Packet Radio Research Articles

Smart autonomous agricultural system for improving yields in greenhouse based on sensor and IoT technology

With a special focus on the now widespread Internet of Things (IoT) technology, it offers a convenient solution for smart agriculture. This paper will introduce a smart greenhouse monitoring and control data logger system as part of a smart farm. The system is based on: a group of built-in sensors, a microcontroller with a peripheral interface (PIC) as a core and a server system and a wireless Internet using the Global System of Mobile Telecommunications (GSM) module with General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) as a communication protocol. It is possible to implement a smart agricultural service, in which the realized smart data logger system could be implemented, which enables automatic control of the greenhouse at the farm.

A priority and path diversity-based approach for media streaming over multi-hop and unreliable networks

Despite the recent advances, media streaming over multi-hop unreliable networks, such as the internet and wireless packet networks, is still challenging because of the dynamic and unpredictable nature of these networks. This paper proposes an approach that exploits paths' redundancies offered by multi-hop networks along with the differential sensitivity inherent in the encoded video information to enhance the quality of experience of video viewers in terms of the continuity of video playback, without compromising the quality of the reconstructed video. The performance of the proposed priority-and-path-diversity-based (PPD) video transmission scheme is compared through simulations with a best effort streaming model that mimics today's internet as well as a priority-based queuing streaming model that can be used in multi-hop wireless networks. The simulation results show that the proposed PPD streaming model outperforms the other two streaming models not only in the achieved video quality, as represented by the average peak signal to noise ratio, but also in terms of the average end-to-end delay and losses which are reflected by the instantaneous occupancy of the playback buffer at the viewer side.

A priority and path diversity-based approach for media streaming over multi-hop and unreliable networks

Despite the recent advances, media streaming over multi-hop unreliable networks, such as the internet and wireless packet networks, is still challenging because of the dynamic and unpredictable nature of these networks. This paper proposes an approach that exploits paths' redundancies offered by multi-hop networks along with the differential sensitivity inherent in the encoded video information to enhance the quality of experience of video viewers in terms of the continuity of video playback, without compromising the quality of the reconstructed video. The performance of the proposed priority-and-path-diversity-based (PPD) video transmission scheme is compared through simulations with a best effort streaming model that mimics today's internet as well as a priority-based queuing streaming model that can be used in multi-hop wireless networks. The simulation results show that the proposed PPD streaming model outperforms the other two streaming models not only in the achieved video quality, as represented by the average peak signal to noise ratio, but also in terms of the average end-to-end delay and losses which are reflected by the instantaneous occupancy of the playback buffer at the viewer side.

Machine Learning for Practical Localization System Using Multiview CSI

Various machine learning techniques on indoor localization using radio signals are being rapidly developed to achieve a sub-meter accuracy under noisy and complex environments. A fingerprint database using channel state information (CSI) extracted from a radio packet based on an orthogonal frequency diversity multiplexing (OFDM) channel can provide enough information to localize a transmitter device with a neural network (NN) based machine learning technique. In this article, we concern about the more practical use of the localization system using machine learning. We introduce a novel design of a signal preprocessing method for NN fingerprinting. To deal with the real building environment with corridors where certain signals cannot arrive at the receiver, our preprocessing with nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) recovers multiview CSI of the original signal and complete the sparse CSI matrix, which enables robust and practical localization. The recovered CSI is then applied to variational inference-based machine learning that finds informative corridor views among multiview CSI. Our proposed system significantly outperforms other existing machine learning-based systems and shows a localization accuracy of 89 cm, while it still maintains the reliable accuracy even with 30% sparse network. It is the first time to consider how to design a practical localization system in an empirical building environment.

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN HILL AREAS AS A PREVENTIVE MEASURE OF GLOBAL WARMING

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is used in various applications such as area monitoring, healthcare monitoring, industrial and environmental monitoring and so on. Spatially dispersing various sensors and creating a network for knowing the physical conditions of the environment is known as WSN. In this paper, WSN is created for monitoring the environment in hill areas for detecting the various abnormalities such as forest fire, deforestation and landslides. Long Range (LoRa) low power wireless technology and sensors for monitoring forest fire, deforestation and landslides are used in WSN. The data collected in the central point is processed for further evaluation and alerts the authorities through SMS and internet. Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communication modem with Global Packet Radio System (GPRS) enabled SIM card is used for enabling internet service for the central data collecting unit. The system is powered from battery which is recharged by electrical energy converted from solar energy using solar panel.

Eliminating Rogue Femtocells for IoT Open Meter System Based on Expert System

The Internet of things (IoT), including power meters, water meters, natural gas meters, and meter collectors in an open metering system (OMS), which is dispersed around the user side, relies on wireless virtual private networks (VPNs) to communicate with head end, and thus it is exposed to malicious cyber attacks. The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), which is vulnerable to rogue femtocells, is widely used for communication among meter collectors and the head end. Because telecommunication fraud related to rogue femtocells is a serious offence, rogue femtocells will be turned on for some time and immediately turned off and moved from here to there to escape from being caught. The signal strength (SS) of rogue femtocells is characterized by abrupt changes. Because meter collectors and lawful femtocells are deployed at the fixed location, there is a notable difference between signal strength profile of lawful and rogue femtocells. Prior knowledge of variation of signal strength is utilized to formulate rules to detect rogue femtocells. An expert system is developed to detect rogue femtocells and prevent meter collectors from attaching to them. Numerical simulation indicates that the proposed approach can detect both stationary and moving rogue femtocells online. Since computation load of the proposed approach is not high, it can be implemented in existing IoT meter collectors with limited computation resource and the proposed approach can harden cyber security of OMS.

PENGGUNAAN METODE KOMPRESI TEKS UNTUK LAYANAN SMS OVER GPRS

The increasing number of short message service which has grown rapidly has bad impact towards its service quality. Delay in the system could increase while message delivered because the network gets burdened. Aplication Comresion text metode ( iD-Code companding algorithm) for predictive text has mode to reduce bits representation for each character. In the other hand by choosing new route like General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) will also significantly help to reduced burden of the network and also may achieve high rate of message delivery process. Based on analysis obtained that iD-Code Algorithm could truncates bit representation of predictive text file until 50% of value, with character average length only 4 bits. The implementation of iD-Code Algorithm also lead to the decreasing of packet holding time that also have impact reducing the packet delay time queue and further it will lead to the channel using efficiency.

Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier System Based on Selective Mapping

Internet of things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication are characterized by short periods and bursts. Traditional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has not meet the demand for such traffic, while IoT and M2M communication will play an important role in the next fifth generation (5G) communication, so it is particularly urgent to study the small packet and low-latency wireless transmission technologies that satisfy IoT and M2M communication. Universal filter multi-carrier (UFMC) is a new kind of filtered wireless transmission mechanism that meets this requirement, but it faces a higher peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) than OFDM, which affects the energy efficiency of UFMC. Based on the PAPR performance evaluation of several multi-carrier transmission technologies, a universal filtered multi-carrier based on selective mapping (SLM-UFMC) system is proposed, and the relationship between the number of candidate sub-bands and the performance or between the number of carriers and the performance is carried out. The simulation results show that SLM-UFMC can effectively reduce the PAPR of UFMC system, and the PAPR performance is improved by 1.8 dB comparing with the traditional UFMC. It also further indicates that SLM-UFMC is more suitable for IoT and M2M communication in 5G communication.

Geometric sensitivity of beacon placement using airborne mobile anchors

Locating fixed sensing devices with a mobile anchor is attractive for covering larger deployment areas. However, the performance sensitivity to the geometric arrangement of anchor beacon positions remains unexplored. Therefore, localization using new RSSI-based localization algorithm, which uses a volumetric probability distribution function is proposed to find the most likely position of a node by information fusion from several mobile beacon radio packets to reduce error over deterministic approaches. This paper presents the guidelines of beacon selection that leads to design the most suitable trajectory, as a trade-off between the energy costs of travelling and transmitting the beacons versus the localization accuracy.

Compression Method in JPEG Standard

Data compression is to minimize the communication and storage. The bandwidth and storage required for a given communication system. Data compression is obviated by wideband technologies such as optical fiber communication networks, packet radio and optical storage disk. Images can generate data in such high volumes that any transmission media can be quickly overwhelmed. Personal computers and workstations has led to an increasing demand to store images in compressed from on magnetic or optical disks. The massive efforts taking place today to adopt national and international standards for signal compression. Example is the JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) standard for image compression. Compression in the image from RGB in JPEG standard converted to YCbCr. Each Y, Cb, Cr divided in block 8×8 pixel. The image 8×8 pixel then transformed use DCT. Image from DCT quantized yield DC and AC component. DC component processed use DPCM (Differential Pulse Code Modulation) use Huffman table yield AC bit stream. Merge DC component and AC component yield JPEG bit stream. To get image from JPEG bit stream first use Huffman decoding. From Huffman decoding dequantized. Then transform use IDCT. Image from IDCT merge block 8×8 pixel. From block 8×8 pixel transformed YCbCr to RGB. Then get the image. Process compression is consist of lossy compression and lossless compression. Lossy compression is compression with change of data but not change meaning of information in there. Lossless compression is compression not to change data.

On the Impact of Satellite Communications Over Mobile Networks: An Experimental Analysis

Future telecommunication systems are expected to co-exist with different backhauling nodes such as terrestrial or satellite systems. Satellite connectivity can add flexibility to backhauling networks and provide an alternative route for transmission. This paper presents experimental comparisons of satellite and terrestrial cellular networks and evaluates their performances in terms of different Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) including Channel Quality Index (CQI), Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) index, Downlink throughput, Frame Utilization (FU) and number of Resource Block (RB) utilization ratios. Our experimental satellite network system uses a real satellite backhaul deployment and works in Ka band (with two specific sub-bands on 19 Ghz in downlink and 29 Ghz in uplink). As a benchmark, we compare our system with live terrestrial network in which backhaul connection is cellular backhaul. Our experiments reveal three main observations: First observation is that there exists FU and number of RB utilization problems in the satellite link even though there exists a single test user equipment (UE) with high CQI and MCS index values. Second observation is that in satellite link relatively low number of Protocol Data Units (PDUs) are generated at Radio Link Controller (RLC) layer compared to the Packet Data Convergence Control (PDCP) layer. Finally, our third observation concludes that the excessive existence of PDCP PDUs can be due to existence of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol-User Plane (GTP-U) accelerator where an optimal balance between the caching size and the number of UEs using satellite eNodeB is needed. For this reason, our experimental results reveal the existence of a trade-off between the supported number of users on satellite link and the GTP-U acceleration rate.

Cyber-physical system-based real-time monitoring and visualization of greenhouse gas emissions of prefabricated construction

Abstract The excessive emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the construction industry are currently receiving global attention. Many breakthroughs have been made in assessing GHG emissions, including pre- and post-evaluation methods. However, the real-time monitoring of GHG emissions has not been studied on a large scale. The real-time GHG emissions of construction sites must be monitored, and the use of clean energy and technologies must be facilitated by comparing real-time GHG emissions under different mechanical and energy use conditions. Thus, this study proposes a cyber-physical system (CPS)-based real-time monitoring and visualization of the GHG emissions of prefabricated construction, which is widely practiced in the construction industry. In this system, acceleration sensors monitor the operational status of tower cranes, barometric sensors monitor the running state of construction elevators, and a Global Positioning System module records the travel time of on-site transfer vehicles to detect and transmit the running time of construction machineries to a remote server via a preinstalled Wi-Fi or General Packet Radio Service module. Furthermore, the database can store the model number, quantity, and power of each element of construction machinery and GHG emission factors. Thus, GHG emissions from prefabrication sites can be calculated in real time using the specified quantitative model in the remote server. In addition, GHG emission data can be displayed using a visual model and 2D charts on fixed and mobile devices. The development process of each part of the CPS-based system is also described in this paper.

A Model for Smart Vehicle Tracking: A Review

The ability to track vehicles is useful in many applications including security of personal vehicles, public transportation systems, fleet management and others. Furthermore, the number of vehicles on the road globally is also expected to increase rapidly. Therefore, the development of vehicle tracking system using the Global Positioning System (GPS), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) modem, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Google or Open street map respectively is undertaken with the aim of enabling users to locate their vehicles in real time with ease and in a convenient manner. The system will provide users with the capability to track vehicle remotely through the mobile network. This project presents the development of the vehicle tracking system's server and client software. Specifically, the system will utilize GPS to obtain a vehicle's coordinate and transmit it using GSM modem to the user's phone through the mobile network. The system is divided into two parts which are the tracking and monitoring part. The tracking part consist of GPS and an android/IOS mobile phone for navigation purpose. The GPS will provide information about the location of the vehicle. After receiving the location data from the web server, the data is monitored by a personal computer. After processing the data, the location of the vehicle can be viewed on the map.

IoT Standards and Applicability to Human Life

A member of the Radio Frequency Identification Development (RFID) Association originated the idea of IoT in 1999. Currently it become more applicable to the practical universe due to the growth of mobile appliances, installed and global information, cloud computing and analysis of data. At present IoT acquired a large observation from researchers because it beseems a significant machinery which assurance smart human life by recognizing communication theory between articles, gadgets and every belonging of human beings. Presume wherever millions of objects can feel, convey and share knowledge, all inter-related through either public or private Internet Protocol networks. These inter-connected objects have constantly composed the data, evaluate and used to commence act, supplying abundance of knowledge for designing, control and judgement making. This is exactly the world of IoT (Internet of Things). IoT describes a manner that comprise things of the actual world and detectors connected to these things, attached to the internet by guided and unguided network design. The IoT detectors can employ various types of attachments such as RFID, Wireless-Fidelity, Bluetooth and ZigBee. Additionally IoT approves broad domain connectivity by adopting many automations e.g. Global System Mobile communication, General Packet Radio Services, 4G and Long Term Evolution. IoT empowered objects will share knowledge of the provision of things, the nearby atmosphere with people, operating systems and other appliances of IoT related with technology. Since the Internet of Things will produce a medium of smart city, healthcare, connected houses and architecture in extension to several significant applicabilities such as smart power, networks, conveyance, garbage control so that the universe will become smart in every aspects.

Rogue Base Stations Detection for Advanced Metering Infrastructure Based on Signal Strength Clustering

The smart meters and meter collectors in Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), which are installed in every home, rely on wireless Virtual Private Network (VPN) for communicating with Head End System (HES). Therefore, they are prone to suffer from malicious cyber-attack. Usually, based on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) communicated method is the most popular for meter collectors and consequently they are vulnerable to rogue Base Stations (BS) and get compromised by malicious adversaries further. Thus a Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) method is employed to filter rogue BSs out and prevent meter collectors from attaching to them, because there is a notable difference between Signal Strength (SS) profile of legitimate BSs and rogue BSs, Numerical simulation indicates that the proposed approach is capable of detecting both stationary and moving rogue BSs online within fixed time window effectively. Moreover, the method can be implemented in existing meter collectors with limited computation resource. In conclusion, the proposed approach can enhance the level of cyber security of meter collectors.

A Secure Tracking Automobile System for Oil and Gas Distribution using Telematics and Blockchain Techniques

Crude oil is of high significance natural resources to Nigerian economy and is one of the major sources of income to the country development. The distribution of oil and gas products within the country is conveyed through the road networks by engaging tankers and some other type of automobiles. This approach of oil and gas distribution is susceptible to diversion of oil products, vehicles hijacking, goods tampering and many others challenges. In this paper, we present secure-tracking automobile system for remote monitoring of petroleum conveyed products across the country. The system evolves an in-vehicle based telematics tracking system for safeguarding automobile conveyance of petroleum products, geo-location tracking, and monitoring the petroleum volume of the tanker at every instance. The integration of secure-database and telematics-based tracking system was developed to communicates wirelessly, using existing telecommunication technology called General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). The in-vehicle unit makes use of a GPS receiver and ultrasonic sensor to monitor the liquid volume stage of the oil tanker at an interval of time. This database employs the use of blockchain technology for hashing, using SHA-1 algorithm and then link the subsequent records in the database for adequate security and prevent unauthorized alteration of records and unscrupulous parties. This system was tested and evaluated in terms of accuracy and precision of the GPS receiver coordinates with a reported R95 circular error probability radius of 15 meters and precision of 1.24 meters.

Evaluation of Efficiency of Random Multiple Access to ALOHA Type Environment with Voice Connections, Transfer of Service Commands, Text Messages and Multimedia Files in Destructive Impact Conditions

Assessing the security of digital radio networks in destructive impact conditions is an important task. However, such an assessment for random multiple access to the ALOHA-type environment in digital radio networks was not carried out. The paper presents an analytical model of random multiple access for the environment of digital radio networks of the ALOHA type in destructive impact conditions. In this model, acomplex measure, including the probability of a successful voice connection, the transfer of a service command, a text message or a multimedia file, the degree of filling and the degree of overflow of digital radio network data packets, serves as the resultant indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of random multiple media access. The new complex indicator of the probability of a successful voice connection, the transfer of a service command, a text message or a multimedia file takes into account the known probabilities of successful delivery of data packets, creation of a collision and a free channel, as well as new average transmission times for a sequence of data packets and a collision formed during such transmission. New indicators are the degree of filling and the degree of overflow of digital radio communications network data packets. They determine in saturated and supersaturated data networks of such a network how close (far) to maximum is the probability value of a successful voice connection, transmission of a service command, test message or multimedia file. The model takes into account the potential destructive effects of the attacker by refining the analytical expressions for the known probabilistic and new temporal characteristics. First, a quantitative relationship between the probability of a successful voice connection, the transfer of a service command, a text message or a multimedia file and the average duration of a data channel collisions is established./ Secondly, for guaranteed disabling a digital radio network with random multiple access to the medium ALOHA type attacker must constantly carry out a destructive impact. The results are applied in design of digital radio communications networks operating under destructive impacts, as well as in development of automatic systems for optimizing the operation of digital radio communications networks and protecting them from such impacts.

Efficiency of AX.25 Protocol in a Wireless SCADA Communication System for Monitoring Performance of Micro-Hydro Power Plants

This paper presents the results of testing and estimating the efficiency of the AX.25 protocol implemented in the wireless SCADA communication system for monitoring the performance of the Micro-hydro Power Plant (MHPP). This protocol is commonly used for packet radio communications. AX.25 is a layer 2 protocol (referring to the OSI layer reference), the Data Link Layer. As a layer 2 protocol, AX.25 is responsible for building link connections, providing logic procedures for transferring connections and disconnection. This system can monitor several MHPP parameters such as voltage, current, frequency, and turbine rotation and can be accessed directly at one centralized location. Data from sensors installed in the generator are converted into digital data on the microcontroller contained in the Remote Terminal Unit (RTU). This data is then sent to the Main Terminal unit (MTU) so that it can be a reference for operators to decide further if there are MHPP parameters that change from the predetermined standard. AX.25 protocol is implemented on an arduino microcontroller hardware that functions as a Terminal Node Controller (TNC) that will regulate the traffic of data communication between several RTUs and MTU. In accordance with RTU requests, TNC will forward the data sent by the RTU with certain "call signs" to be forwarded to MTU and displayed at the monitoring center. The test results show that the efficiency of AX.25 protocol at transmission rates of 1.2 kbps, 2.4 kbps, 4.8 kbps and 9.6 kbps tends to be linear with respect to changes in delivery start-up time and does not have a significant impact on changes in start-up time transmitter. For all given k values, when T103 = 5, regardless of transmission rate, the protocol can achieve an efficiency of around 90%.

String Stable Model Predictive Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control for Heterogeneous Platoons

Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) is a potential solution to decrease traffic jams caused by shock waves, increase the road capacity, decrease fuel consumption and improve safety. This paper proposes an integrated solution to a combination of four challenges in these CACC systems. One of the technological challenges is how to guarantee string stability (the ability to avoid amplification of dynamic vehicle responses along the string of vehicles) under nominal operational conditions. The second challenge is how to apply this solution to heterogeneous vehicles. The third challenge is how to maintain confidentiality of the vehicle parameters. Finally, the fourth challenge is to find a method which improves robustness against wireless packet loss. This paper proposes a model predictive control approach in combination with a feed-forward control design, which is based on a shared vector of predicted accelerations over a finite time horizon. This approach is shown to be applicable to a heterogeneous sequence of vehicles, while the vehicle parameters remain confidential. In previous works such an approach has shown to increase robustness against packet losses. Conditions for string stability are presented for the nominal operational conditions. Experimental results are presented and indeed demonstrate string stable behavior.

A Multimodal Approach to Enhancing Automobile Security

The continuous increase in use of the automobiles has resulted in increase in vehicular traffic and social vices such as theft, thus necessitating efforts for improving automobile security. As a result of this, various solutions such as satellite monitoring and General Packet Radio Services have been adopted to track vehicle locations over time. This article combines the uniqueness of an automobile plate number and the face(s) of an authorized vehicle driver to enhance the automobile security system, hence eliminating the inefficiency of the existing tag system while reducing the cases of unauthorized automobile use and outright theft. A weighted score approach was used in evaluating the efficiency of the character recognition subsystem with an accuracy of 89.3% recorded. The face recognition subsystem also achieved reliable genuine and an imposter attempt at 0.0 confidence level. The designed system ensured security of an automobile through the combination of a plate number and image recognition, thereby preventing an unauthorized driver from taking a vehicle out of a controlled area.