Paddy Farmers Research Articles

PERBEDAAN TINGKAT KEUNTUNGAN USAHA TANI PADI SAWAH MENGGUNAKAN MESIN POWER THRESHER DAN COMBINE HARVESTER DI DESA SANGATTA SELATAN

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in income earned by Lowland Rice Farming with Power Threshers and combine harvesters in South Sangatta Village, South Sangatta District. The method of data analysis technique used is quantitative data through economic analysis: cost analysis, income and revenue analysis is an activity after data from all respondents. The research population is paddy rice farmers. The sampling method used purposive sampling, rice farmers who were sampled deliberately only used power thresher harvesters as many as 25 farmers and combine harvesters as many as 20 people in South Sangatta Village, South Sangatta District. The data used is primary data, namely costs input costs of farming, total production of lowland rice, receipts and income of lowland rice farming using power threshers and combine harvesters. Secondary data BPS from 2018-2020. The results of the study showed that the income of lowland rice farming using a power thresser machine amounted to Rp. 202,950,000 on average Rp. 8,118,000 while the combine harvester machine amounted to Rp. 133,050,000 for an average of IDR 8,870,000. The income of lowland rice farming using a power thresser machine is 78,873,333 with an average of Rp. 3,153,493 while the combine harvester machine is 69,194,879 with an average of Rp. 4,612,991. The Profit Rate (R/C Ratio) of farming using a power thresher is 1.63 while the combine harvester is 2.08 Lowland rice farming in South Sangatta Village is profitable. The use of Combine Harvester harvesting equipment is more profitable based on the value of the R/C ratio which is greater than the power thresher. Its because harvesting with a combine harvester does not require harvester labor costs.

Adoption behaviour of tribal and non-tribal paddy growers

Baksa district of Assam is bestowed with rich soil and suitable climate that favours the growth of paddy cultivation. Although a sizeable portion of rural community is engaged in paddy farming, yet the production is not satisfactory which might be due to traditional method of cultivation. As the district is tribal dominated, therefore, the study strives to explore the adoption behaviour of both tribal and non- tribal paddy growers. A total of 101 respondents (59 non-tribal and 42 tribal farmers) were considered as the final sample by proportionate random sampling method. The findings revealed that above sixty five percent of total farmers had overall medium adoption level. However, (52.54%) of non- tribal and 69.04 per cent tribal farmers exhibited medium level of adoption. The “t value” was found to be significant. Factors such as annual income and occupational status of the farmers had a positive and significant association with the extent of adoption. Further, these significant and nearly significant variables were taken for Tobit analysis to find the influence of these factors on extent of adoption, where none of the factors showed a positive and significant contribution towards adoption process.

Farmers Acreage Allocation Response in districts of Chhattisgarh Plains Zone: An Acreage Response Analysis of Paddy, Wheat and Gram

The study has been undertaken with the major objective to estimate the acreage allocation decision of paddy, wheat and gram farmers in selected districts (viz., Raipur, Mahasamund, Dhamtari and Durg) of Chhattisgarh plains zone with using 20 years (2000-01 to 2019-20) of secondary data of area and yield of paddy, wheat and gram and the different variables identified viz., lagged relative prices, current season rainfall, area and yield of competing crop maize, wheat and gram. Findings of the study include that the lagged area along with the current year rainfall had significantly contributed more in increasing acreage allocation of farmers of paddy under Raipur and Dhamtari districts. The area under wheat in Dhamtari district had declined, this decline was significantly contributed by lagged relative prices, area and lagged yield under gram. While the acreage of wheat in Durg district had found increased which was contributed more by the significant move with the last year’s absolute area and yield, current season rainfall and lagged relative prices. The lagged area, lagged relative prices, lagged yield and current season rainfall had highly significantly helped to boost the gram in terms of absolute area and had maximum area in Durg compare to other selected district of Chhattisgarh plains. The lagged relative prices, area of wheat and lagged yield of wheat had significant led to decrease area under gram in Raipur as well as in Mahasamund district over the study period. Further, the estimates of short-run and long-run price elasticities with respect to acreage of paddy, wheat and gram indicated the inelastic supply of these crops. Study suggested need for education and training to the farmers in respect of new crop production technology, etc., which will help in bringing about the desired changes in the cropping pattern.

Farm Level Environmental Efficiency in Summer Paddy Production and its Determinants: A Study of the Brahmaputra Valley in Assam

The study estimates the farm-level environmental efficiency of 432 summer paddy farmers of the Brahmaputra valley of Assam using the translog stochastic frontier analysis. The estimates showed that the mean environmental efficiency for pesticides (0.423) was lower than the joint environmental efficiency for chemical fertilisers and pesticides (0.639). Again, the truncated regression model results indicated that education level, farming experience and access to extension services positively, and access to credit and engagement in tenancy negatively affected the environmental efficiency of the farmers. Therefore, access to extension services, the education level of the farmers and access to the credit needs improvement to increase the environmental efficiency at the farm level.

Constraints on the use and adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) tools and farm machinery by paddy farmers in Nepal

Information and communication technology (ICT) tools such as radio, television, mobile phone, the internet and computers are gaining momentum in Nepal’s agriculture development discourse, filling void that traditional agriculture extension has failed to fill. Agricultural mechanization implies using various power sources and improved farm tools and equipment in agriculture. This study aims to determine the barriers while using ICT tools and agricultural machinery in Jhapa, Kapilbastu and Kailali districts of Nepal. Pretested semi-structured interview schedule was employed to collect data from 390 sample respondents selected randomly. Descriptive statistics and the appropriately developed scales were used in the data analysis. Moreover, respondents considered lack of awareness along with its requirement of skilled human resources and its cost were the primary reasons for the rejection of the use of ICT tools, where the overall rejection level was at a medium level. The constraints level of the use and adoption of farm machinery was found high; the significant constraints considered by the respondents were the high price of the machinery along with poor skills, knowledge, facilities, and poor maintenance service. The overall index value for the rejection of the use and adoption of farm machinery in paddy farming was at a moderate level. The respondents’ primary reasons for the rejection of the use of farm machinery were the high price of the farm machinery long with poor training, poor skilled human resources, and complex ideas to learn. Hence, to overcome to those factors, appropriate awareness campaigns and educational programs are necessary.

Peran Kelompok Tani Terhadap Kapasitas Petani Padi Sawah di Desa Lamomea Kecamatan Konda Kabupaten Konawe Selatan

This study aims: 1) Knowing the role of farmer groups on the capacity of rice farmers (2) Knowing the capacity of farmers in lowland rice farming (3) Knowing the relationship between farmer groups and farmer capacity. rice fields in Lamomea Village, Konda District, South Konawe Regency. This research was conducted from April to 2021. The sampling technique used was the census method, and the data analysis used was the class interval formula and Spearman Rank Correlation. The results of the farmer group research in Lamomea Village, Konda District, South Konawe Regency have been carried out quite well, whereas a learning class, as a vehicle for cooperation and production units, there are 23 (95.83%) respondents. The capacity of Rice Paddy Farmers in Lamomea Village, Konda District, South Konawe Regency has been carried out sufficiently, which is possible from the technical ability, problem-solving ability, adaptability, and ability that has been carried out sufficiently by farmers in this research area as many as 23 (95), 8%) respondents. The role of farmer groups on the capacity of lowland rice farmers there is a very close relationship between the role of farmer groups and the capacity of rice farmers with a correlation coefficient value of 0.919 with a significant level of 0.000. Where the increase in both the role of farmer groups will increase the capacity of lowland rice farmers.

Access to and use of agricultural information and technology in a sample of paddy farmers in the Hambantota district of Sri Lanka: a survey

Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences (SLJSS) publishes social science articles on topics relevant to Sri Lanka in particular and South Asia in general. The journal also has a website at http://www.nsf.gov.lk/.

Impact of Social, Institutional and Environmental Factors on the Adoption of Sustainable Soil Management Practices: An Empirical Analysis from Bangladesh

This paper explores the determinants of sustainable soil management (SSM) practices among Bangladeshi paddy farmers. Relevant information from 2681 paddy farmers was extracted from the nationally representative Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS 2018–2019) dataset. Four SSM practices were commonly practiced with 37.04% of the sampled farmers adopting at least one SSM practice. ‘Use of organic fertilizer’ was the most common practice, whereas the other three, viz. ‘zero-tillage’, ‘incorporate paddy residue’, and ‘legume cultivation’ were less practiced by the farmers. Econometric analysis revealed that differences in the farmers’ socio-economic conditions, environmental and institutional settings were the main drivers of the SMM practice decisions. Climatic factors were critical in shaping the farmers’ decision to adopt SSM practices. Education, access to information and extension services increased the adoption probability of SSM practices. Improved infrastructure and being located within the economically vulnerable areas (e.g., Feed the Future zone) influenced the farmers’ adoption decision, but the magnitude and direction varied depending on the individual circumstances. The farmers’ socio-economic conditions, e.g., assets and farm size, also had a notable influence on the adoption of SSM practices. Policy implications include strengthening extension services, incorporation of climatic information in education and dissemination of information on SSM practices, particularly to farmers living in vulnerable areas.

Knowledge Gain of PJTSAU Agricultural Videos of YouTube Channel in Central Telangana Zone

Electronic media plays an important role in communication and dissemination process. This helps in disseminating the technologies and connect the people from one end to other end by getting them together with media facilities. Through internet the farmers, department offi cials and scientists can gain instant access to the most advanced research technologies can discuss their research problems with each other. Thus, PJTSAU Agricultural videos of YouTube channel is providing knowledge on crop production and protection aspects of diff erent crops to the farming community. Majority of the respondents had medium knowledge at pre-exposure stage (53.3%) and medium level at post exposure stage (66.6%) with regard to paddy production and protection aspects. A majority of the respondents were in the category of medium level at pre-exposure (71.6%) and high level at post exposure stage (75.0%) with regard to Cotton production and protection aspects. The study revealed that there was a signifi cant diff erence between pre and post knowledge gain of paddy and cotton farmers.

Are adaptation strategies to climate change gender neutral? Lessons learned from paddy farmers in Northern Iran

Adopting a qualitative approach, this study performs a gender analysis of the climate change effects on rice farmers’ adaptation strategies (AS) in Mazandaran Province (northern Iran) based on the sustainable livelihood approach. For this purpose, 36 male and female heads of households in Arab Mahalla and Qajar Khel villages and 10 heads of households in Kiasar village (in Mazandaran Province) were selected and studied through theoretical and purposeful sampling methods of Corbin and Strauss. These villages have the highest number of female household heads and have been severely affected by the climate crisis in recent years. For the male-headed households (n = 23), the most important climate crisis was drought (f=16), and for the female-headed households (n = 23), drought, cold, and early off-season frost and monsoon storms were the most important (f=13). The results also indicated that in climatic crises, human (X̅=12.35) and social (X̅=13) capital from the women’s perspective and financial (X̅=12.5) and physical (X̅=13) capital from the men’s perspective had the highest vulnerability percentages whereas natural capital was equally affected from both the men’s and women’s viewpoints. One of the innovative aspects of this study is the gender analysis of the impact of climate change on the AS of sustainable livelihood framework based on a qualitative approach. This study recommends that beyond increasing the diversity of living amid climate change, deliberate climate change efforts should be directed at women and that fundamental gender discrimination such as prejudices and gender inequality should be eliminated.

PERAN KELOMPOK TANI DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN USAHA TANI PADI SAWAH DI DESA MARTASARI KECAMATAN PARIGI KABUPATEN PARIGI MAUTONG

Mertasari Village is one of the villages that have total productivity of 5.9 tons/ha with a 
 harvested area of 117 ha and a production of 687 tons. This study aims to determine the amount of 
 lowland rice farming income and to determine the role of farmer groups in increasing lowland rice 
 farming income in Metasari Village, Parigi District, Parigi Moutong Regency. The research was carried 
 out from November to December 2021 in Mertasari Village, Parigi District, Parigi Moutong Regency, 
 the sampling method used Proportional Stratified Random Sampling by taking 33 respondents from 104 
 farmers who were members of 3 farmer groups in Mertasari Village. The analytical method used is 
 income analysis. The results showed that the income of paddy farmers, with an average income of Rp. 
 28.653.174/1.30ha/MT or Rp. 19,102.116/ha/MT. Based on the results of the Chi-Square test on the 
 role of farmer groups in increasing farmers' income, the Chi-Square count value is (6.99). Chi-Square 
 value if the Chi-Square count > Chi-Square table at the significant level (DB; α = 5) and DK = k-1, then 
 Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted from the Chi-Square test results it is known that the role of farmer 
 groups influences the level of rice farming income.

Climate change adaptation and production risks among paddy farmers in Sri Lanka

Production risks are unavoidable in paddy production due to unprecedented climate changes in many developing countries. This study intends to identify the production risks and farmers’ decisions to adapt the climate change in paddy production. A survey was conducted, gathering cross-sectional data from 1410 farmers cultivating paddy in rural Sri Lanka. This research analyses farmers' adaptation decisions against climate change using climate-smart practices, socio-economic parameters, and household characteristics. It estimates the impact of experiencing drought and flood among adapting and non-adapting farming communities. The study uses an endogenous switching regression model to avoid endogeneity and selection bias: the study measures productivity, volatility, downside risk exposure and kurtosis between the adapters and non-adaptors. The results revealed that adaptors are sensitive to drought and flood, influencing the four production outcomes. However, the adaptors significantly reduced their volatility and risk exposure, while the non-adapters were susceptible to environmental stress experiences. Adaptation is highly influenced by climate-related variables and socio-economic and credit-related variables in the empirical analysis. The role of the extension services, access to credit, total credit, and income are prominent in the adaptation of paddy production.

The Relationship Between Pesticide Exposure and Hypertension Incidence on Paddy Farmers in Dolago Padang Village, Central Sulawesi

Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death in the world, including Indonesia. Pesticide exposure is one of the risk factors for hypertension. This study aims to determine the relationship between the length of work of farmers, the amount types of pesticides used, the time of spraying pesticides and the use of PPE on the incidence of hypertension. The research subjects were 80 paddy farmers who participated in this study, voluntarily. Blood pressure have been measured by sphygmomanometer. The other data has been collective by interview. The statistical analysis test used the chi square test. The results showed that there was a relationship between the length of work of farmers, the amount types of pesticides used, the time of spraying pesticides with the incidence of hypertension (p value < 0.05). There is no relationship between the use of PPE with the incidence of hypertension (p value > 0.05). The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between pesticide exposure and the incidence of hypertension in farmers in terms of length of work, the amount types of pesticides used and the time of spraying pesticides.

Drip fertigation with treated municipal wastewater and soil amendment with composted sewage sludge for sustainable protein-rich rice cultivation

Rice paddy farming is threatened by global water scarcity, necessitating the adoption of novel water-saving cultivation practices. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of drip fertigation with treated municipal wastewater (TWW) on a rice–soilsystem that is amended with composted sewage sludge (CSS). The treatments included flood irrigation with tap water (Control; T1), flood irrigation with TWW (T2), drip irrigation (DI) with TWW at 86% water consumption (T3), DI with TWW at 75% water consumption (T4), DI with TWW at 69% water consumption (T5), and DI with tap water at 86% water consumption (T6). The control was administered mineral fertilizers, and all other treatments received the same N amount (260 kg ha −1 ) from CSS. The results indicated that TWW drip fertigation had a significant beneficial effect on rice production by increasing (59.7 g pot −1 , T3) or maintaining (51.4 g pot −1 , T4) grain yield while conserving up to 25% of water when compared to conventional flood irrigation and mineral fertilizer application (52.9 g pot −1 ). In comparison to conventional farming, TWW drip fertigation in conjunction with CSS amendment significantly increased grain protein and Cu content while reducing As accumulation by 50%. Both CSS and TWW are effective at retaining soil fertility while avoiding unfavorable accumulation of As, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn. The novel cultivation techniques described herein have the potential to significantly improve the sustainability of rice farming in water-stressed areas, as well as integrated wastewater management strategies aimed at achieving sustainable development goals. • Rice farming can benefit from treated wastewater (TWW) and composted sludge (CSS). • TWW drip fertigation greatly increased rice yield and conserved up to 25% of water. • CSS and TWW reuse increased protein while lowering As contents by 50% in grains. • The practices effectively preserved soil fertility without toxic element buildup.

Assessment of Variation in Marginal Productivity Value of Water in Paddy Farming Systems in Times of Water Stress

Global projections show that increases in agriculture water productivity (AWP) by 30 and 60% in rain-fed and irrigated agriculture, respectively, are required to ensure food security in the period 2000–2025. In sub-Saharan Africa, attempts to understand AWP has seen a lamping of input values which paints an unrealistic picture of AWP. We employed the residual imputation method to isolate the marginal productivity value of water in six paddy farming systems viz. the conventional transplant and flooding system (CTFS), the system of rice intensification (SRI), and the Kilombero Plantation Limited (KPL) mechanized system. Findings showed that AWP for rainfed CTFS is 0.39 Kg/m3 or 0.003 US$/m3, irrigated CTFS (0.30 Kg/m3 or 0.002 US$/m3), rainfed SRI (0.68 Kg/m3 or 0.08 US$/m3), irrigated SRI (0.52 Kg/m3 or 0.06 US$/m3), rainfed KPL (0.33 Kg/m3 or 0.05 US$/m3), and irrigated KPL (0.68 Kg/m3 or 0.11 US$/m3). This shows that rainfed systems have good AWP, especially physical ones. We recommend a rollout of rainfed SRI to secure local food security and downstream ecosystem services. In addition, groupings of farmers will assist in optimizing resources, stabilizing markets, and prices for the better economic value of water (US$/m3). Adoption of SRI will require intensive demonstration that needs public financing. In addition, revamping the KPL off-taker arrangement with small-holder farmers could also be a good PPP anchor.

Kemandirian Petani dan Keberlanjutan Usahatani Padi Sawah Di Kecamatan Konda Kabupaten Konawe Selatan

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the independence of farmers, the sustainability of lowland rice farming, and the relationship between farmers' independence and the sustainability of lowland rice farming in Konda District, South Konawe Regency. Data sourced from lowland rice farmers in Konda District. The basis for consideration of making two villages the subject of this research is that the two villages are the villages with the highest number of lowland rice farmers in Konda District. The population of this research is 120 farmers of lowland rice in Cialam Jaya village and 80 farmers in Lawoila village. The research sample size was determined using the Slovin formula and the respondents were determined using cluster random sampling. Data analysis used descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation analysis. The results showed that the level of independence of farmers was included in the less independent category, which was 41.9 and the sustainability of farming was included in the less sustainable category, which was 37.0. The implication of the results of this study is that the independence of lowland rice farmers is one of the determining factors for the sustainability of lowland rice farming in Konda District in particular and South Konawe Regency in general.Keywords: farmer independence; sustainability of farming; rice paddy farming.

Impacts of Climate Change of Paddy Farming in Four Iraqi Rural Communities: The Case of Al Najaf, Al Qadisiyah, Al Muthanna and Thi Qar

Impacts of Climate Change of Paddy Farming in Four Iraqi Rural Communities: The Case of Al Najaf, Al Qadisiyah, Al Muthanna and Thi Qar

Women and climate change adaptation behaviour: What’s the problem and solution?

ABSTRACT Rural women’s contribution to reacting to climate change is highly significant but has been largely marginalized due to gender roles. This gender discrimination makes them more vulnerable to a variety of threats. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the behaviour of female rice farmers in Mazandaran Province, in northern Iran, toward climate change adaptation using protection motivation theory (PMT). 173 female heads of households’ rice farmers in Mazandaran Province were selected through stratified random sampling. According to the findings, the perceived vulnerability (β = 0.19), perceived severity (β = 0.33), self-efficacy (β = 0.4), and response effectiveness (β = 0.35) of female rice farmers have a positive and noticeable effect on responding behaviour to climate change. However, the response costs (β = −0.61) have a negative but noticeable effect on their adaptation behaviour toward changing climate. Research findings also show that climate change severely damages the physical capital of women paddy farmers. The damage caused by these climate crises has a greater impact on the production capacity, product quality, production costs and food security of female heads of households. The findings of this study will help define patterns determining the adaptation of women to climate change, and public and private sector’s strategic planning and action.

Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Paddy Farms at Jhenaidah District in Bangladesh: A Case Study by Using Cobb Douglas Production Function

This study's primary goal is to measure the technical efficacy of Amon paddy farms and identify the key variables that significantly influence the degree of technical inefficiency of the sample farms. Using a multistage random sampling technique, 200 Amon rice-producing farms in the Jhenaidah district were sampled for this study. The technical efficacy of Amon rice farms is estimated using the Cobb-Douglas production function method. The Cobb-Douglas production function approach's empirical findings indicate that the technical efficiency of Amon rice production is, on average, 0.95. This suggests that the studied region has a high level of technical efficiency. The factors influencing the degree of inefficiency of the Amon rice farms are also determined using an inefficiency impact model. The production of paddy was favorably connected with farm size, as indicated by the regression coefficient of farm size, which is 0.52. Additionally, it reveals that labor costs, irrigation cost, seed costs, and plowing cost are crucial elements that influence how efficiently Amon rice is produced. According to the estimated inefficiency impact model's findings, the technical inefficiency of Amon rice production is adversely correlated with farm size, age, education, training and credit availability. According to this study, actions to expand credit opportunities, education, and training are essential to lowering rice production's technical inefficiency in the study area. According to the results, it is advised that variables that positively and significantly affect production efficiency be researched and developed for best results toward sustainable agricultural and rural development in Bangladesh.

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT PETANI PADI SAWAH MELALUI PENGEMBANGAN AGRIBISNIS (Studi Kasus Gapoktan Pebaloran, Kecamatan Curio, Kabupaten Enrekang)

This research is motivated by the problems that are often faced by farmers from the capital aspect because of the difficulty of getting capital assistance, crop failure, marketing of agricultural products, very low sales of agricultural products due to the lack of human resource ability to manage and maximize their potential. This research aims to find out the form of empowerment of rice paddy farming communities through agribusiness development in Gapoktan Pebaloran District Curio Enrekang Regency. The number of informants in the study was 22. Determination of informants in this study using purposive technique. Data analysis uses qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the form of community empowerment of rice paddy farmers consists of: capital assistance, with capital assistance provided by the government of Rp.100,000,000, - through PUAP. Furthermore, infrastructure development assistance in the form of irrigation and agricultural business roads. Then institutional development, and strengthening business partnerships. Based on the results of this study it is recommended that for farmers that the independence of a farmer should be owned in the management of rice paddy farming business, for the government to pay more attention and further strengthen policies in strengthening the form of empowerment programs.