Paederia Foetida Research Articles

Histopathological Description of Mouse Liver in a Sepsis Model Infected with Escherichia coli Treated with Paederia foetida L. Leaf Extract for Sepsis Prevention

The leaf of Paederia foetida L. is one type of medicinal plant that can be used as a preventive medicine for sepsis. This plant contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and other active compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the histopathological description of the liver in a mouse sepsis model infected with E. coli, with the administration of Paederia foetida L. leaf extract for sepsis prevention, and to ascertain the influence and effective dosage of the leaf extract as a preventive measure against liver histopathology in the sepsis model induced by E. coli. The method employed was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study used 24 male white mice divided into 6 (six) groups. Data analysis was conducted using One Way ANOVA. The results of the study revealed the histopathological profile of liver cell degeneration in group PI (100mg/kg BW) at 20.79%±0.03, group PII (200mg/kg BW) at 21.63%±0.02, and group PIII (500mg/kg BW) at 9.08%±0.02. Necrosis rates were observed in group PI (100mg/kgBW) at 22.62%±0.04, group PII (200mg/kg BW) at 17.63%±0.02, and group PIII (500mg/kg BW) at 6.05%±0.02. The presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was detected in group PI (100mg/kgBW) at 39.56%±0.03, group PII (200mg/kgBW) at 28.05%±0.02, and group PIII (500mg/kg BW) at 18.45%±0.03. The test results showed a significant effect of P. foetida L. leaf extract as a preventive measure against liver histopathology in the mouse sepsis model infected with E. coli, with significant values for necrosis (p=0.000), cell degeneration (p=0.000), and PMN (p=0.000). The most effective dosage of P. foetida L. leaf extract as a preventive measure against liver histopathology in the mouse sepsis model infected with E. coli was the dosage used in group PIII (500mg/kgBW).

Leaf Extract of Kentut (Paederia foetida L.) as a Preventive Measure Against Interleukin-6 Expression in the Liver of Mice in a Sepsis Model Injected with Escherichia coli

Leaf Extract of Kentut (Paederia foetida L.) as a Preventive Measure Against Interleukin-6 Expression in the Liver of Mice in a Sepsis Model Injected with Escherichia coli

Anti-inflammatory Effect of n-Hexane Fraction of Kentut leaves (Paederia scandens L.) on Male White Rats (Rattus novergicus)

The anti-inflammatory effect of fart plant leaf extract (Paederia scandens L.) on white rats (Rattus norvegicus) has been carried out. This research shows that the effective dose of the n-hexane fraction of P. scandens leaf extract provides the best anti-inflammatory effect on white rats' feet soles. The study used an artificial edema formation method and periodically measured the volume of white mice's legs using a plethysmometer. The doses used for the extract are 100mg/200g BW, 150mg/200g BW, and 200mg/200g BW. The research data was observed visually. The effective dose of P. scandens leaf extract, which has the best anti-inflammatory effect, is 150mg/200g BW.

Neuroprotective effects of Paederia foetida Linn. on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in rats.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant health-care challenge, often linked to cognitive decline caused by oxidative stress. This study investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of the Paederia foetida leaf extract (PFE) in rats that exhibited scopolamine-induced dementia mimicking AD. Forty-two male rats were treated with either donepezil (0.5 mg/kg) or PFE at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg for 14 days before and 14 days after the beginning of Alzheimer's-like symptoms after 14 consecutive days of scopolamine administration. Behavioral tests, including the open-field test for locomotor activity and the Morris water maze task for learning and memory assessment, were conducted. Neuronal cell counts and biochemical assays were performed to further analyze outcomes. All groups exhibited normal locomotor activity. The scopolamine group displayed longer escape latency times, reduced time in the target quadrant, decreased number of surviving neurons, and increased malondialdehyde and decreased glutathione levels compared with the control group. However, pre-treatment with 1000 mg/kg PFE notably mitigated the neurotoxic effects of scopolamine. The neuroprotective properties of PFE are highlighted, suggesting its potential as a promising treatment strategy for AD.

Testing Antibacterial Activity of Daun Kentut (Paederia foetida L.) Leaf Extract against Escherichia coli in Vitro

Testing Antibacterial Activity of Daun Kentut (Paederia foetida L.) Leaf Extract against Escherichia coli in Vitro

Leaf extract of Kentut (Paederia foetida L.) as a preventive measure against interleukin-6 expression in the liver of mice in a sepsis model injected with Escherichia coli

Kentut leaves (Paederia foetida L.) are a type of medicinal plant that can be used as a preventative medicine against sepsis. This plant contains secondary metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and other active compounds. This research aims to determine the influence and effective dosage of Kentut leaf extract as a preventive measure against IL-6 expression in the livers of mice in a sepsis model injected with E. coli. The method used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study involved 24 white male mice divided into 6 groups. Data analysis was performed using One Way ANOVA. The average values of IL-6 expression in the mouse livers for each group are as follows: KN at 7.09%±0.06; K+ at 26.36%±0.02; K- at 72.60%±0.05; PI (100mg/kgBW) at 71.04%±0.04; PII (300mg/kgBW) at 62.22%±0.02; and PIII (500mg/kgBW) at 40.92%±0.01. The research results indicate that there is an influence of kentut leaf extract as a preventive measure against IL-6 expression in the livers of mice in the sepsis model injected with E. coli, with a significance value of 0.000 or p-value 0.005. The effective dosage of kentut leaf extract as a preventive measure against IL-6 expression is the PIII dosage of 500mg/kgBW. The anti-inflammatory mechanism in sepsis is thought to be caused by the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and terpenoid compounds. The most likely anti-inflammatory mechanism is believed to involve flavonoids inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes involved in the synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which can trigger IL-6 production.

Screening of Secondary Metabolites, Antibacterial and Antioxidative Capacity of Paederia Foetida L. Leaf Extracts

Plant resources have been utilized since ancient times for the healing of various illnesses of humankind. This study investigated the secondary metabolites, antibacterial, and antioxidative capability of Paederia foetida L. (P. foetida) leaf extract. Qualitative tests were done to determine the presence of secondary metabolites. The disc diffusion method was used for the determination of the antibacterial activity of the extract. The DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, total phenolic, and total flavonoid content methods were followed for the evaluation of antioxidative potentials of the leaf extract. The leaf extract was found to show significant (p < 0.05) antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative ones. In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, the inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for methanol crude extract was found to be fairly significant (162.929 μg/mL) in comparison with that (1.57 µg/mL) of the reference standard ascorbic acid. The maximum absorbance for reducing power assay was 0.823 compared to 1.891 for standard ascorbic acid. The extract was found to have a total phenolic content of 8.03 ±1. 05 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and flavonoid content 134.74 mg/g quercetin equivalent. The results demonstrated a moderate antibacterial and promising antioxidative activity of P. foetida leaf extract, but it is necessary to further analyze prospective pharmaceutical preparation. The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 10(1 &2):121-137, 2020

The Protective Effect of Kentut Leaf Extract (Paederia foetida L.) on Gastric Histopathology in Escherichia coli-Infected Sepsis Mice Model

Sepsis, a severe medical condition, signifies the systemic immune response to infection, often leading to organ dysfunction and mortality. Escherichia coli is a significant contributor to sepsis cases, particularly in gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed to investigate the histopathological changes in the gastric tissue of mice induced by Escherichia coli infection and evaluate the protective effects of kentut leaf extract (Paederia foetida L.). Histopathological analysis revealed distinct alterations in the gastric tissue among different treatment groups. While normal mouse treatment showed no significant changes, negative control (K-) and positive control (K+) groups exhibited inflammation and hyperemia of the gastric mucosa, characterized by necrosis, degeneration, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Treatment with kentut leaf extract (P1, P2, and P3) resulted in milder inflammation compared to controls, indicating a protective effect against gastric mucosal damage induced by Escherichia coli infection. This protective mechanism is attributed to the anti-inflammatory properties of saponins, flavonoids, and essential oils present in kentut leaf extract. These findings underscore the potential therapeutic benefits of kentut leaf extract in mitigating gastric mucosal injury associated with bacterial infection.

Cytotoxic iridoid glycosides from the leaves of Paederia scandens

A phytochemical investigation on the 80% EtOH extract of the leaves of Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. resulted into the isolation of three undescribed iridoid glycosides, 10-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-(4R,6R)-3,4-dihydro-3α-methylthiopaederoside (1), 10-O-trans-feruloyl-(4S,6R)-3,4-dihydro-2′-O-3α-paederoside (2), and 10-O-trans-caffeoyl-paederosidic acid ethyl ester (3). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectral methods such as 1D and 2D (1H-1H COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) NMR spectroscopy, as well as high resolution mass spectrometry. The isolated compounds were tested in vitro for cytotoxic activity against five endocrine tumor cell lines. As a result, compound 1 exhibited some cytotoxicities against all the tested tumor cell lines with IC50 value less than 20.0 μM.

Preclinical Evaluation of Paederia foetida leaves for Burn Wound Healing Activity

The leaves of Paederia foetida are commonly used in folk remedies to treat various types of wounds, especially burn wounds. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Paederia foetida on experimentally induced burn wound in rats and compare the effects with known wound healing agents, Silverex ointment and Aloe veragel. An appropriate gel formulation was chosen for topical application in this burn wound model. Animals treated with Paederia foetida leaves extract showed significant reduction in period of epithelialization and wound contraction 50% as compare to control and produced comparable effect as compare to Silverex ointment and Aloe vera gel. From the study It was concluded that Paederia foetida leaves extract applied topically (2.5% and 5% gel formulation) possesses burn wound healing activity.

A Novel Microfiber Cellulose from Paederia foetida Stems: Characterization of Physical, Morphology, Thermal, and Chemical Properties

Abstract The Paederia foetida (PF) stem’s abundant and environmentally friendly novel nanocellulose has immense potential as a reinforcing agent for bio-nanocomposites. This work aims to investigate the physical, thermal, chemical, and morphological properties of cellulose microfibrils from Paederia foetida stems (CMFPFs). Sodium chlorite, acetic acid, and 5 % sodium hydroxide were used to perform bleaching and mercerization operations to extract cellulose. Chemical composition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, density, moisture content, examination of cellulose morphology using field emission scanning electron microscopy, and thermal stability were assessed using thermogravimetric analysis. The outcomes showed that the delignification and mercerization methods, respectively, removed lignin and hemicellulose from the extracted cellulose. Higher crystallinity was produced from chemically treated fibers, according to XRD examination. The CMFPF sample had a crystallinity index of 97.9 %, which was higher than the raw PFs (81.9 %) and bleached PFs (84.38 %). The maximum crystallinity was identified for CMFPFs, which had the lowest moisture content, fiber diameter, and density of the samples. After bleaching and mercerization have been applied to the fiber, changes in functional groups take effect.

Unveiling geniposide from Paederia foetida as a potential antihypertensive treatment: an integrated approach involving in vivo and computational methods

BackgroundHypertension is one of the burning topics in today’s world. Natural product can open a new window in the treatment as they are lesser side effect compared to synthetic compounds. Paederia foetida a naturally occurring plant has proven its biological importance in many aspects. In this present study, the ethanolic extract of Paederia foetida has effectively proven its antihypertensive activity against Amphetamine-induced hypertension.ResultsThe study was carried out for 4 weeks with five different groups where the groups receiving Paederia foetida (400 mg/kg) for 4 weeks result in decrease in blood pressure and was found helpful in maintaining the sodium and potassium balance in rat’s serum. Amphetamine induces decreasing sodium level that can be countered by Paederia foetida whole plant extract. Geniposide, an active ingredient present in this plant, is having antihypertensive activity, so it was docked against different PDB IDs (3OLL, 3OLS, 5DX3, 5DXE & 6PIT), to find its anti-hypertension effectiveness through computational chemistry. The docking investigations identified that estrogen receptor (PDB ID: 3OLS) exhibited the highest possibility to be the site of action. Docking score of Geniposide with 3OLS was -8.91 which is quit comparable with the internal ligand Estradiol.ConclusionTo assess the binding affinity of Geniposide with the estrogen receptor, an additional molecular dynamics simulation was conducted. The result strongly suggests that Geniposide has the potential to function as an activator of estrogen receptor through of β-ligand binding. This key finding reveals that Geniposide may serve as a potential in the treatment of hypertension by modulating the activity of the estrogen receptor.

Proteomics Reveals the Role of Paederia scandens in ameliorating Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Rat Model

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Paederia scandens on high-fat diet­induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a rat model and further show the therapeutic mechanisms of Paederia scandens. Thirty rats weighing 180 ± 12 g (6 weeks old) were randomly divided into three groups: A control group (CG), a high-fat diet model group (HF), and a Paederia scandens intervention group (PS). After 45 days, the rats' serum lipid metabolism, liver injury parameters, and liver proteomics were detected. The results indicated that dietary Paederia scandens significantly reduced the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, glucose, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the NAFLD rats compared with those in the HF group. Meanwhile, decreased levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase were observed in rats of the PS group. In addition, 382 differentially abundant proteins were identified between the HF and PS groups. Protein-protein interaction network analysis identified 14 keystone proteins that might play critical roles in ameliorating NAFLD. In particular, Paederia scandens treatment significantly upregulated the levels of Hadh, Hadhb, Acadl, Acox1, Acox3, Cyp3a2, and Cyp1a1, which are involved in fatty acid β‑oxidation, PPAR, and cytochrome P450 signaling pathways. Hence, the data demonstrated that Paederia scandens ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation and impairment by enhancing fatty acid β-oxidation and activating PPAR and cytochrome P450 signaling pathways. These data provide new insights into the treatment of NAFLD and suggest the potential of Paederia scandens as an effective therapy.

Physicomechanical, water absorption and thermal properties and morphology of Paederia foetida fiber–Al2O3 powder hybrid‐reinforced epoxy composites

AbstractHybridization of natural fibers with ceramic materials for reinforcing composites allows the optimization of the properties of these materials. For this reason, the present study aims to investigate physical, mechanical, water absorption, swelling and thermal properties as well as morphological characteristics of a hybrid Paederia foetida fibers–alumina powder (PFs–Al2O3)‐reinforced epoxy composite. Epoxy resin served as the matrix, while PFs and Al2O3 were employed as reinforcement. Five types of composites were fabricated using the hot‐pressing technique. The corresponding ratios of PFs:Al2O3 volume fractions (%) considered here were 0:40 (SFA), 10:30 (SFB), 20:20 (SFC), 30:10 (SFD) and 40:0 (SFE). The results reveal that the density of the hybrid PFs–Al2O3 composites decreased for increasing volume fractions of PFs: from 2.173 g cm−3 of SFA to 1.042 g cm−3 of SFE. The highest values of tensile strength (i.e. 49.085 MPa), tensile elastic modulus (i.e. 1.431 GPa) and impact strength (24 kJ m−2) were obtained for the SFD composite material with 30% volume fraction of PFs and 10% volume fraction of Al2O3: this happened because interface bonds between PFs, Al2O3 and epoxy phases achieved their optimal configuration. Overall, mechanical properties of the hybrid PFs–Al2O3‐reinforced epoxy composites were superior to those of composites reinforced only by PF fibers or only by Al2O3. Water absorption and swellability reached their maximum values at the steady state occurring after tested samples remained immersed in water for 820 h. The SFE composite reinforced only by PFs presented the highest water absorption and swelling (i.e. 6.034% and 5.81%, respectively) while for all other hybrid composites (SFD, SFC and SFB) these two quantities remained below 5%. Density and volume fraction of voids of hybrid PFs–Al2O3‐reinforced composites were consistent with the corresponding properties of the composites reinforced only by Al2O3 or PFs. SFD was also the most thermally stable material. Scanning electron microscopy observations of fractured surfaces indicated that the microstructure of the PFs–Al2O3‐reinforced epoxy composites presents several voids, fiber pullouts and transverse fibers, which together optimize the mechanical response of the composite material. Remarkably, the SFD composite material was highly competitive with the most recently developed hybrid composites employing natural reinforcements. © 2024 Society of Industrial Chemistry.

Antinociceptive iridoid glycosides from the aerial parts of Paederia foetida

Two previously undescribed iridoid glycosides, 6'-O-trans-feruloyl-(4S,6R)-3,4-dihydro-3β-ethoxypaederoside (1) and 6'-O-trans-caffeoyl-(4S,6R)-3,4-dihydro-2'-O-3α-paederoside (2), were isolated from the 90% EtOH extract of the air dried aerial parts of Paederia Foetida. Structural elucidation of all the compounds was performed by spectral methods such as 1D and 2D (1H- 1H COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) NMR spectroscopy. The two isolated iridoid glycosides were tested in vivo for their antinociceptive properties. As a result, 2 showed potent antinociceptive effect and its ID50 value (53.4 μmol/kg) was 2-fold less than those of the positive control drugs aspirin and acetaminophen.

A Comprehensive Review on the Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Compositions and Pharmacological Properties of an Ethnomedicinal Herb, Paederia foetida

Background:: Paederia foetida L. (Family – Rubiaceae) is a common herb found available in the temperate and tropical Asia. The ethnomedicinal applications of this plant are widely elaborated In Chinese Traditional Medicine, Ayurveda, and other ancient scriptures throughout the world. Different ethnic groups use this plant in the treatment of alimentary and digestive disorders, bone related diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, bone fractures as well as in the ailments of diabetes, coughs, asthma, itches, wounds, body ache, toothache, cancer etc. Objectives:: This comprehensive review aims to provide an insightful understanding of traditional uses, chemical composition, and pharmacological properties of P. foetida (from 1976 up to 2023), which may provide a foundation for further study and for the proper utilization of P. foetida resources. Methods:: Literature survey was conducted using known databases and the relevant keywords. Results:: P. foetida has been widely used in Chinese traditional medicine (CTM) for the treatment of dyspepsia, jaundice, pains, diarrhea and others. Several ethnic groups throughout the world used this plant to cure common health complaints namely, abdominal pain, gastritis, dysentery, diarrhoea, constipation, joint pain, etc. A total of 24 bioactive phytocompounds, such as asperuloside, paederosidic acid, sitosterols, stigmasterol, campesterol, ellagic acid, iridoids, ursolic acid, epifriedelinol, and others are reported to possess antiulcer, antidiarrheal, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, antitussive, anthelmintic, and hepatoprotective activities. Conclusion:: The present review not only summarizes the alternative approaches using this herb by ethnic people for treating various disorders, but also focuses on the latest scientific investigations to elucidate different bioactivities of this plant, thereby facilitating the understanding of its correlation with contemporary pharmacology. However, till date, very few studies elucidated the biological properties of these phytochemicals that were isolated exclusively from this particular plant. Moreover, the correlation between phytocompounds from P. foetida and its pharmacological activities aiming towards clinical drug development is still lacking. Finally, further research should be oriented towards determining the optimal dosage and toxicological limits, and thereby providing guidance for clinical applications.

Mitigation of Cr (VI) phytotoxicity in mung bean seedlings through the supplementation of phyto-fabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles using Paederia foetida

The administration of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on Cr (VI)-stressed mung bean plants (Vigna radiata) promoted plant growth by reducing the phytotoxicity of hexavalent chromium. The biogenesis of ZnO NPs involved the use of the indigenous plant Paederia foetida Linn. The obtained ZnO NPs were characterized by TEM, FE-SEM, FTIR, Raman, AFM, and GCMS techniques that confirmed the formation of ZnO NPs. The antioxidant enzyme level, ultrastructural alterations, and plant growth were investigated in the presence of Cr (VI) and ZnO NPs on mung bean plants. Cr (VI) treatment of mung bean seedlings adversely affects whole plant growth in terms of length of roots, shoots, lateral root numbers, and weight of dry plant. Remarkably, ZnO NPs mitigated the adverse effects of Cr (VI)-stressed mung bean plants by restoring the enzymes and ultra-structural alterations. Mung bean roots exposed to Cr (VI) stress exhibited higher concentrations of antioxidant enzymes, while the ZnO NPs suppressed the elevated expression of the enzymes caused by Cr (VI). When treated with 10 ppm of Cr (VI) + 5 ppm of ZnO NPs, the plants had significantly longer roots and shoots (50–60%) than those treated with 10 ppm of Cr (VI). Further, the antimicrobial efficiencies of ZnO NPs against pathogenic organisms such as shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli were investigated and proved to exhibit excellent antimicrobial activity. The MIC of ZnO NPs against Escherichia coli was found to be 15 μg mL−1. The ZnO NPs revealed excellent DPPH radical and superoxide scavenging activities with an IC50 value was 400 and 200 μg mL−1, respectively. The ZnO NPs (1000 μg mL−1) exhibited effective inhibition of free radicals with a highest percentage inhibition of ∼96 ± 0.5%. Therefore, the findings suggested that the biogenic ZnO NPs could be used as a potent nanofertilizer to achieve productivity in sustainable agriculture.

Identifikasi Tumbuhan Berkhasiat Obat Tradisional Berbasis Pengetahuan Lokal Di Desa Hepang Kecamatan Lela Kabupaten Sikka

This study aims to explore the potential of plant species used in traditional medicine, the organ parts used and the processing of medicinal plants. This research was conducted for 2 weeks from March 14 to March 27, 2023 in Hepang Village. This study uses a type of science research with identification and exploration survey methods. The population of this study amounted to 15 people consisting of Battra (Traditional Medicine) 3 people, 6 patients and 6 people in general. Based on the results of the study found 22 types of medicinal plants namely Peperomia pellucida, Euphorbia thymifolia, Piper batle, Euphorbia hirta, Momodirca charantia, Curcuma domestica, Choromolaena odorata, Orthosiphon stamineus, Morinda citrifolia, Paederia foetida, Kaemferia galanga, Morus alba, Sonchus arvensis, Anomianthus dulcis, Gynura procumbens, Centella asiatica, Phyllanthus niruri, Androrapis paniculata Ness, Pluchea indica, Alstonia scholaris, Physalis angulata, Elephantopus scaber, which consists of 14 families, the most widely used Asteraceae. The most widely used organ parts are leaves 53%, roots 26%, rhizomes 7%, while the least used organs are stems, fruits and sap 3%. The processing is very traditional, namely by boiling, pounding, squeezing, squeezing, chewing, soaking, grinding and cutting.

Active defense strategies for invasive plants may alter the distribution pattern of pests in the invaded area.

In the invaded areas, it is believed that invasive species reduce their investment in defense due to the absence of natural enemies. By field investigation and a series of laboratory assays, This study explored the defense strategies of invasive plants. Field investigation indicated that invasive plants have a antifeedant effect on herbivorous pests, and the distribution frequency of wormholes of native plants shows a peak at a distance of 2-3 m from the invasive species. The feeding preference experiment conducted with two generalist herbivorous insects (native insect Spodoptera litura and invasive insect Spodoptera frugiperda) showed that the invasive plants have a stronger antifeedant effect than native plants. By analyzing the content of secondary metabolites in the leaves of three invasive plants (Sphagneticola trilobata, Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea cairica) and three native plants (Ipomoea nil, Paederia foetida, Polygonum chinense), the leaves of invasive plants had higher concentrations of substances associated with defenses, including total phenols, flavonoids, jasmonic acid, tannin, H2O2, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and lower soluble protein concentrations than native plants. After leaf damage, compared to native plants, the leaves of invasive plants showed an overall increase in substances associated with defense, except for soluble sugar. These results suggest that invasive plants maintain active defense strategies in invaded areas, leading to changes in the distribution patterns of herbivorous insects in a manner that facilitates invasion.

Advances in the Chemical Components and Pharmacological Effects of Paederia Scandens

Advances in the Chemical Components and Pharmacological Effects of Paederia Scandens