelas in 1647 similarly wondered about seriosite). Hausmann, as a linguist, defends the term, but Druon concludes 'Gardonsle gout [... ] ce n'est plus de la linguistique.Monsieur;c'est de l'esthetique'(p. 512). PlusGachange ... QUEENS' COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE WENDY AYRES-BENNETT Dominique Bouhours: Doutessur la langue...

Things That Happened by Boris s> Slutsky G. S. Smith (review)

148 SEER, 79, I, 2001 character in 7hreeSisters(p. 36) and anybody who did not know TheCherry Orchard could be forgiven for believing that the play concerns Ranevskaia's relations with her husband, her son and her lover, there being 'very little action in the traditional sense [... .] Ranevskaia'shusband dies of drink, her son drowns [and] her lover robs her' (p. 43). Pishchikis describedas having a 'tendency of putting himself to sleep' (p. 42) whilst the charactersare seen to be 'trappedin a kind of limbo that is not only spiritual,but often material,and even economic' (p. 35, emphases added). The author also quotes, uncritically, (in addition to supplying the wrong page reference)J. L. Styan's claim that there are no less than fifty off-stage characters in the play, including 'gardeners'.To cap it all, 7The Cherry Orchard is described as 'an example of a new genre, one that points to the absurdity of twentieth-century theatre' (p. 47) when presumablywhat is meant is Theatre of theAbsurd. In case this should seem unfair to Ms Kot, her impressive list of 'Works Cited' runsto twentypages (infact the endnotes, bibliographyand index take up fortypages nearly one third the length of the actual text) and she does give the impression of being very knowledgeable about Polish dramatists.In fact, one wonders why she did not base her study on the unknown and littleknown [to thisreviewer]names thatshecites.At itsbest, the bookis intelligent and informed;at itsworst it is both intellectuallyimmodest and expressively/ theoreticallybizarre.Bewailingthe styleof Tantalus and apparentlyforgetting that what is being describedis a play, Kot complains that, 'likethe flickering of an impressionist'spaintbrush, Ivanov [sic] dots the text with these tiny motifs [i.e. words] [...] that from a distance help create a subtle whole. However, when the recipientconfrontsthem up close, the image disintegrates and each recipient loses himself in the little blobs of roots that dance before his eyes on the page' (p. 12I). All in all, the book has about it an air of imaginativelyingenuous and dubiously-theorizedprovisionality. Department ofHumanities andCultural Studies NICK WORRALL Middlesex University Slutsky,Boris. 7hingsthatHappened. Edited,translatedandwithanIntroduction and Commentaries by G. S. Smith. Glas New Russian Writing, i9. Birmingham University,Birmingham,I999. Vi+314pp. Illustrations. Index. [ I.99. THE contribution to Slavonicstudiesof GerrySmithis remarkable, amongst otherthings,forhisunerring senseofwhatisnecessary, ratherthanwhatmay be commercially attractive, likeyet anotherbookon one of thenineteenthcenturyclassics .Hispioneering workon PrinceMirskii andon Russianverse andversification arewellknown,butthepresentvolumein somewaysmarks a newdeparture, beinginparta translated anthology, inparta biography of Boris Slutskii(I9I9-86), a poet who, like many other Soviet writers, was in dangerof post-perestroika oblivion.Smithhasperformed a valuableservice in rescuingSlutskii's reputation fromthe fateof a vaguelyremembered and largely misunderstood Sovietwarpoet.Bypublishing manyofSlutskii's poems andmemoirswhichhaveonlycometolightin thepost-Communist era,and by usingthe poet'sarchiveto providea narrativecommentary, Smithhas REVIEWS 149 produced a fascinatingbook that rehabilitatesthis interestingand individual writerfarmore convincinglythan any politicalprocess. At approximatelythe same time as Things thatHappened waspublished,there appearedin Russia a new book, BorisSlutskii,Teper' Osventsim chasto snitsiamne (St Petersburg, I999), which contains three furtherexcerpts from the poet's war memoirs which are even more outspoken than those in Smith's compilation, stressing, amongst other things, the poet's strong sense of his Jewish identity. Important as the new materials undoubtedly are, their unavailabilityto nTings thatHappened does not diminishthe overallvalue of the present volume which depends not on sensation but on a carefullypainted overallportraitof a man and his age. Many of the poems that Smith has chosen to build his composite pictureof Slutskii'sexperiences were writtenin the 195os but only publishedfortyor so years later. One such was the verse tribute to his friend and patron Jl'ia Erenburg,which firstappearedin I99I: He didn'ttakea thawto be the spring, and fascinatedby the new, he didn't overlookthe old in it. Oh no! He didn'ttakea thaw forspring, and wasn'tscaredof scarecrows,not at all, but he knewwell how powerfulthey are (p. 2 I0). Apart from understated yet telling political statements, Slutskii's suppressed poems produce a pleasingly sceptical and dry-eyed view of the heroic events of the War, and a picture of the friendships and achievements as well as the miseries of literary life during and just after Stalin's reign, often tinged with Jewish irony and humour...

Distance Manipulation: The Russian Modernist Search for a New Drama by Joanna s> Kot (review)

REVIEWS 147 Fitz-JamesO'Brien'sblatantplagiarismof the Russianwritermay be takenas an albeitback-handedtestimonialto his literaryworth. Department ofModernLanguages ROBERT REID Keele University Kot,Joanna. Distance Manipulation: 7heRussian Modernist Search foraNewDrama. Northwestern University Studies in Russian Literature and Theory. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL, 1999. v + 170 pp. Notes. Bibliography.Index. $54.95. THIS study takes five disparate dramatic texts which, together, are seen to constitute an experimental approach to twentieth-centurydramatic writing, and discussestheirsignificancein termsof 'distancemanipulation'.The plays are a world-acclaimed masterpiece -- The Cherry Orchard; a distinguished example of RussianSymbolistdrama Blok'sThePuppet Show; a little-known play by Sologub, T7he Triumph of Death,and two obscure works by Zinaida Gippiusand VyacheslavIvanov HolyBloodand Tantalus. The choice of plays might seem arbitrary,were it not for the fact that they are allRussianand belong roughlyto the same historicalmoment, two having been stagedfamouslyby Meierkhold.However, the selection is made to stand or fallon thesignificanceof 'distancemanipulation'which, here, hasaprotean and ubiquitous task to perform in sustaining a difficult, even chimerical, intellectual project. The term has partly formal and partly performative connotations in that it is seen to relateto qualitieswithin dramatictextswhich engage, or disengage,the intellectand emotion of someone called a 'recipient' or 'virtualrecipient' (who, for some reason, is always referredto as 'he'). It also hiassomnething to do with the ways in which plays areperformedeitherto invoke emotional engagement, or produce intellectual estrangement. On the formallevel, realistictexts are seen to conform to a hypothetical 'recipient's' expectational niormswhereas experimental texts which seek to break with realismevoke a correspondingeffectof distanciation.Each text is discussedin termsof its capacityto promote or inhibitsuch an effect. There are moments when the book succeeds in sublimating its own theoreticalpremises as in the unpretentiousand straightforwarddiscussion of ThePuppet Show.However, large sections are couched in the followingkind of hyperbole: 'In their texts a large number of distally oriented and nonperlocutionaryreferentialsegmentsare alternatedwith proximalexpressive segments. Such a distributionsubstitutesforthe drama'straditionalhighly perlocutionaryoriented discourse,while continuing to presentabstract,distal material'(p. 124). This passageis takenfrom the conclusion, which only lacks two of the book'sfavoured'buzz'words, 'deixis'and 'deictic',to be complete. Apart from massive generalizations, marked usually by a numbered note directingthe readerto:'See. . .' (followedby alitanyof names andpublication dates), cogency of argument is occasionally undermined by non-revelatory insightsof the following order: 'Alot of words are poured forth in TheCherry Orchard as in all the playwright'sworks:the charactersspeak incessantly' (p. 40). Well, after all, it is a play. The same section describes Astrov as a 148 SEER, 79, I, 2001 character in 7hreeSisters(p. 36) and anybody who did not know TheCherry Orchard could be forgiven for believing that the play concerns Ranevskaia's relations with her husband, her son and her lover, there being 'very little action in the traditional sense [... .] Ranevskaia'shusband dies of drink, her son drowns [and] her lover robs her' (p. 43). Pishchikis describedas having a 'tendency of putting himself to sleep' (p. 42) whilst the charactersare seen to be 'trappedin a kind of limbo that is not only spiritual,but often material,and even economic' (p. 35, emphases added). The author also quotes, uncritically, (in addition to supplying the wrong page reference)J. L. Styan's claim that there are no less than fifty off-stage characters in the play, including 'gardeners'.To cap it all, 7The Cherry Orchard is described as 'an example of a new genre, one that points to the absurdity of twentieth-century theatre' (p. 47) when presumablywhat is meant is Theatre of theAbsurd. In case this should seem unfair to Ms Kot, her impressive list of 'Works Cited' runsto twentypages (infact the endnotes, bibliographyand index take up fortypages nearly one third the length of the actual text) and she does give the impression of being very knowledgeable about Polish dramatists.In fact, one wonders why she did not base her study on the unknown and littleknown [to thisreviewer]names thatshecites.At itsbest, the bookis intelligent and informed;at itsworst it is both intellectuallyimmodest and expressively/ theoreticallybizarre.Bewailingthe styleof Tantalus and apparentlyforgetting that what is being describedis a play, Kot complains that, 'likethe flickering of an impressionist'spaintbrush, Ivanov [sic] dots the text with these tiny motifs [i.e. words] [...] that from a distance help create...

A Bibliographical Index for The Principles of Mathematics

'Bibliographies, LArchival Inventories, Indexes A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX FOR THE PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS KENNETH BLACKWELL BLACKWK@MCMASTER.CA T his is the second bibliographical index to be published in Russell, the first being that to A History of western Philosophy. The present index has been supplied to complement the textual studies of The Principles of Mathematics that have appeared here since 1984.1 The edition indexed is that of 1937, which includes a very few corrections to the text and a new Introduction, whose references are also included. There has been only one pagination in the English-language editions. Although Russell, who wrote his own general index, included therein almost all the authors he cited by name, he missed some of the page references. He excluded those works he cited but for which he did not name an author. E.g., he omitted himself as an author whose works he refers to a total of eighteen times; another example is Moore's article "Nativism and Empiricism". Moreover, many of his citations are incomplete (e.g., many of those to Cantor) and some are inaccurate, albeit in minor ways. Sometimes Russell referred to works by such phrases as "Chasles's great work on descriptive Geometry" or "Cremona's projective Geometry" or "the German encyclopaedia of mathematics". These definite descriptions have been converted to names. And Russell did not always refer to Frege's works by the abbreviations he established on page SOO (e.g. at p. SIsn.). I Kenneth Blackwell, "Part I of The Principles ofMathematics", Russel~ n.s. 4 (1984): 171- 88; Michael Byrd, "Part II of The Principles ofMathematics", n.s. 7 (1987): 60-70; Byrd, "Part V of The Principles ofMathematics", n.s. 14 (1994): 47-86; Byrd. "Parts III-IV of ThePrinciplesofM4tht n.s. 16 (1996): 145-69; Byrd, "Part VI of The Principles ofMathematics", n.s. 19 (1999): 39-61. russell: the Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies The Bertrand Russell Research Centre, McMaster U. n,s. 20 (winter 2000-01): 141-50 ISSN 00}6-0I6}I, 142 KENNETH BLACKWELL A Bibliographical Index for The Principles ofMathematics 143 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX Some references are only lightly implied by their context, but it seemed best to include them (e.g.,· those to Scott and Sterne). For scholarly study it is useful to haye all such references identified and expanded. There are a total of 166 here, of which a goodly number do not appear in the companion volumes of the Collected Papers. Russell alluded to the presence of such a large number of citations to the professional literature when he wrote to Alys Russell on 15 June 1902: "I am working very hard, reading the literature of my subject, now that I have finished writing about it. I can insert learned footnotes in the proofs." As the textual history of the Principles shows, he did so. There is an item of minor interest, noticed in checking the entries, which concerns Russell's knowledge of Frege. The Principles has four references to Frege's "Uber Begriff und Gegenstand", which is a reply to a work by Benno Kerry. Kerry then referred to this work of Frege's in his System einer Theorie der Grenzbegrijfe (Leipzig: Deuticke, 1890), p. 43. Russell owned Kerry's book and marked this page with an undated note signifYing his intention to see the item. Thus Russell was aware that some people had been reading Frege before him. In the entries below "RL" means that the book is in Russell's Library as it was received at McMaster; the notation does not extend to offprints to be found there. The following bibliographical sources have been of unusual assistance: for Schroder, Irving Anellis, "Schroder Material at the Russell Archives", Modern Logic, I (winter 1990/91): 237-47; G. H. Moore, Zermelo's Axiom of Choice: Its Origins, Development, and Influence (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982); 1. Grattan-Guinness, The Search for Mathematical Roots, I870-I940 (Princeton D.P., 2000); and the unpublished, consolidated bibliographical index to The Collected Papers of Bertrand. I wish to thank 1. Grattan-Guinness, Andrew Irvine and Gregory Moore for advice on draft entries. IOOI Nights. See The Book ofthe Thousand Nights and...

Mansfield Park (review)

Film Review Mansfield Park. Directed and written by Patricia Rozema. 1999. Advertisements for Patricia Rozema's brilliantly tendentious adaptation of Jane Austen's novel show a half-length picture of Fanny Price looking directly at the viewer while holding a key to her bosom; superimposed on her figure is a small representation of a Georgian house in the classical style, with central pediment and matching wings. It is just such a "modern" house that Mary Crawford encounters in the novel when she comes to Mansfield: "so well placed ... as to deserve to be in any collection of engravings of gentlemen's seats." But as the film quickly shows us, this house is not Mansfield Park at all. The house that the nine-yearold Fanny Price is taken to, in the gloom of a Gothic night, is a ruinous structure dating from the Elizabethan period. Its formal gardens, with their pyramid yews and elaborate parterres, are as old-fashioned as its architecture. Represented by Kirby Hall (the ruined remnant of an Elizabethan "prodigy" house), the cinematic Mansfield Park is closer in character to the novel's Sotherton Park, "ill-placed ... in one of the lowest spots of the park." Oddly, the Elizabethan Sotherton is represented in the film by a "modern" house (Kenwood). The ruined Kirby Hall serves as an appropriate metonym for Rozema's purpose, which is to depict the moral ruin of Mansfield Park's inhabitants. Aided doubtless by her "literary researcher" (mentioned in the credits), she reveals a familiarity with recent scholarship treating the issue of slavery in Mansfield Park. Though slavery is barely touched on in the novel—when Fanny's question to Sir Thomas about the slave trade is met with "such a dead silence" (p. 198)'—scholars such as Moira Ferguson, Edward Said, Ruth Perry, Maaja Stewart, and Brian Southam have argued cogently for its importance, even centrality, to an understanding of the novel. The abolition of the slave trade—if not the emancipation of plantation slaves—had been debated in parliament for decades before a bill was passed into 1 Page references are to Jane Austen's novels, ed. R.W. Chapman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988). EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FICTION, Volume 12, Number 4, July 2000 566 EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FICTION 12:4 law in two stages in 1807-8. Austen's family had good reason to feel involved in the question. Her father was the trustee of a plantation in Antigua; her sister Cassandra's fiancé died of yellow fever off Santo Domingo while serving as chaplain of a military mission; her brother James's first wife was the daughter of General Mathew, governor of Grenada; and her naval brothers Francis and Charles knew the West Indian possessions well; the evangelical Francis in particular was a critic of slavery. That Austen was in favour of abolition cannot be doubted. She was in love, she joked to Cassandra in an 1813 letter, with Thomas Clarkson, author of The History of ... The Abolition of the African Slave-Trade (1808); and beyond her humanitarianism she seems more than once to imply a parallel between the slavery of Africans in the colonies and the slavery of dependent women (like Fanny Price) at home. In Emma, Jane Fairfax, fearing her future as a governess, speaks bitterly of "offices for the sale—not quite of human flesh—but of human intellect" (p. 300). Armed with such support, Rozema clearly felt entitled to film Mansfield Park as a story of a world corrupted by its complicity in the ignoble institution of slavery. As the audience leaves the cinema, they hear the insistent rhythms of "Djonga," a slave song of lamentation. In the film itself Rozema's anticolonial aims are most obvious in the changes she made to the characters of Fanny, Sir Thomas, and Tom Bertram. From the beginning of the film Fanny is aware of slavery. On her carriage ride over the Downs to Mansfield Park she sees a ship in the Channel: "Black Cargo," the coachman says, "darkies" brought home as servants for officers' wives. Later, as a young woman, Fanny hears of Edmund's concern over the plantation in Antigua: "we all live on the profits," he admits...

Reassessing Germany'sOstpolitik. Part 1: From Détente to Refreeze

I thank William A. Green for commenting on an earlier draft of this essay. Part 2: From Refreeze to Reunification, in the next issue of Central European History, considers additional recent litera? ture. In each installment, except when annotated, page references to the principal cited books are given in the text. For literature specifically on reunification, see also Cary, 'Farewell without Tears': Diplomats, Dissidents, and the Demise of East Germany, Journal of Modern History, forthcoming.

Definiteness By Christopher Lyons (review)

494 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 76, NUMBER 2 (2000) that performance on neuropsychological tests—and indeed, the organization of the brain—are heavily influenced by literacy and concomitant factors such as schooling. Ch. 8, 'Aphasia in users of signed languages ', by David Corina summarizes the available case studies of aphasie signers and spells out some of their theoretical implications. Ch. 9, 'How typical are the atypical aphasie populations ?', by the three editors concludes that 'language lateralization or representation' is essentially the same in most of the populations studied in the book as in the 'typical' cases. Hence, '[!language organization is much more universal than previously assumed. The current model can indeed apply to the "atypical" populations described in this volume' (312). These conclusions are somewhat surprising since several of the chapters present serious challenges for models exclusively designed to account for 'typical' cases. The overall conclusion one can draw from this volume is that the study of atypical populations is a valuable tool for the study of the typical brain precisely because many facts about atypical aphasia parallel those observed in typical aphasia. The volume also includes author and subject indices . A more sophisticated subject index would have been helpful. For example, under 'language processing ' the reader will find 26 page references but without any indication as to what aspect of processing might be discussed in those pages. Similarly, there is an entry for 'contrastive stress' but none for 'stress'. In the spirit of this volume, the list of criteria that define typicality could be continued and so could the list of future useful contributions. Female vs. male patients and patients with multiple lesions are only two possible foci that come to mind. The main interest of the book lies, above all, in the empirical scope of the material, which will make it a useful reference for researchers in language processing in normal and clinical populations. [Susanne Gahl, Harvard University.] Definiteness. By Christopher Lyons. (Cambridge textbooks in linguistics.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. xx, 380. This book begins with a basic observation that noun phrases like the car, proper nouns, possessives, personal pronouns, demonstratives, and universal quantifiers refer to identifiable objects or represent the totality of conceivable objects which match the description in a given context. In other words, definiteness has something to do with the identifiability or the inclusiveness of the description. This observation provides a starting point forthe survey ofvarious manifestations of definiteness in Ch. 2: articles, lexical and morphological devices, syntactic agreement involving adpositions, pronouns, or word order. Two important facts emerge: (1) The definite article is not always in a complementary distribution with the indefinite article. (2) There is no definable correlation between the way languages encode definiteness and their common typological features. Further examination in Ch. 3 of noun phrases whose definiteness is due to something other than the use of articles shows that, although definiteness is associated with the Det(erminer) position, it cannot be said that this feature is universal. Some languages lack definiteness marking in their noun phrase structure. Chs. 4-6 contain detailed treatments of various topics connected with definiteness: the semantic and pragmatic manifestations of identifiability and their various nuances (Ch. 4); the interaction between definiteness and direct object marking, verb agreement, animacy, article and nominal feature marking, empty category, classifiers (Ch. 5); definiteness effects in existential sentences, superlatives, extraposition, and the organization of information within a discourse (Ch. 6). The foregoing survey leads Lyons to characterize definiteness as a morphosyntactic category which represents the semantic and pragmatic notions of identifiability (Ch. 7). Languages can be grouped according to how they grammaticalize definiteness: Type I exhibits no grammatical definiteness (Tapanese , Korean); Type II marks definiteness in pronominal noun phrases (Latin, Russian); Type III encodes definiteness in pronominal and full noun phrases (English, French). This chapter is a transition to the more theoretical analysis in Chs. 8-9. L argues in Ch. 8 that, although the basic DP framework has some advantage over traditional NP analysis, it cannot satisfactorily explain the syntax of definiteness either. To remedy this, L suggests that free-form articles like the be treated, as in NP analysis, as specifiers rather than heads, but specifiers of DP rather...

Thomas Robert Malthus and Samuel Hollander: A Review

In large part we follow the order of Hollander’s text,1 and page references to Hollander are given by [H, p()]. References to Malthus are from The Works as edited by E. A. Wrigley and David Souden,2 and are given by [M, (vol. no.), (abbreviated title of volume), (p())].

GEOMETRID MOTHS OF THE WORLD: A CATALOGUE. Edited by M. J. Scoble. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria. 1999. Pp. 1200 in 2 volumes plus CD-ROM. $US295.00 (hardcover). ISBN 0643 06034 8.

GEOMETRID MOTHS OF THE WORLD: A CATALOGUE. Edited by M. J. Scoble. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria. 1999. Pp. 1200 in 2 volumes plus CD-ROM. $US295.00 (hardcover). ISBN 0643 06034 8.

Ramachandran's four counterexamples

Murali Ramachandran has kindly provided me with four (alleged) counterexamples to the theory of causation which I recently put forward in Mind (Ramachandran 2000; Noordhof 1999). Space is limited for a response. Since this note will be published Ramachandran's paper, I will not set out the cases he gives. I refer the reader to the appropriate descriptions. I will also presume knowledge of the framework of my paper and just give page references in case this is helpful. I will try to couch the discussion with as little reference to the technical apparatus of my paper as possible. Maybe the ideas will stand out more clearly that way.

Flora of the Northeast: a manual of the vascular flora of New England and adjacent New York

Designed as both a reference work and a year-round field manual, this volume contains more than 2,400 range maps and 995 line drawings, designed to clarify descriptions used in the keys. For botanists, naturalists, and students interested in an up-to-date treatment of the vascular flora of greater New England, it has proved to be an invaluable resource. The geographic scope of the work extends from the Canadian border south through Long Island and west to the Hudson River. The General Keys section contains fourteen keys that include such groups as aquatic plants, vines, and woody plants in winter condition. For both woody and herbaceous families, the keys cover flowering as well as fruiting conditions and rely heavily on the use of vegetative features to extend the utility of the book beyond the reproductive period. The Descriptive Flora section includes keys to all of the genera and species, descriptions of the families and genera, and accounts of the individual species. The latter incorporates information on wetland site index, rare status, wildlife food value, food and medicinal value for humans, and poisonous or hallucinogenic properties. This revised edition includes an updating of plant scientific names that changed since the first edition and an alphabetized list of plant families with page numbers on the inside front cover for easy reference. This edition also includes a new CD-ROM with a multiple-entry identification guide, hundreds of accompanying photographic images of genera, an illustrated glossary, and page reference numbers to genus descriptions in the manual. Presenting a wealth of scientifically accurate information in a precise and clear format, this volume serves as a reference work, as a textbook for classes in plant identification, and as a field manual.

Information transfer between large and small two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

To determine the feasibility of data transfer, an interlaboratory comparison was conducted on colon carcinoma cell line (DLD-1) proteins resolved by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis either on small (6 x 7 cm) or large (16x18 cm) gels. The gels were silver-stained and scanned by laser densitometry, and the image obtained was analyzed using Melanie software. The number of spots detected was 1337+/-161 vs. 2382+/-176 for small vs. large format gels, respectively. After gel calibration using landmarks determined using pl and Mr markers, large- and small-format gels were matched and 712+/-36 proteins were found on both types of gels. Having performed accurate gel matching it was possible to acquire additional information after accessing a 2-D PAGE reference database (http://www.expasy.ch/ cgibin/map2/def?DLD1_HUMAN). Thus, the difference in gel size is not an obstacle for data transfer. This will facilitate exchanges between laboratories or consultation concerning existing databases.

Emerging Markets, Short Term Capital Movements and International Regulation

South African Journal of EconomicsVolume 67, Issue 2 p. 103-114 Emerging Markets, Short Term Capital Movements and International Regulation (REVIEW ARTICLE), (REVIEW ARTICLE) Review of Regulatory and Supervisory Challenges in a New Era of Global Finance, Jan Joost Teunissen (ed.), The Hague, Forum on Debt and Development (Fondad), 1998, pp. 276. Page references in brackets in the text refer to the book under review. Thanks are due, with the usual disclaimer, to Professors Eui-Gak Hwang, Korea University, Seoul, and P.A. Black and D.F Leach, Johannesburg, for comments on a first draft of the paper.Search for more papers by this author (REVIEW ARTICLE), (REVIEW ARTICLE) Review of Regulatory and Supervisory Challenges in a New Era of Global Finance, Jan Joost Teunissen (ed.), The Hague, Forum on Debt and Development (Fondad), 1998, pp. 276. Page references in brackets in the text refer to the book under review. Thanks are due, with the usual disclaimer, to Professors Eui-Gak Hwang, Korea University, Seoul, and P.A. Black and D.F Leach, Johannesburg, for comments on a first draft of the paper.Search for more papers by this author First published: 18 August 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1999.tb01141.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume67, Issue2June 1999Pages 103-114 RelatedInformation

Additions and corrections in American Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae)

SummaryAustin, D. F. & Bianchini, R. S.: Additions and corrections in American Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae). – Taxon 47: 833‐838. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Information is presented updating an earlier paper on the subject in this journal, by Austin & Huáman. Notes on the nomenclature or taxonomy of Ipomoea demerariana, I. neurocephala, I. wrightii, and Convolvulus littoralis.

‘The Captain is a Schizophrenic!’ or Contradictions in the Concept of the Steering State

Australian Journal of Public AdministrationVolume 57, Issue 2 p. 107-114 Free Access ‘The Captain is a Schizophrenic!’ or Contradictions in the Concept of the Steering State David de Carvalho, David de Carvalho Deputy Director Australian Catholic Social Welfare CommissionSearch for more papers by this author David de Carvalho, David de Carvalho Deputy Director Australian Catholic Social Welfare CommissionSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 June 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.1998.tb01391.xCitations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Fukuyama, F 1995 Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, Hamish Hamilton, London . Osborne, D 1991 ‘Beyond Left and Right: A New Political Paradigm’ in Amitai Etzioni (ed.) Rights and the Common Good: The Communitarian Perspective, St Martin's Press, New York , 1995. Osborne, D & E Gaebler 1992 Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector, Reading , Mass. , Addison-Wesley. Page references in this paper are from the Plume Books (Penguin) edition, Harmondsworth, 1993. Paterson, J 1995 ‘Foreword to the 1994–95 Annual Report of the Victorian Department of Health and Community Services’, Momentum 3(11): 4. Sabel, C 1981 Work and Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge . Womack, James P., D Jones et al. 1991 The Machine that Changed the World: The Story of Lean Production, Harper Perennial, New York . Citing Literature Volume57, Issue2June 1998Pages 107-114 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Engendering debate

I had no higher ambition for my articleA. Jones, 'Does "Gender" Make the World Go Round? Feminist Critiques of International Relations', Review of International Studies, 22:4 (1996), pp. 405-29. All subsequent page references are to this source, unless otherwise noted. than to encourage the exchange now beginning with Carver, Cochran and Squires' response. Unfortunately, although it was nice to see my dull name in the title, I cannot say I feel any more or less gendered than when I started their piece.

Representing Mechanical Arts in Diderot’s Encyclopédie

Representing Mechanical Arts in Diderot’s Encyclopédie JOHN R. PANNABECKER A single art about which one would want to repre­ sent everything and say everything would furnish vol­ umes ofdiscourse [written texts] & plates. One would never finish if one proposed to render in figures all the states through which a piece ofiron passes before being transformed into a needle. That the discourse follow the process of the artist to the last detail, fine. As for the figures, we have restricted them to the im­ portantmovementsoftheworker& onlythe moments of the operation that are very easy to depict and very difficult to explain. We have limited ourselves to the essential circumstances, to those ofwhich the repre­ sentation,when itiswell done, leads necessarily to the knowledge ofthose that one does not see.1 Thus did Denis Diderot (1713-84), editor of the famous Encyclo­ pédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, acknowl­ edge at the outset some of the difficulties in representing the meDr . Pannabecker is professor of technology at McPherson College, where he has taught since 1982. He headed the department of technology there from 1982 to 1990, during which time he managed the McPherson College automobile restora­ tion technology program. He gratefully acknowledges the assistance ofJoan Rich­ ards, Rachel Pannabecker, Ken Alder, Ray Santee of McPherson College Interlibrary Loan, and the librarians and staffofresearch institutions in Paris: Bibliothèque Nati­ onale, Archives Nationales, Archives de l’Académie des Sciences, Bibliothèque de l’Institut, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, and Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal. Earlier drafts of this article were prepared during a summer seminar funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Archival and library research in France was facilitated by a sabbatical leave from McPherson College. 'Denis Diderot, “Prospectus,” in Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, ed. Denis Diderot and Jean d’Alembert, vol. 1 (Paris, 1751; reprint, New York, 1969), p. xl. Diderot’s “Prospectus” was first published in 1750 and republished as part of the “Discours préliminaire” (by Jean le Rond d’Alem­ bert) introducing the Encyclopédie, vol. 1, pp. xxxiv-xlv. When I cite the “Prospectus” in this article the reference is to this republished version. Because all other articles in the Encyclopédie can be found in alphabetical order, volume and page numbers are omitted here.© 1998 by the Society for the History of Technolog)'. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/98/3901-0002S02.00 33 34 John R. Pannabecker chanical arts in words and pictures. Nor did the difficulties diminish as the project progressed. Yet the diverse implications of technical representation have been overshadowed by a historiography that fo­ cuses on liberal philosophy and politics. This article is an attempt to redress this imbalance, at least in part, by uncovering the multiple meanings in the Encyclopédie s three forms of portraying the arts: namely, in articles organized alphabetically in the seventeen vol­ umes of text; in eleven volumes of pictures (engraved or etched plates); and in the “explanations” accompanying the plates. Diderot regarded the representations of the arts as a social respon­ sibility. As the Encyclopédie spread across Europe and to the New World, it served as a vehicle for transmitting technological ideas.2 Thomas Jefferson bought a Lucca edition for the United States in Paris in 1781, and a generation later Thomas Blanchard, inventor of automatic machines for making gunstocks, referred to the cams illustrated in the Encyclopédie in one of his patents.3 The 1951 bicentennial of the Encyclopédie s publication stimulated new interest in the work.4 There were detractors; some historians The Encyclopédiewas published in twenty-eightvolumes from 1751 to 1772, in Paris and Neufchâtel. References here are to the reprint edition published by Readex Microprint in 1969. (Readex published the original seventeen folio volumes of text in three folio volumes and the eleven volumes of plates in one folio volume.) Trans­ lations are mine unless otherwise noted. Quotations from individual articles and references to plates and their explanations are cited in the text; page references are to the first edition. The article “Encyclopédie” in...

Kretzmann’s Theism vs. Aquinas’s Theism: Interpreting the Summa Contra Gentiles

The Thomist 62 (1998): 603-22 KRETZMANN'S THEISM VS. AQUINAS'S THEISM: INTERPRETING THE SUMMA CONTRA GENTILES THOMAS S. HIBBS Boston College Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts ~ CENT WORK on Aquinas's Summa contra Gentiles1 ends simultaneously to put into question the traditional ssessment of it as a missionary work and to elevate its philosophical and theological significance in Aquinas's corpus.2 In his recent book, Metaphysics of Theism: Aquinas's Natural Theology in Summa contra Gentiles I,3 Norman Kretzmann rejects not only the missionary thesis but a broadly apologetic one as well. The problem with the latter is that Aquinas is "not answering objections to the faith"; his approach is not "reactive" (46-47). In this first volume of a projected three-volume study of Summa contra Gentiles I-III, Kretzmann sets out to confront the first book on its own terms and in detail. His project is philosophically ambitious, an attempt to reconstruct and clarify 1 Work on this essay was supported by a grant from the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation through the Institute of Medieval Philosophy and Theology at Boston College, directed by Stephen Brown. I am grateful to John O'Callaghan and the anonymous reviewers of this essay for The Thomist for their criticisms of a previous draft of this essay. 2 See R.A. Gauthier, Introduction historique au tome I de /'edition bilingue de la Summa contra Gentiles (Paris: P. Lethielleux, 1961), 7-123; idem, "Introduction" to Somme Cantre les Gentiles (Paris: Editions Universitaires, 1993); Mark Jordan, "The Protreptic Structure of the Summa Contra Gentiles," The Thomist 50 (1986): 173-209; Thomas Hibbs, Dialectic and Narrative in Aquinas: An Interpretation ofthe Summa Contra Gentiles (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1995). For a summary of the interpretations of the Summa Contra Gentiles, see L'Initiation a Saint Thomas dAquin: Sa personne et son oeuvre, by Jean-Pierre Torrell (Paris: Editions Cerf, 1993). 3 Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Unless otherwise noted, page references in the text are to this book. 603 604 THOMAS S. HIBBS some of the key arguments in the first book. Indeed, his approach has the advantage of treating the Summa contra Gentiles as having a distinctive aim, not one that is merely a stage in the development of Thomas's theological writings. It thus circumvents one of the chief obstacles to uncovering the intention of the Summa contra Gentiles: the tendency to read it as an imperfect realization of what is later achieved in the Summa Theologiae, as perhaps the penultimate stage in what Michelle Corbin calls the chemin of Thomas's thought.4 The Metaphysics ofTheism offers more than a commentary on ScG I; it also provides an intriguing, if finally unpersuasive, claim about Aquinas's intention and strategy in composing the entire Summa contra Gentiles. To state Kretzmann's thesis with introductory brevity, he holds that the work was intended for atheists, to instruct them in generic "perfect-being theism." As we shall see, the problem with this approach is not just the anachronistic supposition about the audience, which Kretzmann readily concedes did not exist in Thomas's own time. The deeper problem has to do with the imposition of a contemporary conception of perfect-being theism upon Thomas's own distinctive theism in ScG I. Coming to terms with these difficulties will aid us in sharpening our reading of Thomas's work. In order to bring out the strengths and weaknesses of this interpretation, we will take up four issues. First, we will consider Kretzmann's thesis concerning the intention of the work, whose ideal audience, educated atheists, did not exist in Thomas's own time. Second, we will suggest that Kretzmann would have been on surer ground had he followed through on his own comments about the primacy of wisdom in the prologue to the Summa contra Gentiles. Third, we will analyze his conception of the meaning of natural theology in the Summa contra Gentiles and its relationship to revealed theology. Finally, we will examine Kretzmann 's interpretation of the doctrine of the names of God and the significance of his neglect of Aquinas's most important application of that doctrine: God's knowledge of...

LUMPABILITY IN LRU STACK WITH MARKOVIAN PAGE REFERENCES

The dynamlic behavior of programs is studied through LRU (Least-Recently-Used) stack distribution assuming Markovian page references. We propose a new analysis method to calculate steady state probabilities for the LRU stack. We first prove that a Markov chain which describes the behavior of an LRU stack of full-length is lumpable to a Markov chain having a smaller transition matrix than that in the original Markov chain. Based on this lumpability, we propose an algorithm to calculate the invariant vector for the transition matrix of the Markov chain for a full-length LRU stack. We show numerical examples calculated with the proposed algorithm, and evaluate computational efficiency of the proposed method.

Collecting birds: the importance of moral debate

In a recent article in this journal, Remsen (1995) attacked moral (and other) objections to killing birds for museum collections, objections that are frequently raised by the general public and scientific community alike. The only grounds for moral objections against killing birds that Remsen considers and rejects are reverence for all life or personal (p. 157; all page references refer to Remsen 1995), that is sentimental (p. 165) reasons. What Remsen ignores is avian sentience and the moral imperative of respecting it.