Paeonia Suffruticosa Andr Research Articles

Lipid A-based affinity biosensor for screening anti-sepsis components from herbs

LPS (lipopolysaccharide), an outer membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and lipid A is known to be essential for its toxicity. Therefore it could be an effective measure to prevent sepsis by neutralizing or destroying LPS. Numerous studies have indicated that many traditional Chinese medicines are natural antagonists of LPS in vitro and in vivo. The goal of this study is to develop a rapid method to screen anti-sepsis components from Chinese herbs by use of a direct lipid A-based affinity biosensor technology based on a resonant mirror. The detergent OG (n-octyl β-D-glucopyranoside) was immobilized on a planar non-derivatized cuvette which provided an alternative surface to bind the terminal hydrophilic group of lipid A. A total of 78 herbs were screened based on the affinity biosensor with a target of lipid A. The aqueous extract of PSA (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr) was found to possess the highest capability of binding lipid A. Therefore an aqueous extraction from this plant was investigated further by our affinity biosensor, polyamide chromatography and IEC–HPLC. Finally, we obtained a component (PSA-I-3) from Paeonia suffruticosa Andr that was evaluated with the affinity biosensor. We also studied the biological activities of PSA-I-3 against sepsis in vitro and in vivo to further confirm the component we screened with the biosensor. In vitro, we found that PSA-I-3 could decrease TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) release from RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, it increased remarkably the survival of KM (KunMing) mice by challenging both lethal-dose LPS and heat-killed Escherichia coli compared with control groups. Our results suggest that the constructed affinity biosensor can successfully screen the anti-sepsis component from Chinese herbs.

植物创可贴对创伤牡丹生长及丹皮酚含量的影响

目的：以牡丹为例研究植物创可贴对创伤植物的影响。方法：选择正常生长的牡丹进行根部取样，使用以草木灰为主要成分的植物创可贴进行创伤处理并观察植株生长状况，期间采用TTC法测种子活力，采用组织化学方法测定丹皮酚的含量。结果：取样后经植物创可贴处理的牡丹生长良好；与未经处理的植株相比，经处理的牡丹根中丹皮酚含量提高显著(P Objective: Taking Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. as an example to study the effects of plant wound- plast on wounded plants in this paper. Methods: Peonies in normal growth condition were chosen to obtain root sample. The wounds were treated with plant woundplast mainly containing plant ash and the growth of plant was observed. During the later growth time, seed vigor was tested by TTC method. At the same time, histochemical method was employed to determine the content of paeonol. Results: Those plants whose wounds were treated with plant woundplast after sampling grew well. Compared with those wounds non-treated after sampling, paeonol content of the former was enhanced remarkably (P

The anti-inflammation effect of Moutan Cortex on advanced glycation end products-induced rat mesangial cells dysfunction and High-glucose–fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMoutan Cortex (MC, family: Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is a well-known traditional herbal medicine that has been shown to hold a protective effect on inflammation in several diseases. However, its anti-inflammatory activity on diabetic nephropathy (DN) has been less reported. The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential attenuation activities of MC on inflammation in AGEs-induced rat mesangial cells dysfunction and high-glucose–fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN rats and explore the possible mechanism underlying its DN effect. Materials and methodsThe inflammation in mesangial cells (HBZY-1) was induced by 200μg/ml advanced glycation end products (AGEs). DN rats model was established by an administration high-glucose–fat diet and an intraperitoneal injection of STZ (30mg/kg). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) level in cell supernatant and rats serum were detected by appropriate kits. A co-culture system of mesangial cells and macrophages was performed to evaluate the migration of macrophages. Immunohistochemical assay was applied to examine transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1), IL-6, MCP-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in kidney tissues of rats. Furthermore, western blot analysis was carried out to examine TGF-β1, IL-6, MCP-1, ICAM-1 and RAGE protein expressions in mesangial cells. ResultsPretreatment with MC could significantly inhibit AGEs-induced migration of macrophages in the co-culture system of mesangial cell and macrophage. MC could decrease IL-6 and MCP-1 levels in serum of DN rats in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, MC also improved the blood glucose, serum creatinine and urine protein levels. Both immunocytochemistry analysis and western blot analysis showed that MC decreased significantly the over-expression of IL-6, MCP-1, TGF-β1, ICAM-1 and RAGE in mesangial cells or kidney tissues. Additionally, the protein expression of proinflammatory cytokine could also be down-regulated by the pretreatment of RAGE-Ab (5μg/ml). ConclusionThese findings indicated that the extract of MC had an amelioration activity on the inflammation in AGEs-induced mesangial cells dysfunction and high-glucose–fat diet and STZ-induced DN rats. The protective effect might be associated with the intervention of MC via target of RAGE. These findings suggested that MC might be a benefit agent for the prevention and treatment of DN.

Screening for Anti-diabetic Effects of Prescribed Korean Traditional Medicines

Herb extracts commercially used in Korea were screened for PPAR-<TEX>${\gamma}$</TEX> agonist test and <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-glucosidase inhibition assay. Total 16 herb plants had a PPAR-<TEX>${\gamma}$</TEX> agonist activity. Specially, Alisma orientale Juz (108.41%), Ephedra sinica (98.22%), Sasa japonica Makino var. purpurascens Nakai (140.68%), Astragalus membranaceus Bunge (106.79%) and Cnidium officinale Makino (113.00%) showed high PPAR-<TEX>${\gamma}$</TEX> agonist activity rate compared with rosiglitazone's (167.46%). And Cornus officinalis S. et Z. (90.3%), Cinnamomum cassia Blume (89.2%), Psoralea corylifolia L. (89.8%), Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe (92.4%) and Paeonia suffruticosa Andr (93.2%), showed high <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-glucosidase inhibition rates. These results support previous reports of the efficacy of Oriental medicinal plants used for diabetes mellitus.

Crossability of American tree peony ‘High Noon’ as seed parent with Japanese cultivars to breed superior cultivars

The tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is a valuable ornamental plant. American and French cultivars have desirable flower colors, while, Japanese cultivars have larger flowers with better presentation. We hybridized an American tree peony cultivar ‘High Noon (HN)’ (the seed parent) with 57 different Japanese cultivars (pollen parents) to investigate cross compatibility, with the ultimate goal of obtaining improved hybrids. Of the 1,927 crosses performed, 135 (38 cross combinations) yielded a total of 181 seeds (86 mature) and 22 seedlings. Five of the hybrids have already flowered and exhibited their parent character with large yellow flowers. To investigate the causes of cross incompatibility, we examined pollen tube growth in a cross between ‘HN’ and a Japanese cultivar. The result indicated that there are three most important causes of incompatibility, namely, abnormal pollen tube growth, the failure of fertilized ovules, and poor seed germination. Although cross compatibility in each combination was low, crosses between ‘HN’ and Japanese cultivars might be successful with the right paternal plants. In this study, 13 Japanese cultivars had higher cross compatibility with ‘HN’ than the others. Our results will enhance tree peony breeding and guide the selection of parents for hybridization.

Characterization of tradition Chinese medicine (TCM) starch for potential cosmetics industry application

AbstractTraditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. (PSA), Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (PLP), and Curcuma phaeocaulis Val. (CPV) all contained abundant starch in tubers, which have usually been discard as waste in the pharmaceutical industry. In this paper, the intrinsic properties of three TCM starches were studied and the structure–property relationships were analyzed, on the purpose of exploring new starch resource for food and non‐food industries. PSA starch with the highest amylose (AM) content showed the lowest water binding capacity (WBC), while the CPV starch showed the contrary. Moreover, the starches differed in granule shape and size. The PSA and PLP starches had larger spherical or elliptic granules, whereas CPV starch possessed the smallest granules in large number among the three starches. PSA starch displayed the typical C‐type diffraction pattern, while the PLP and CPV starches were classified as A‐type pattern. The degrees of crystallinity of the three TCM starches were about 22.8, 16.6, and 24.2%, respectively. The starch separated from CPV indicated the highest transition temperatures (To, Tp, and Tc) and gelatinization temperature range (R) value with lowest peak height indices (PHI), whereas PLP starch showed the lowest transition temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔHgel).

Tissue culture and micropropagation of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)

Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) is one of China’s most traditional flowers. It is also one of the most remarkable flowering ornamentals with a rich history of breeding. The speed and success of propagation have always been a major concern for breeders and cultivators. Tissue culture is one of the few effective methods to overcome these inherent difficulties. This article reviews advances made on various aspects of tree peony tissue culture and micropropagation, including the in vitro culture of buds, stem apex, leaves and petioles, sexual embryos and ovules, somatic embryos, anther and callus. Since the vast majority of literature is published in Chinese, this review provides a unique and valuable resource and spring-board from which to initiate or further studies related to in vitro culture of tree peony.

Herb-Drug Interaction of 50 Chinese Herbal Medicines on CYP3A4 Activityin Vitroandin Vivo

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Chinese herbal medicines on the enzymatic activity of CYP3A4 and the possible metabolism-based herb-drug interactions in human liver microsomes and in rats. Fifty single-herbal preparations were screened for the activity of CYP3A4 using human liver microsomes for an in vitro probe reaction study. The enzymatic activity of CYP3A4 was estimated by determing the 6β-hydroxytestosterone metabolized from testosterone performed on a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Huang Qin (Scutellaria baicalensis Geprgi), Mu Dan Pi (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.), Ji Shiee Terng (Spatholobus suberectus Dunn.) and Huang Qi (Astragalus membranaceus [Fisch] Bge) have been demonstrated to have remarkable inhibiting effects on the metabolism of CYP3A4, whereas Xi Yi Hua (Magnolia biondii Pamp.) exhibited a moderate inhibition. These five single herbs were further investigated in an animal study using midazolam. Mu Dan Pi, Ji Shiee Terng and Huang Qi were observed to have greatly increased in the C(max) and AUC of midazolam. This study provides evidence of possible herb-drug interactions involved with certain single herbs.

Three New Paeonidanin‐Type Monoterpene Glycosides from Paeonia suffruticosaAndr.

AbstractThree new paeonidanin‐type monoterpene glycosides, named suffrupaeonidanins A–C, were isolated as minor components from the root cortex of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, and mass spectral techniques.

약용식물 물 추출물이 Goto-Kakizaki 흰쥐의 간 세포액에서 당대사 관련효소 활성에 미치는 영향

본 연구에서는 유전적으로 제2형 당뇨를 가진 Goto-Kakizaki 흰쥐의 간 세포액에 함유된 당 이용 대사 관련 주요 효소인 glucokinase(GK)와 acetyl CoA carboxylase(ACC)에 약용 식물 물 추출물들이 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알아보았다. α-Glucosidase 저해제는 제2형 당뇨 치료와 예방을 위해 사용되어져 오고 있다. 따라서 약용식물 물 추출물들의 α-glucosidase 저해 활성을 알아보았다. Goto-Kakizaki 흰쥐의 간 세포액 분획물을 GK과 ACC 활성을 알아보기 위해 사용하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 약용 식물들은 Lycium chinense(JGP), Discorea japonica Thunb.(SY), Pyrus pyrifolia(YSB), Cornus officinalis(SSY), Paeonia suffruticosa ANDR.(MDP), Cordyceps militaris(DCH) 그리고 Acanthopanax senticosus(GSO)였다. 지골피(JGP), 산약(SY), 야생배(YSB) 그리고 산수유(SSY) 물 추출물들은 GK 활성을 증가시켰고, 실험에 사용된 모든 약용식물 물 추출물들은 간 ACC 활성을 증가시켰다. 야생배(YSB), 산수유(SSY), 목단피(MDP) 그리고 가시오가피(GSO) 물 추출물들은 대조군보다 현저히 높은 α-glucosidase 활성 억제를 보여주었다. α-Glucosidase 활성을 가장 억제시킨 것은 GSO 물 추출물이었고, 그 억제율은 α-glucosidase 치료제인 acarbose보다 높았다. 따라서 제2형 당뇨에서 지골피(JGP), 산약(SY), 야생배(YSB) 그리고 산수유(SSY) 물 추출물들은 글루코스 대사과정을 활성화시켜 항당뇨 효과를 나타내는 천연 소재일 것으로 생각되고 야생배(YBS), 목단피(MDP) 그리고 가시오가피(GSO)는 천연 α-glucosidase 저해제로써 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 약용식물 물 추출물에 의한 증가된 ACC 활성은 더해진 항당뇨 효과를 나타낼 것이다.

The Application of Two-dimensional Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy on the Interaction Between Bovine Serum Albumin and Paeonolum in the Presence of Fe(III)

ABSTRACT The effect of Fe3+ on the interaction between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and paeonolum (PAL), which was extracted from the traditional Chinese herb, Paeonia suffruticosa Andr, was investigated by UV and fluorescence spectroscopy. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy was applied to the analysis of fluorescence spectra. The results of spectroscopic measurements suggested that PAL had a strong ability to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA through static quenching procedure in the presence of Fe(III). Thermodynamic parameter enthalpy changes (ΔH) and entropy changes (ΔS) were calculated. The binding parameters including binding constant (K), and the distance (r) between PAL and BSA were evaluated on the basis of the theory of Föster energy transfer. Owing to the spectral resolution enhancement in 2D correlation spectroscopy, the structure change of PAL–Fe3+ can be observed.

Antioxidant properties in vitro and total phenolic contents in methanol extracts from medicinal plants

In order to find out new sources of safe and inexpensive antioxidants, the antioxidant capacities of 45 selected medicinal plants were evaluated using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays, respectively, and the total phenolic contents of these plants were measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Most of these plants were analyzed for the first time for their antioxidant activities. It was found that the plants Sargentodoxa cuneata Rehd. Et Wils, Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance, Paeonia lactiflora Pall, Paeonia suffruticosa Andr and Scutellaria baicalensis Ceorgi possessed the highest antioxidant capacities and thus could be potential rich sources of natural antioxidants. A strong correlation between TEAC values and those obtained from FRAP assay implied that antioxidants in these plants were capable of scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidants. A high correlation between antioxidant capacities and their total phenolic contents indicated that phenolic compounds were a major contributor of antioxidant activity of these plants.

Herbal formulation, Yukmi-jihang-tang-Jahage, regulates bone resorption by inhibition of phosphorylation mediated by tyrosine kinase Src and cyclooxygenase expression

Anti-bone resorption properties of the Korean herbal medicine, Yukmi-jihang-tang (YJ), which is comprised of seven herbs such as Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, Dioscorea japonica THUNB, Cornus officinalis SIEB et. ZUCC, Smilax glabra ROXB, Paeonia suffruticosa ANDR, Alisma platago-aquatica var. orientale SAMUELS and Hominis placenta, were investigated. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tyrosine kinase involve on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in mouse calvarial osteoblasts stimulated by cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and/or interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-1β and IL-6 and to a lesser extent TNF-α, enhanced COX-2 mRNA levels in calvarial osteoblasts. TGF-β, YJ (100 μg/ml) and their combinations of YJ + TGF-β reduced the COX-2 mRNA level, PGE2 biosynthesis and bone resorption induced by IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 or their combination. Finally, YJ inhibits in vitro and in vivo bone resorption by inhibition of phosphorylation of peptide substrates. The parathyroid hormone-induced bone resorption in mouse fetal long bone cultures was inhibited with an IC 50 of 16 μg/ml. YJ dose-dependently reduced the hypercalcemia induced in mice by IL-1β and partly prevented bone loss and microarchitectural changes in young ovariectomized rats, showing that the protective effect on bone was exerted via the inhibition of bone resorption. These results indicate that the synergy between IL-β, TNF-α, IL-6 on PGE2 production is due to an enhanced gene expression of COX-2 and that tyrosine kinase(s) are involved in the signal transduction of COX-2 in mouse calvarial osteoblasts. Thus, YJ as a possible Src family kinase inhibitor may be useful for the treatment of diseases associated with elevated bone loss. This result also suggested that the YJ extracts is effective for bone resorptive action in bone cells.

Leaf Spot and Blight of Peony caused by Phytophthora cactorum

Leaf spot and blight disease of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) was found in an apartment garden in Daegu in May 2003 for the first time in Korea. The causal organism was identified as Phytophthora cactorum (Leb. And Cohn) Schroeter. The causal fungus was homothallic, and produced distinctively papillate, ovoid to subspherical, and caducous sporangia with pedicel. Sporangia that formed in water measured 23.4-42.921.5-35.1 in range with an average of 35.34.626.936.0 , I/b ratio

목단피로부터 식품부패 미생물에 대한 항균성 물질의 분리 및 동정

우리나라 야산에서 손쉽게 구할 수 있는 구황식물인 목단피를 건조시켜 분쇄한 후 methanol과 여러용매로 추출하여 식품 부패 미생물의 증식 억제 효과를 검색하고 그 항균물질을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 목단피의 methanol 추출물은 1500 μg/mL 농도에서 B. subtilis, L. monocytogenes, V. parahaemolyticus의 증식을 100% 억제하였으며 S. aureus, E. coli도 같은 농도에서 각각 36.31%와 67.81%의 억제 효과를 보였다. 목단피의 ethylacetate 분획 추출물은 낮은 농도인 500 μg/disc의 농도에서 식품 부패 미생물 5종 모두에 대하여 clear zone을 형성하여 항균력을 나타내었다. 특히 L. monocytogenes, E. coli균에 대해서는 낮은 농도인 500 μg/disc에서 각각 12 mm, 11 mm의 clear zone을 형성하였다. 목단피의 ethylacetate 추출물을 silica gel colum chromatograhpy(7 cm×1.2 cm)한 후 thin layer chromatography(TLC)를 실시하여 항균 실험을 한 결과 B. subtilis의 경우 500 μg/disc 농도에서 2nd fra. 1이 21 mm, V. parahaemolyticus는 250 μg/disc 농도에서 14 mm를 형성하여 목단피의 methanol 추출물로부터 각 용매별로 계통 분획하여 분리한 ethylacetate 분획으로부터 silica gel column chromatograpy와 TLC를 하여 항균성을 보인 2nd fra. 1의 성분을 알아 보기 위하여 HPLC로 단일분리하여 얻은 peak Ⅸ에 대한 compound를 GC-MS로 분석한 결과 peak Ⅸ에서는 isobutyl isopentanoate가 있는 것으로 추정되었다.

Relations between auxin and cytokinin contents and in vitro rooting of tree Peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)

In this work, a combined HPLC-ELISA technique was used to associate in vitro rooting capacity of tree peony micro-cuttings with contents of cytokinin and auxin; the cytokinin mainly detected corresponded to the N6-benzyladenine which had been added to the multiplication medium. Rooting capacity of explants was favoured by a preliminary accumulation of endogenous IAA only when levels of the BA absorbed from the multiplication medium had decreased. Main shoots coming from a 5-weeks subculture fulfilled these hormonal conditions and were the best microcuttings for rooting (87% rooting). Main shoots coming from shorter cycles or axillary shoots coming from a 5-weeks cycle always contained high benzyladenine levels and had a low rooting capacity (25–55% rooting). Root induction was associated with an early peak of indole-3-acetic acid followed by a 10-fold lower peak of endogenous ribofuranosyl-isopentenyladenine. Only a low and transitory accumulation of isopentenyladenine occurred during root development, and this could explain the lack of shoot development. Root development was efficient, especially in a medium containing activated charcoal, which led to an almost 3-fold decrease of IAA contents in roots.

Requirements for in vitro rooting of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. cv. ‘Mme de Vatry’

The effect of different auxin treatments on in vitro rooting of tree peony ( Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) was studied. Of the three methods tried, a protocol involving a root induction phase followed by a root development phase was the most effective. Root induction required darkness and high indole-3-butyric acid levels (75 μM) for 10 days, while the best root quality and quantity was obtained when the root development medium contained 0.3% activated charcoal but no auxin. Preliminary elongation of shoots of tree peony in a medium containing GA 3 and 6-benzyl-aminopurine reduced rooting capacity as compared with non-elongated microcuttings. Rooting percentage and mean number of roots of elongated microcuttings increased if axillary buds were removed from their bases before transfer to the root induction medium. In contrast, rooting of non-elongated microcuttings was favoured if basal axillary buds were maintained. Overall, non-elongated shoots gave better rooting response than the elongated shoots.

The reactivation of tree peony ( Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) vitroplants by chilling is correlated with modifications of abscisic acid, auxin and cytokinin levels

In vitro rooting of Paeonia suffruticosa was correlated with an arrest of shoot development. A chilling treatment reactivated shoot development of vitroplants, and this was accompanied by an increase of mitotic activity in their apices. Chilling resulted also in the disappearance of abscisic acid from vitroshoots and the accumulation of indole-3-acetic acid in shoots and cytokinins in roots. The winter cold had a similar effect on contents of these three hormones in the mother plant in vivo; however, in contrast to the roots of the mother plant, auxin was never detected in roots of the vitroplants and cytokinin accumulation in chilled vitroshoots was almost 20-fold lower than that in buds in vivo. Despite the reactivation of vitroplants by chilling, shoots did not elongate, developed only one or two leaves and no axillary buds were formed. This limited reactivation was correlated with a rapid decrease of cytokinin and indole-3-acetic acid contents and with a new abscisic acid accumulation in vitroplants. It is considered that, during in vitro culture, explants lost their capacity to regulate hormone metabolism, and this metabolic perturbation was also maintained after transfer ex vitro.

Shoot Length Control of Tree Peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) with Uniconazole and Paclobutrazol

Potted plants of `Taiyoh' and `Hanakisoi' tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) were treated with a foliar spray of uniconazole or paclobutrazol for shoot length control. Uniconazole sprays at 25 or 50 ppm upon sprouting effectively reduced shoot length in both cultivars. The retarding effect was greater in `Taiyoh' than in `Hanakisoi' at 25 ppm. Uniconazole treatment did not influence flower diameter or days to flowering in either cultivar. Paclobutrazol sprays at 500 and 1000 ppm were less effective in reducing `Hanakisoi' shoot length than uniconazole sprays at 25 and 50 ppm. Chemical names used: E-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(l,2,4-triazol-l-yl)-l-pentan-3-ol (uniconazole); (1RS, 3RS)-1-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-l-yl)-l-pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol).

夏の栽培条件がボタン花芽の発育と促成切り花に及ぼす影響

This study was undertaken to clarify the environmental effects after flower-bud initiation on flower-bud growth and development and on cut-flower quality of forced tree paeony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. cv. ‘Hanakisoi’).1. Flower-bud development at digging (the first 10 days of September) was advanced if late summer temperatures were low. When plants were treated with temperature, the development of flower buds under LT(27°C, 5, 000lx (day)/21°C (night)) treatment was hastened when compared to that under HT(31°C, 5, 000lx (day)/25°C (night)) or C (field) treatments. Cut-flower quality from plants in the LT treatment was superior to that in the other treatments. Under the C treatment, the highest temperature during summer, flower-bud development was delayed, flowering percent was low and cut-flower quality was poor.2. Although daylength had no influence on flower-bud formation and cut-flower quality, the flowering percent for SD (24°C, short daylength (8 hours, 300lx)) treatment was low compared to the LD(24°C, long daylength (16 hours, 300lx)) treatment.3. The number of days from emergence to flowering under 18°C forcing condition was about 30 for all treatments and the corresponding cumulative degree-day temperatures were within the range of 510°C to 560°C.