Packing Effects Research Articles

Efficacy of Ice Compress Combined With Serratus Anterior Plane Block in Analgesia After Thoracoscopic Pneumonectomy: A Randomized Controlled Study

To explore the analgesic effect of the ice pack combined with serratus anterior plane block after thoracoscopic pulmonary resection. A randomized controlled trial design. This prospective randomized controlled trial recruited patients who underwent thoracoscopic pneumonectomy in a grade A tertiary hospital from October 2021 to March 2022. The patients were randomly divided into the control group, the serratus anterior plane block group, the ice pack group, and the ice pack combined with serratus anterior plane block group. The analgesic effect was evaluated by collecting the postoperative visual analog score. A total of 133 patients agreed to participate in this study, of which 120 patients were eventually included (n=30/group). The primary outcome was that the pain in SAP block group, ice pack group, and ice pack combined with SAP block group decreased significantly within 24 hours compared with the control group (P < .05). Also, significant differences were noted in other secondary outcomes, such as Prince-Henry pain score within 12 hours, 15-item quality of recovery (QoR-15) score within 24 hours, and fever times within 24 hours. No significant difference was detected in the C-reactive protein value, white blood cell count, and the use of additional analgesics within 24 hours postoperatively (P > .05). For patients after thoracoscopic pneumonectomy, ice pack, serratus anterior plane block, and ice pack combined with serratus anterior plane block produce better postoperative analgesic effects than intravenous analgesia. The combined group exhibited the best outcomes.

An in silico analysis of the effect of stressors on Mung bean protein

AbstractWith the world turning its attention towards sustainable protein sources, mung bean, in recent times has garnered significant research acclaim. As an emerging functional food that is rich in protein, little is known about its characteristics during processing. Hence, in this study, an molecular dynamic (MD) simulation approach was performed on 2CV6, the crystal structure of 8Sα globulin. GROMACS software was used to vary input thermal and pressure parameters (i.e., 300, 373, and 398 K at 3, 5, and 7 Kbar). Visual MD interface was used to picture the changes occurring in the protein's secondary structure as an effect of applied stress. The radius of gyration values decreased significantly with increasing pressure while high‐pressure high‐temperature treatment improved packing effects. STRIDE analysis showed that peripheral 2° structures such as α‐helices and β‐sheets underwent conformational changes to form turns and coils, indicating increased randomness. Despite subjecting the protein molecule to high temperature, the pressure applied counteracted the unwinding process, resulting in overall compaction.

Comparison of the Effects of Pharyngeal Packing and Gastric Aspiration with an Orogastric Tube on Postoperative Nausea, Vomiting and Sore Throat in Septorhinoplasty

Comparison of the Effects of Pharyngeal Packing and Gastric Aspiration with an Orogastric Tube on Postoperative Nausea, Vomiting and Sore Throat in Septorhinoplasty

The effect of context-based close packing supported with the 3D-virtual model of crystals structure on students’ achievement and attitude

Abstract The major intention of this work was to evaluate the effect of using context-based close packing supported with 3D-virtual model on the concept of crystals structure on students’ achievement and attitude. Accordingly, the study was conducted for two consecutive years and a total of 61 third-year undergraduate chemistry students have been participated. The nature of this study was quasi-experiment design and the sampled students were divided into intervention (24) and comparison (37) groups. The intervention group was treated with context-based close packing supported with the three dimensional virtual model (3D-virtual model), while the comparison group, covered the topic with the usual teaching-learning approach. The topic covered during the study period was crystals structure. At the end of the study, an identical post-test was given for both groups for comparative purposes. The result indicates that a significant difference was observed between the two groups (at p &lt; 0.05). The intervention group students were more benefited than the comparison group. Besides, the response of intervention group students to the questionnaires and semi structured interviews indicates that the approach was effective in enhancing students’ understanding of crystals structure concepts, and students have a positive attitude towards the approach.

Linear and Bent Noncovalent M···S═C═N–M′ Interactions: The Case of Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Thiocyanate Species

Analysis of X-ray crystal structures of newly prepared thiocyanate PdII and PtII complexes revealed the bifurcated (M–N)···S contacts in which angles ∠M···S═C are close to 180°. All M···S═C═N–M′ noncovalent interactions─identified in this study and also those found on the Cambridge Structural Database search─were systematized as linear (approximately 180°) and bent (∠M···S═C 80–120°). Results of appropriate theoretical study indicate that, although the linear configuration of the PdII and PtII structures is primarily determined by crystal packing effects, the attractive M···S forces are far from negligible and the linear structures correspond to the energy minimum. Furthermore, the linear arrangement is mostly determined by orbital interactions, while the bent configuration by electrostatic forces. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces along with the quantum theory of “atoms-in-molecules” (QTAIM) and the noncovalent interaction plot index (NCIPlot) computational tools were used to characterize the bifurcated (M–N)···S interactions. The nature of the noncovalent M···S═C═N–M′ forces in the PdII and PtII structures was established by NBO analysis: in both cases, the predominant donor–acceptor orbital interactions include the charge transfer from lone pair orbitals located at the M atom to the σ*-orbital of the S–C bond of a thiocyanate ligand from a neighboring complex.

Noether's second theorem and covariant field theory of mechanical stresses in inhomogeneous ionic liquids.

In this paper, we present a covariant approach that utilizes Noether's second theorem to derive a symmetric stress tensor from the grand thermodynamic potential functional. We focus on the practical case where the density of the grand thermodynamic potential is dependent on the first and second coordinate derivatives of the scalar order parameters. Our approach is applied to several models of inhomogeneous ionic liquids that consider electrostatic correlations of ions or short-range correlations related to packing effects. Specifically, we derive analytical expressions for the symmetric stress tensors of the Cahn-Hilliard-like model, Bazant-Storey-Kornyshev model, and Maggs-Podgornik-Blossey model. All of these expressions are found to be consistent with respective self-consistent field equations.

Experimental study of direct contact condensation of spent vapor in a cocurrent flow packed tower under negative pressure

AbstractCondensers are often required in power generation systems to condense the exhaust steam generated at the end of the turbine. This paper will investigate the enhanced condensation process of spent steam in a parallel flow type. The operating parameters of steam temperature (Tcond), steam flow rate (Gin), cooling water temperature (Tin), and cooling water flow rate (Lw) will affect the condensation effect by changing the gas–liquid arrangement in the tower. In this experiment, an orthogonal test was designed in the Raschig ring to investigate the significance of these four operating parameters on the experimental results. Different types of packings have different condensation effects due to different accumulation methods. The same type of packing has a different surface area, resulting in different contact areas between the gas and liquid phases during condensation. In this experiment, four different packings will be investigated to find their condensation performance. This paper uses the size of subcooling (ΔT) as an indicator to evaluate the effectiveness of condensation, and the values of condensation rate (R), number of liquid phase heat transfer units (NTUL), and total volume heat transfer coefficient (Kv) are used as a reference for the effectiveness of condensation. The results show that the overall condensation effect of regular packing is better than that of random packing, The average condensation rate of regular packing is 95%, the average condensation rate of random packing is 90%, the subcooling of regular packing is about three to five smaller than that of random packing, the heat transfer coefficient of regular packing is about 1.5 times of that of random packing. And by fitting the Kv data for different packings, an empirical formula was obtained that can be used to predict the Kv size of other packings.

Spin-orbit-coupling-induced band splitting in two-dimensional hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites: Importance of organic cations

We investigate how the spin-orbit-coupling-induced lifting of the spin degeneracy depends indirectly on constituting organic motifs in two-dimensional hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites. We examine experimentally synthesized structures using first-principles electronic structure theory. In particular, the effect of the organic spacer cation packing and of the methyl ammonium orientation within the inorganic layer are elucidated. Both the organic spacer packing and subtle changes in methyl ammonium orientations can cause enough distortions of lead iodide octahedral cages to induce the spin splitting. Interestingly, the momentum-independent persistent spin texture splitting rather than the traditional Rashba/Dresselhaus splitting is observed for a structure in which organic spacer molecules are modified with fluorine substitution. Our calculation on these experimentally reported structures highlights the important role of the organic constituents in these hybrid organic inorganic perovskites for the spin splitting.

Linear and Bent Cp*2 Si: Reversible Phase Transition of a Key Molecule.

The solid-state structure of decamethylsilicocene Cp*2 Si with a bent and a linear molecule in the same unit cell was so far considered an exception in relation to the structures of its all-bent heavier analogues Cp*2 E with E=Ge, Sn, Pb. Here, we present the solution to this conundrum by reporting a low-temperature phase, where all three symmetrically independent molecules are present in a bent formation. This reversible enantiotropic phase transition occurs in the temperature range between 80 K and 130 K and provides a rationale for the unexpected linear molecule based in entropy beyond hand-waving explanations such as electronic reasons or packing effects.

Structural (XRD) Characterization and an Analysis of H-Bonding Motifs in Some Tetrahydroxidohexaoxidopentaborate(1-) Salts of N-Substituted Guanidinium Cations.

The synthesis and characterization of six new substituted guanidium tetrahydroxidohexaoxidopentaborate(1-) salts are reported: [C(NH2)2(NHMe)][B5O6(OH)4]·H2O (1), [C(NH2)2(NH{NH2})][B5O6(OH)4] (2), [C(NH2)2(NMe2)][B5O6(OH)4] (3), [C(NH2)(NMe2)2][B5O6(OH)4] (4), [C(NHMe)(NMe2)2][B5O6(OH)4]·B(OH)3 (5), and [TBDH][B5O6(OH)4] (6) (TBD = 1,5,7-triazabicyclo [4.4.0]dec-5-ene). Compounds 1-6 were prepared as crystalline salts from basic aqueous solution via self-assembly processes from B(OH)3 and the appropriate substituted cation. Compounds 1-6 were characterized by spectroscopic (NMR and IR) and by single-crystal XRD studies. A thermal (TGA) analysis on compounds 1-3 and 6 demonstrated that they thermally decomposed via a multistage process to B2O3 at >650 °C. The low temperature stage (<250 °C) was endothermic and corresponded to a loss of H2O. Reactant stoichiometry, solid-state packing, and H-bonding interactions are all important in assembling these structures. An analysis of H-bonding motifs in known unsubstituted guanidinium salts [C(NH2)3]2[B4O5(OH)4]·2H2O, [C(NH2)3][B5O6(OH)4]·H2O, and [C(NH2)3]3[B9O12(OH)6] and in compounds 1-6 revealed that two important H-bonding R22(8) motifs competed to stabilize the observed structures. The guanidinium cation formed charge-assisted pincer cation-anion H-bonded rings as a major motif in [C(NH2)3]2[B4O5(OH)4]·2H2O and [C(NH2)3]3[B9O12(OH)6], whereas the anion-anion ring motif was dominant in [C(NH2)3][B5O6(OH)4]·H2O and in compounds 1-6. This behaviour was consistent with the stoichiometry of the salt and packing effects also strongly influencing their solid-state structures.

Effects of Intraoperative Saline-Soaked Pharyngeal Packing on Nausea, Vomiting, and Throat Pain After Nasal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of the effects of intraoperative pharyngeal packing on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and sore throat in nasal surgery patients.Methods: Databases were searched from inception to December 2022. Randomized controlled trials comparing saline-soaked pharyngeal packing (packing group) with no packing (control group) during intubation in patients undergoing nasal surgery were included. The primary outcomes of interest were the incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting, and sore throat at 24 hours.Results: Eleven studies, including a total of 931 patients, were included. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and severity scores at 2, 6, and 24 hours postoperatively. The incidence of throat pain was higher in the packing group than in the control group immediately after surgery and at 24 hours postoperatively. However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the incidence of sore throat at 6 and 12 hours postoperatively.Conclusion: Intraoperative saline-soaked pharyngeal packing did not significantly decrease postoperative nausea and vomiting. However, the use of pharyngeal packing was associated with a higher incidence of sore throat in the initial recovery period.

Theoretical Understanding of the Nonlinear Raman Shift of C≡N Stretching Vibration of p-Aminobenzonitrile in Supercritical Water.

Subcritical and supercritical fluids (SCF) have attracted significant attention in the past few decades because of their unique properties. In a previous study, a nonlinear Raman shift of the C≡N stretching vibration of p-aminobenzonitrile (p-ABN) with respect to the supercritical water (SCW) density was observed [K. Osawa et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 2009, 113, 3143-3154]. Although a plausible mechanism of the nonlinear Raman shift was proposed in the study, the discussion at the atomistic level was inadequate. To elucidate the nonlinear Raman shift mechanism of the C≡N stretching vibration of p-ABN in SCW from a theoretical viewpoint, we employed RISM-SCF-cSED, which is the hybrid method between quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics. We discovered that the hydrogen-bonding effect is dominant at low- and middle-density regions, while the packing effect is dominant at the high-density region. The balances of these effects determine the Raman shift of p-ABN in SCF.

Separation of azeotrope acetone-methanol mixture at high-concentration conditions: Experimental and theoretical perspective of the molecular packing effects in mesopores

The recycling and concentration of acetone-methanol mixture organic solvents are very important to the chemical industry and biologically related processes. Hence, the separation properties of microporous and mesoporous activated carbons (MIC and MEC) for the acetone-methanol mixture were investigated for the first time by combining experiments and theoretical calculations. The results showed that the calculated dynamic acetone (methanol) adsorption capacities of MIC and MEC are 1.60 (10.66) and 5.15 (6.01) mmol/g at high pressures, respectively. MEC exhibited a greater methanol/acetone selectivity (6.66) than MIC (1.17). Subsequent theoretical calculations studied the adsorption behaviors of acetone and methanol molecules from the perspective of the adsorbate-framework as well as adsorbate–adsorbate interactions and found the different molecular structure of acetone and methanol was the main factor in their different separation preferences. Notably, the molecular packing effects associated with three molecular packing steps in the separation were further clarified by the radical distribution functions and self-created slit model. The 2.0–3.0 nm mesopore had more unfilled pore spaces after adsorbing a layer of acetone molecules, and thus had a significant selectivity towards methanol molecules.

Effect of hot saline pack versus topical tranexamic acid in post adenoidectomy bleeding

BackgroundAdenoidectomy is a popular surgical technique in the field of otolaryngology that is successful, safe, and effective. Diffuse microvascular post-adenoidectomy bleeding, on the other hand, is still a common concern.AimThe objective of this study is to do a comparison between the efficacy of a hot saline pack versus topical tranexamic acid when administered topically in children who have had only adenoidectomy in terms of intra-operative blood loss and post-operative bleeding.MethodsThis prospective case-control study contained a total of 180 patients, divided into three classes. Class A: This included 60 patients with application of a hot saline pack in control of intra-operative adenoidectomy bleeding. Class B: This included 60 patients with application of a topical tranexamic acid pack in control of intra-operative adenoidectomy bleeding. Class C: This included 60 patients with the use of a pack to hold intra-operative adenoidectomy bleedingResultsThe mean intraoperative blood loss in class B was lower than classes A and C, the mean pre- and post-operative HB level was lower in class C than in classes A and B, the difference was statistically considerable between the three classes, comparison between classes showed statistically considerable differences between classes A and C and also between classes B and C, while there was a statistically non-considerable difference between classes A and B.ConclusionThe current study found that a topical tranexamic acid pack was more effective for post-adenoidectomy haemostasis than a hot saline pack, with a shorter time to haemostasis and fewer recurettage and electrocauterization procedures.Trial registrationName of registration trial: Research ethics committee faculty of medicine Benha university. Registration number: Ms1-1-2020. Date of registration: 22-1-2021.

Effect of Anterior Nasal Packing on Middle Ear Pressure

Background: Bilateral anterior nasal packing is often done after septal surgery for hemostatic reasons and mechanical splinting. It has been suggested that nasal packing following septal surgery is a frequent cause of short term eustachian tube dysfunction such as ear fullness and mild pain.&#x0D; Objectives: To evaluate the effect of anterior nasal packing on middle ear pressure.&#x0D; Methods: For this prospective, longitudinal study, ninety-two (92) patients admitted for routine septal surgeries were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria from the in-patient Department of ENT and Head &amp;Neck Surgery, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka during 1st January 2020 to 31st July 2021. Following informed written consent, the patients were interviewed three times: preoperative, after 24 hours of ANS pack and 6 days after pack removal. During each time, middle ear pressure was measured by an impedance audiometer. Any otological symptoms produced when ANS pack was in place for 24 hours and 6 days after pack removal were also observed and recorded.&#x0D; Results: Among 92 patients in this study, mean preoperative middle ear pressure was -5.5 (± 30.14) daPa. After 24 hours of anterior nasal packing, 70 ears (38%) showed abnormal middle ear pressure among 184 ears. Mean middle ear pressure after 24 hours of ANS pack was -76.5 (± 58.8) daPa. Middle ear pressure again measured after 6 days of removal of ANS pack and showed that the middle ear pressure of all the patients were within normal range. Mean middle ear pressure was -12.4(± 36.5) daPa after 6 days of pack removal. Some otological symptoms developed due to change in middle ear pressure following ANS pack like ear fullness, earache and tinnitus. All these symptoms subsided after 6 days of pack removal.&#x0D; Conclusion: Anterior nasal packing decreases middle ear pressure which is reversible and returns to normal 6 days after pack removal. Some otological symptoms developed due to change in middle ear pressure which were transient and all came to normal after 6 days of pack removal.&#x0D; Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 28(2): 135-140

Synthesis of α-Fe2O3 nano-rod/sheet: Volumetric and electrical conductivity properties of their nanofluids

Physico-chemical properties of synthesized α-Fe2O3 nano-rods/sheets using the co-precipitation method and 3-sulfanylpropane-1,2-diol as a capper and shape-directing agent were studied. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized using UV–visible, powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) techniques. Characterized nanomaterials revealed the formation of the pure rhombohedral crystal structure of nano-rod having a diameter of 33 nm and length of 76 nm, apart from the formation of nano-sheets with a diameter of 86 nm. An average absorption maximum (λmax) of 396.5 nm was observed. The properties of the prepared α-Fe2O3 nanofluids were investigated from 298.15 K to 338.15 K temperatures. The density of nanofluids was observed to increase with an increase in mole fraction of α-Fe2O3 nano-rods/sheets but decreases with an increase in temperature. Excess molar volume data shows positive and negative values revealing van der Waals interactions, packing effect, and hydrogen bonding forces. This volumetric property has revealed a significant impact of intermolecular interactions present in nanofluids on various thermodynamic properties. Results revealed an increment in electrical conductivity with an increase in volume fraction. A maximum enhancement of 2195 % was observed for 0.000728 mol fraction at 338.15 K in ethylene glycol/double-distilled water nanofluid. These electromagnetic nanofluids have great scope for application as smart electrolytes in electronic devices.

Nasogastric tube insertion in anesthetized, intubated adult patients: A comparison between conventional blind insertion technique and “throat pack in situ” technique

Background: Correct placement of nasogastric tube (NGT) placement often becomes difficult in anesthetized, intubated adult patients due to lack of cooperation from patient and the propensity of the tube to travel the same course of path. Preexisting throat pack is supposed to resist the normal passage of the NGT as per common belief. Only one study has evaluated this in pediatric population and the result is encouraging. Aims and Objectives: Hence, the present study has been carried out in adult population to compare the success rate of correct placement of NGT in anesthetized intubated adult patients with the pharyngeal (throat) pack in its position in comparison with no throat pack. This is to examine the effect of preexisting throat pack whether it assists or resists the normal passage of the NGT. Materials and Methods: One hundred and eighty patients were recruited for this interventional and single-blind study. After induction of anesthesia and intubation, the patients were randomized to receive NGT insertion following either blind insertion of the NGT without a pharyngeal pack (group A, n=90) or receive the NGT placement in the same technique but after placement of a pharyngeal pack. The success rate of correct placement of NGT in the first attempt (primary outcome), the procedure time, and adverse events was recorded. Results: Successful insertion of NGT in first attempt was considerably higher in throat pack in situ group compared to blind insertion without a throat pack 81 (90%) versus 63 (70%), respectively (P=0.001). The procedure time for successful placement of NGT was found comparable between the two groups. Significant decrease in coiling is seen in “throat pack in situ” group compared with blind insertion technique (P=0.003). Conclusion: In view of considerable higher success rate and reduced adverse events, it can be concluded that the pre-existing appropriately placed throat pack can facilitate the placement of NGT instead of putting any hindrance.

Exact solutions for Janssen effect of lattice disk packings

The rhombic lattice packing model proposed here clearly shows the micro causes of the Janssen effect and is solved analytically. Based on the analysis of force equilibrium equations with an exterior product method, a recurrence relation with a force transmission matrix Q is obtained which shows that a contact force will be transmitted and accumulated along the lattice vector direction and then be reflected by lateral walls, and eventually, reach a saturation value if the packing is frictional. A method based on tensor algebra and difference equation is proposed for the diagonalization of Q. Using roundup and remainder functions, we give the exact and approximate expressions which can describe the piecewise smoothness of the pressure function data given by numerical calculations. Numerical results also show the non-uniformity of pressure distribution. These quantitative results have certain deviations with Janssen model except for very small top load or large force reflectivity.

Automated Calibration of a Snow‐On‐Sea‐Ice Model

AbstractSnow on Arctic sea ice has many, contrasting effects on ice thickness and extent. Furthermore, estimates of snow depth on Arctic sea ice are a key input for ice thickness estimates from satellite altimeters such as ICESat‐2. Models such as the NASA Eulerian Snow on Sea Ice Model (NESOSIM) have been recently utilized by the sea ice community to provide time‐varying basin‐wide estimates of snow depth and density on Arctic sea ice. NESOSIM is a two‐snow‐layer model with simple representations of snow accumulation, wind packing, loss due to blowing snow, and redistribution due to sea ice motion. Two free parameters in NESOSIM, which dictate the bulk effect of wind packing (densification) and blowing snow processes, lack direct observational constraints. We present an indirect calibration of these parameters using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach. NESOSIM output is calibrated to observations of snow depth from Operation IceBridge and CRREL‐Dartmouth buoys, and density from historical drifting stations. OIB measurements alone are found to more strictly constrain the blowing snow parameter, and including additional observations yields more physically reasonable density estimates. The MCMC‐calibrated model output is further used to estimate sea ice thickness and uncertainty from model parameter uncertainty using ICESat‐2 freeboard measurements. Despite visible differences in density, the change in ice thickness is minimal. We also find that the model is relatively insensitive to parameter variations, and hence, the snow model uncertainty contribution to ice thickness is small compared to the systematic uncertainty from snow in the current ICESat‐2 thickness product.

Hematological and Biochemical Responses of Donkeys (Equus asinus) to Packing and Trekking During the Hot-Dry Season.

The study aimed to evaluate effects of packing (load-carrying) and trekking on hematological and biochemical parameters in donkeys during the hot-dry season. Ten pack donkeys, aged 2-3 years, weighing 93 ± 2.7 kg were enrolled in the study and randomly divided into two groups of five animals each. Group 1 donkeys were subjected to packing+trekking while group 2 trekked only. All the donkeys trekked 20 km thrice, 1-day apart. Blood was collected before and after packing or trekking for hematological evaluation; and serum analyzed for electrolyte concentrations, and aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Temperature-humidity index pre and postpacking was 70.00 ± 0.1 and 79.67 ± 0.3, respectively. The packed cell volume (30.93 ± 1.1%) was higher (P < .05) before packing than postpacking value (27.83 ± 0.7%) in group 1 donkeys. Hemoglobin concentration (9.01 ± 0.3 g/dL) decreased (P < .05) after trekking (7.81 ± 0.1 g/dL) in group 2 donkeys. Neutrophil count increased (P < .05) in group 1 donkeys after packing (from 8.63 ± 0.9×109/L to 10.59 ± 1.2×109/L). Lymphocyte count (8.58 ± 0.8×109/L) decreased (P < .05), compared to postpacking (5.23 ± 0.5×109/L) in group 1 donkeys. Postpacking neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in group 1 donkeys (2.33 ± 0.4) was higher (P < .05) than in group 2 donkeys (1.31 ± 0.3). Electrolyte concentrations and enzyme activities did not change significantly. In conclusion, packing+trekking was more stressful to the donkeys than trekking only, evidenced by postpacking increased neutrophil count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and phosphate ion concentration, but decreased lymphocyte count. If this stress is not mitigated, the performance of pack donkeys during hot-dry season may not be optimum.