Paederia Foetida Research Articles

Molecular docking and ADMET studies of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors from the leaves of Paederia foetida L.

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although many efforts have been made in the drug discovery and development process through decades, the number of approved drugs has been declining. In the recent years, soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) has been considered as promising target for drug development since inhibiting sEH function would prevent the formation of arterial thrombosis. Paederia foetida L. is a folk medicine distributed commonly in Vietnam which is well known for its uses in the treatment of various diseases. This study conducted in silico assessment of 21 isolated compounds from leaves of Paederia foetida L. against sEH enzyme for potential inhibition activity. Obtained results demonstrated that compound 4 and 9 could be potent, safe and novel inhibitors based on docking conformation and druglikeness properties.

The Effect of Sembukan Leaf Extract (Paederia Foetida) on the Growth of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Bacteria with the Disc Method and the Contact Method

Sembukan leaf (Paederia foetida) is a wild plant which is known to have many benefits and can be used as a medicinal plant. These plants contain bioactive compounds that function as antibacterial. This study aims to determine the ability of sembukan leaf extract to inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The methods used in this study were disc diffusion and contact methods, with variations in the concentration of curd leaf extract 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The research data obtained were analyzed by One Way ANOVA with 95% confidence level (p<0.05). The best concentration with the disc diffusion method at a concentration of 75% with an inhibitory diameter of 15.25 mm with a strong category and the best percentage of inhibition method on sembukan leaf extract at 69.42% with a bacteristatic category at a concentration of 75%, while the results of the One Way ANOVA test that has been done obtained a significant value of p=0.000 (p<0.05) indicates a significant effect on the administration of sembukan leaf extract against Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria. The results showed that sembukan leaf extract was able to inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Tyrosinase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activity of Paederia foetida L.

Paederia foetida L. is a tropical Asian plant containing bioactive compounds and often used as functional foods. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant capacity and inhibitory activity of P. foetida leaves extract on tyrosinase activity. In addition, the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined. TPC and TFC was evaluated by the Folin-Ciocalteu and the aluminum chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric method, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method. The antioxidant capacity was expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) dan ascorbic acid equivalent capacity (AAEC). The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was conducted by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using L-tyrosine as a substrate and measured at 490 nm by ELISA reader. TPC in the crude extract, fraction A, and fraction B was 173.18 ± 3.99, 553.95 ± 5.70 and 405.37 ± 33.90, respectively. TFC in the crude extract, fraction A, and fraction B was 12.79 ± 0,25, 143.16 ± 9.27, 143.50 ± 6.90, respectively. The best antioxidant capacity of the extract was shown in the DPPH method (15.71 ± 1.6 mg TEAC/g and 100.77 ± 8.5 mg AAEC/g). Meanwhile, fraction B showed the best antioxidant capacity by the FRAP (11.48 ± 1.5 TEAC/g and 8.39 ± 1.2 mg AAEC/g ) and CUPRAC (116.34 ± 1.9 mg TEAC/g and 66.11 ± 1.3 mg AAEC/g) methods. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity exhibited that the IC50 of fraction A and B was 13.67 μg/mL and 13.37 μg/mL, respectively.

Thermal adaptation of photosynthetic physiology of the invasive vine Ipomoea cairica (L.) enhances its advantage over native Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. in South China.

This paper reveals that contrary thermal-adaptation strategies expanded the photosynthetic, growing, and physiological advantages of invasive I. cairica over native P. scandens under high temperature.

Paederia foetida Linn Leaves-Derived Extract Showed Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties Against Breast Carcinoma Cell

Paederia foetida Linn. is a rich source of active compounds, yet its antioxidant and cytotoxic properties remain poorly studied. This current research aimed to investigate the chemical profiles of a crude extract derived from P. foetida leaves, its fractionated substances, and their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties on MCF-7 cells, a breast carcinoma cell. Six fractionated substances have been separated in thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate. Five fractions showed antioxidant properties, as indicated by the formation of the yellowish band on the TLC plate after spraying with the DPPH reagent. Furthermore, crude extract of P. foetida leaves and its fractions are also characterized by antioxidant properties against 2, 2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. F1 fraction exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 10.94±2.67 and 50.04±0.48 µg/ml, respectively, toward DPPH and ABTS radicals. Crude extract and all six fractions also varied in their cytotoxic properties against MCF-7 cells, with IC50 values ranging from 410.24±0.30 to 831.57±6.91 µg/ml. F3 fractions showed the strongest cytotoxicity (IC50 value: 410.24±0.30 µg/ml). Methanolic extract and active plant leaf fractions contained flavonoid and phenolic compounds, as measured by aluminum chloride and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, respectively. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis showed that phenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, limonoid, and steroid were the major compound found in the crude extract and fractions. In conclusion, the present study proved that crude extract of P. foetida leaves and its fractionated substances were potential as antioxidant and cytotoxic agents.

Subchronic toxicity study of the characterized hydroalcoholic extract of Paederia foetida (L.) leaves in swiss albino mice

• Chemical characterization of hydroalcoholic extract of paederia foetida (Linn.). • HPTLC fingerprinting profile of hydroalcoholic extract of P. foetida. • Sub chronic toxicity profile of hydroalcoholic extract of P. foetida. • In vivo safety assessment of hydroalcoholic extract of P. foetida according to OECD guideline 408. Paederia foetida Linn. have long been used as traditional medicines in subtropical countries for various diseases such as treatment of rheumatism, diarrhoea, inflammation, piles, snake bites, toothaches and a variety of other ailments. Phytochemical investigations of P. foetida leaves suggest the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, amino acids and volatile oils. HPTLC fingerprint of hydroalcoholic extract of P. foetida leaves (HAPF) was developed for the quality control. Since the toxicity of a plant following repeated exposure is of higher clinical significance, the present investigation was conducted to establish the subchronic toxicity profile of the HAPF. Sub-chronic oral toxicity study of HAPF was done according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guideline, HAPF was administered to swiss albino mice at doses of 1000, 300 and 100 mg/kg b. w. per day for 90 days. There was no significant ( p < 0.05) difference observed in the consumption of food and water, body weight and relative organ weights in different treatment groups comparison with vehicle treated mice. Changes in haematological and serum biochemical levels were not significant ( p < 0.05), which showed that long-term oral consumption of HAPF had no adverse effects. The histopathology examination did not show any differences in the organs that are critical to life. Based on what we found, HAPF is safe for long-term oral consumption at doses up to 1000 mg/kg body weight.

KEANEKARAGAMAN TUMBUHAN LIANA DI HUTAN BULLA KECAMATAN UMALULU KABUPATEN SUMBA TIMUR

The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of lianas in the Bulla Forest, Umalulu District, East Sumba Regency. Sampling at the research site using a combined method (belt transect). The data obtained were analyzed using a quantitative descriptive approach with the Shanon Wiener diversity index formula. Plant samples were calculated using a quadratic transect with a plot size of 5 x 5 meters with a distance between them of15 meters placed perpendicular to the line towards a depth of 100 meters using a plot of 15 plots. Environmental factors measured were soil pH, humidity and air temperature. Measurements were made at each observation station. The results obtained 12 species consisting of Piper betle L., Dioscorea alata L., Paederia scandens L. Piper caducibracteum, Connarus semidecandrum jack, Smilax lasioneura, Cyclea barbata, Vitis quadrangula, Gynura procumbens (Lour.) merr., Melothria pendula L., Odontacarya truncata, and Cocculus carolinus L. The diversity index obtained was in the moderate category with a value of H' = 1.894.

Hepatoprotection of Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. on Acetaminophen-Related Hepatic Injury Rats by 1H-NMR-Based Metabonomics Coupled with Network Pharmacology.

Background Acetaminophen-related hepatic injury (ARHI) is a kind of acute hepatic injury caused by overdosing acetaminophen, which is mainly related to toxic metabolite production, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The extract of Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. (PSM) has the abilities of anti-inflammatory, antivirus, and antioxidation. Research studies showed that PSM could improve acute or chronic hepatic injury, while the mechanism of which is still indistinct. Methods Here, the authors applied the approach based on serum metabonomics combined with network pharmacology to study the protection of PSM on ARHI rats. Results 10 serum potential biomarkers were found to be closely related to ARHI by metabonomics, while 3 compounds (L-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate, squalene, and tributyl O-acetylcitrate) and 3 targets (NOS2, MAOB, and PDE3A) were found that might be the potential active components and active site of PSM on treating ARHI by network pharmacology analysis. Furthermore, molecular biology strategy was performed to validate whether iNOS/NF-κB signaling pathway is the potential mechanism of PSM treating ARHI. Conclusions This study indicated that PSM could ameliorate ARHI by iNOS/NF-κB signaling pathway. During ARHI treatment by PSM, L-ascorbyl 2, 6-dipalmitate, squalene, and tributyl O-acetylcitrate might be the potential active components, while the possible active site might be NOS2, MAOB, and PDE3A.

Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Umbravirus from Paederia scandens Plants Showing Leaf Chlorosis and Yellowing Symptoms.

Umbraviruses are a special class of plant viruses that do not encode any viral structural proteins. Here, a novel umbravirus that has been tentatively named Paederia scandens chlorosis yellow virus (PSCYV) was discovered through RNA-seq in Paederia scandens plants showing leaf chlorosis and yellowing symptoms. The PSCYV genome is a 4301 nt positive-sense, single strand RNA that contains four open reading frames (ORFs), i.e., ORF1–4, that encode P1–P4 proteins, respectively. Together, ORF1 and ORF2 are predicted to encode an additional protein, RdRp, through a −1 frameshift mechanism. The P3 protein encoded by ORF3 was predicted to be the viral long-distance movement protein. P4 was determined to function as the viral cell-to-cell movement protein (MP) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) suppressor. Both P1 and RdRp function as weak post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressors of PSCYV. The PVX-expression system indicated that all viral proteins may be symptom determinants of PSCYV. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PSCYV is evolutionarily related to members of the genus Umbravirus in the family Tombusviridae. Furthermore, a cDNA infectious clone of PSCYV was successfully constructed and used to prove that PSCYV can infect both Paederia scandens and Nicotiana benthamiana plants through mechanical inoculation, causing leaf chlorosis and yellowing symptoms. These findings have broadened our understanding of umbraviruses and their host range.

The complete chloroplast genome of the medicinal plant Paederia foetida L.

Paederia foetida L. belonging to Rubiaceae family is a perennial medicinal herb widely distributed in India and China. The first complete chloroplast genome sequence of P. foetida was assembled and characterized in this study. The total chloroplast genome was 153,591 bp in length with 37.74% GC content, composed of a large single-copy (LSC) region of 83,677 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 16,888 bp and a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,513 bp. The whole chloroplast genome encoded 133 genes, including 88 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis of 30 chloroplast genomes strongly suggested that P. foetida was closely related to P. scandens.

Efek Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sembukan (Paederia foetida L.) Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Asam Urat Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Jantan

Sembukan leaf is a medicinal plant that is widely used by the community, one of which is as an anti-inflammatory. This study aims to determine the effect of giving sembukan leaves (Paederia foetida L.) to decrease uric acid levels in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The study was carried out by testing 5 groups of white rats, namely positive control (Allopurinol 100 mg), negative control (Na.CMC suspension 0.5%), the dose of ethanol extract of sembukan leaves 10 mg/KgBB, 20 mg/KgBB, and 40 mg/KgBB. Each treatment group measured initial uric acid levels (before induction), after induction of chicken liver juice and after giving treatment or test samples using test strips. The results showed that uric acid levels in all groups decreased with the percentage decrease in uric acid levels at a dose of 10 mg/Kg BB, 20 mg/Kg BB and 40 mg/Kg BB, respectively by 13.2%, 24.5% and 54.3%. The results of the One Way Anova statistical test showed a significant difference with P value = 0.010 (α &lt;0.05). The concentration of the extract that gave the greatest reducing effect was the extract dose of 40mg/kgBB.

An integration of UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and chemometrics analysis for the holistic quality evaluation of different geographical Paederia scandens.

Due to the special geographical location and climate of China, there are large differences in the chemical composition and content of Paederia scandens (PS) from different origins, which will have a large impact on its efficacy. An efficient quality control method for PS was established by combining ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analyses. First, a UPLC-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry system was employed to identify the chemical composition of PS from seven different origins. Then, the chemical variation in 73 batches of PS samples was subsequently investigated by quantitation of four marker compounds. A total of 15 common compounds were identified in the samples of PS from seven origins. And four of the marker compounds were chosen based on VIP values to characterize the differences between PS samples of different origins. The linearity ranged between 0.005 and 2.500 mg/mL; the correlation coefficients (r2 ) ranged from 0.999 to 1; the limits of detection ranged from 0.013 to 0.033 μg/mL; and the relative standard deviations for repeatability, precisions, and stabilities were below 0.2%, 1.6%, and 0.6%, respectively. The results show that the method can be effective and comprehensive in evaluating the quality of PS from different origins. And this comprehensive strategy proved to be a powerful technique used to differentiate between different geographical herbs.

Formulation and Antioxidant Activity of Peel Off Gel Mask from Paederia Foetida Extract

&lt;p&gt;The peel-Off gel mask is one of the unique characteristic forms of the mask that will form an elastic transparent film layer. It can be removed without rinsing after drying and leaving no residue. The manufacture of masks using natural material is better than synthetic materials as it can cause side effects and damage the natural shape of the skin. One of the natural materials that can be used as a natural ingredient mask is the &lt;em&gt;Paederia Foetida &lt;/em&gt;leaf. &lt;em&gt;Paederia Foetida &lt;/em&gt;leaf contains antioxidants beneficial as the antidote to free radicals. One of the antioxidants contained in the &lt;em&gt;Paederia Foetida &lt;/em&gt;is a flavonoid compound. The research aimed to determine the best concentration of &lt;em&gt;Paederia Foetida &lt;/em&gt;leaf extract in the formulation of pell off gel masks with high antioxidant activity. The research method consists of preparing the sample by macerating &lt;em&gt;Paederia Foetida &lt;/em&gt;leaf powder using ethanol. Making peel-off gel mask with variation in concentration from &lt;em&gt;Paederia Foetida &lt;/em&gt;leaf extract of 0%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%. mask quality test include organoleptic test, pH, Homogeneity, stability, Drying, and dispersibility—antioxidant activity test by using DPPH with expressed as IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; concentration. The Result of the research is that &lt;em&gt;Paederia Foetida &lt;/em&gt;leaf extract can be formulated into a peel-off gel mask stock. The formulation of a peel-off gel mask with a concentration of &lt;em&gt;Paederia Foetida &lt;/em&gt;leaf extract of 20% was chosen because it meets the criteria of peel-off gel mask of Indonesian Nasional Standard (It is homogeneous and stable, pH 6, spreadability 6,5 cm, and dry time 28 minutes with an IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; of 167.74 which is a weak antioxidant).&lt;/p&gt;

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. Using deep eutectic solvent: optimization, identification, and comparison with traditional methods

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) coupled with deep eutectic solvent (DES) is a novel, efficient and green extraction method for phytochemicals. In this study, the effects of 16 DESs coupled with UAE on the extraction rate of polyphenols from Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. (P. scandens), an edible and medicinal herb, were investigated. DES synthesised with choline chloride and ethylene glycol at a 1:2 M ratio resulted in the highest extractability. Moreover, the effects of extraction parameters were investigated by using a two-level factorial experiment followed by response surface methodology The optimal parameters (water content in DES of 49.2%, the actual ultrasonic power of 72.4 W, and ultrasonic time of 9.7 min) resulted in the optimal total flavonoid content (TFC) (27.04 mg CE/g DW), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value (373.27 μmol Fe(Ⅱ)E/g DW) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid radical (ABTS+) value (48.64 μmol TE/g DW), closely matching the experimental results. Furthermore, a comparison study demonstrated that DES-UAE afforded the higher TFC and FRAP value than traditional extraction methods. 36 individual polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) in P. scandens extracts, and of which 30 were found in the extracts obtained by DES-UAE. Additionally, DES-UAE afforded the highest sum of individual polyphenolic compound content. These results revealed that DES-UAE enhanced the extraction efficiency for polyphenols and provided a scientific basis for further processing and utilization of P. scandens.

KANDUNGAN KARBOHIDRAT DAN SERAT PADA DAUN SEMBUKAN (Paederia foetida)

Fart leaf plants (Paederia foetida) or Sembukan contain Alkaloids, flavonoids and Iridoid glycosides. The plants have various functions that are as antihepatotoxic, hypoglycemic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, antidiarrheal, immunomodulatory, anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory. pain and seizure relief. Besides being used as herbal medicine, medicinal plants can also be used as complementary food ingredients because they are thought to contain nutrients such as carbohydrates and fiber. This study aims to determine the content of carbohydrates and fiber in sembukan. The carbohydrate content of sembukan leaves was analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that sembukan leaves contain carbohydrates including glucose 0.986 mg, fructose 0.99 mg, sucrose 1.710 mg, starch and fiber 7,03 grams per 100 grams of sembukan leaves

Ethnoveterinary Survey Conducted in Baiku Yao Communities in Southwest China.

Baiku Yao is a branch of the Yao ethnic group mainly living in Guangxi and Guizhou provinces of China. They are recognized by UNESCO as an ethnic group with an intact ethnic culture. The Baiku Yao people have extensive ethnoveterinary knowledge, which they used to prevent and control various animal diseases. During the African swine fever outbreak, the livestock of the Baiku Yao community remained unaffected. We investigated ethnoveterinary knowledge among local Baiku Yao villagers. A total of 39 ethnoveterinary plant species are utilized for the treatment of various diseases. Five species, namely, Stephania kwangsiensis, Aristolochia kwangsiensis, Clerodendrum bungei, Paederia foetida, and Tetradium ruticarpum, had the highest relative frequency values. Strobilanthes cusia, Tetradium ruticarpum, and Stephania kwangsiensis are highly valued locally for treating animal plagues. The existing traditional ethnoveterinary knowledge needs to be conserved and validated scientifically.

Regeneration of plants from alginate-encapsulated axenic nodal segments ofPaederia foetidaL. - A medicinally important and vulnerable plant species

Regeneration of plants from alginate-encapsulated axenic nodal segments of<i>Paederia foetida</i>L. - A medicinally important and vulnerable plant species

PAEDERIA FOETIDA: INDIGENOUS MEDICINAL PLANTS OF NORTHEAST INDIA

The plant Paederia foetida has customarily been utilized for restorative purposes, however, its system of helpful impacts has remained generally obscure. The northeastern locale of India comprises one of the biodiversity focal points of the world. The ethnic gatherings occupying this locale practice their particular customary information frameworks utilizing biodiversity for food and medical care. Among the less-concentrated plants, Paederia foetida has been utilized by different ethnic clans as food and medication. Many of its ethnobotanical properties relate to the hepatoprotective and gastrointestinal. This is a review of the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, and therapeutic properties of Paederia foetida compiled from various reports. Paederia foetida is promising as a solution for the way of life- related conditions, particularly the treatment of liver cirrhosis. Its utility highlights the need for the evaluation of tribal plants as medicines and the species that could be considered for the development of new drugs.

Soil, Plant Species and Encroachment Status of Sal Forest in Bangladesh

The study investigated the soil fertility status of denuded encroached forest and naturally vegetation covered forest area, plant species diversity and structural composition, encroachment status of BNP and MNP ranges of Sal forest. Soil fertility status was measured before (March to April) and after (September to October) the monsoon. Soil samples were collected before monsoon (March to April) and after monsoon (September to October) from Sal tree covered areas and from deforested areas only after the monsoon. In all situations soil samples were collected from 0-15 cm and 16-30 cm depth. Physico-chemical characters such as soil texture, colour, pH, organic matter (%), nitrogen (%), phosphorus (ppm), potassium (meq./100g) and sulphur (ppm) were estimated. The study revealed that physico-chemical characteristics of Bhawal and Madhupur Sal forest areas were almost similar but the soil of upper layer (0-15cm depth) was more fertile than deeper soil (16-30cm depth). The physico-chemical characteristics of soil of denuded and encroached areas of both Bhawal and Madhupur forests were severely declined compared to Sal tree covered areas soil. All physico-chemical characteristics (soil texture, colour, pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur) of denuded and encroached areas soil were low in both the forests compared to naturally sal tree covered areas in both the situations i. e., surface (0-15cm depth) and sub surface (16-30cm depth) soil. For estimating the plant species diversity and structural composition, ‘Count Quadrats or list-count quadrats’ method was used. Total 80 quadrats (10 m x 10 m) were surveyed of which 30 from BNP range and 50 from MNP range for collecting plants species information. In the BNP range, total 49 plant species were identified of which 24 trees, 4 shrubs, 7 climbers and 14 herbs species. These 49 plants species of this Sal forest belong to 30 families and 43 genera. In the MNP range of Sal forest area, total 112 plant species were identified of which 60 trees, 9 shrubs, 19 climbers and 23 herbs species. These 112 plant species of Madhupur Sal forest belong to 50 families and 93 genera. Structural composition were evaluated with regard to their density, relative density, frequency, relative frequency, abundance, dominance, relative dominance of a species, total basal coverage, importance value index (IVI), diversity index and beta diversity. Total 47 plant species were similar between this BNP and MNP range of Sal forest and beta diversity index was 0.584. Considering all above indices it was found in both the Sal forests that community species diversity and plant population density were very low. IVI value of plant community in the BNP range of Sal forest ranged from 121.584 to 0.596. Based on IVI value Shorea robusta (121.584), Ageratum conyzoiodes (23.02), Clerodendrum squamatum (19.87), Randia dumetorum &nbsp;(13.74), Aphanamixis polystachaya (11.87), Glycosmis pentaphyla (11.03), Butea monosperma &nbsp;(7.29) and Phyllanthus emblica &nbsp;(5.75) were the dominant species in this Sal forest. Five species possess the IVI value less than one, indicating these are in endangered condition. IVI of plant community in the Madhupur Sal forest area&nbsp; ranged from 93.336 to 0.246. Based on IVI value Shorea robusta (93.34), Ageratum conyzoiodes (32.31), Mallotus philippensis (21.45), Clerodendrum squamatum &nbsp;(17.53), Randia dumetorum (16.19), Aphanamixis polystachaya (13.18), Glycosmis pentaphyla (11.93), Calotropus procera (9.13), Phyllanthus reticulatus (7.78), Dillenia pentagyna (6.01) and Paederia foetida (4.36) were the most dominant plant species in this forest. More than 14 species possess the IVI value less than 0.5, indicating these are in endangered condition. According to the opinion of the local people, Sal forest is severely degraded, deforested and encroached. They opined only 16.09 and 19.37% area of BNP and MNP ranges of Sal forest is vegetation covered and rest part is encroached. Respondents are also noticed the species diversity also severely reduced in Bhawal and Madhupur Sal forest. Fourteen causes are identified which are responsible for encroachment and deforestation of which setting up of industries, monoculture of exotic tree species, cash crops cultivation, illegal felling of tree, ill motive of forest authority as well as local people are mentionable. Total 12 options were suggested for protecting Sal forest by the respondents of Bhawal and Madhupur. They essentially mentioned patriotism of local people, honesty of forest department authority, and consciousness of Government can only save the Sal forest as well as maintain an ecological balanced condition in Bangladesh.

Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Fungi from Sembukan (Paederia foetida L.) Leaves

The antibiotic resistance of phatogenic bacteria has become a serious health problem and has encouraged the search for novel and effective antimicrobial metabolites. Meanwhile, endophytic fungi have great potential as a natural source for antimicrobial agents. The endophytic fungi that live in plant tissue produces secondary metabolites which potentially act as an antibacterial compound. The isolation of fungi for antibacterial sources reduces the large amount of plant as a source of antibacterial agents. Hence, this study aims to obtain endophytic fungi isolates from Paederia foetida L. that are capable of producing secondary metabolites as antibacterial, carry out in vitro tests to verify the antibacterial properties of secondary metabolites of the Paederia foetida L. endophytic fungi, and identify the potential of Paederia foetida L. endophytic fungi in producing antibacterial compounds. The antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli ATCC8739 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 while seven isolates of endophytic fungi that potentially produced antibacterial were obtained from Sembukan (P. foetida L.). The results showed that antibacterial activities of SL1, SL4 and SL6 secondary metabolites against S. aureus ATCC6538 and E. coli ATCC8739 were moderate to strong activities. Furthermore, the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of secondary metabolites extract of SL1 against S. aureus ATCC6538 value was 250 ????g/mL while the values of MIC extract of SL4 against S. aureus ATCC6538 and E. coli ATCC8739 were 125 ????g/mL and 250 ????g/mL respectively and MIC extract of SL6 against E. coli ATCC8739 value was 125 ????g/mL. The secondary metabolites extract of SL1 isolate were alkaloid and tannin, SL4 were phenolic and alkaloid while SL6 isolate were alkaloid and terpenoid. Hence, endophytic fungi SL1 isolate was identified as Fusarium sp., SL4 as Dematophora sp., and SL6 isolate as Acremonium sp.